apes ch. 4, part 1
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Biodiversity and EvolutionBiodiversity and Evolution
Ch. 4Miller and Spoolman, 16th ed.
Ch. 4Miller and Spoolman, 16th ed.
Overview of this TopicOverview of this Topic
Ch. 4 – biodiversity and evolution Ch. 4 – biodiversity and evolution of living thingsof living things
Ch. 5 – species interactionsCh. 5 – species interactions Ch. 9 – sustaining biodiversity – Ch. 9 – sustaining biodiversity –
focus on speciesfocus on species Ch. 10 – sustaining biodiversity – Ch. 10 – sustaining biodiversity –
focus on ecosystemsfocus on ecosystems
Ch. 4 – biodiversity and evolution Ch. 4 – biodiversity and evolution of living thingsof living things
Ch. 5 – species interactionsCh. 5 – species interactions Ch. 9 – sustaining biodiversity – Ch. 9 – sustaining biodiversity –
focus on speciesfocus on species Ch. 10 – sustaining biodiversity – Ch. 10 – sustaining biodiversity –
focus on ecosystemsfocus on ecosystems
Projects and Labs to support this unit
Projects and Labs to support this unit
Environmental Law research & presentation
Park lot biodiversity lab Invasive species most wanted flier/
Endangered species missing flier Wooly worms lab (outside) Arthropod diversity lab (out and in) Also several videos offered after school
for extra credit
Environmental Law research & presentation
Park lot biodiversity lab Invasive species most wanted flier/
Endangered species missing flier Wooly worms lab (outside) Arthropod diversity lab (out and in) Also several videos offered after school
for extra credit
Big Idea #1Big Idea #1
Biodiversity is essential to life (diversity in genes, organisms, and ecosystems)
Biodiversity is essential to life (diversity in genes, organisms, and ecosystems)
BiodiversityBiodiversityThe total variety of Earth’s species,
their genetic code, and the places they live
The total variety of Earth’s species, their genetic code, and the places they live
Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Species DiversitySpecies Diversity
How many living things are there?Estimates range from 4 million to
100 millionWe have classified ~ 1.8 million so
farEvery year 1000s of new species
are identified
How many living things are there?Estimates range from 4 million to
100 millionWe have classified ~ 1.8 million so
farEvery year 1000s of new species
are identified
Smallest snake
Smallest sea horse
Bug eating slug
frogfish
Pitcher plant
Bonaire Banded Box Jelly, 2011
Dive Bombing Parasitic Wasp, 2011
Spongebob Squarepants Mushroom, 2011
Sneezing monkey (or snub-nosed monkey, 2011
Genetic DiversityGenetic DiversityDifferences in genes of same
speciesAllows life to survive changes &
adapt over timeEarth is dynamic - species must
adapt & change with it to survive
Differences in genes of same species
Allows life to survive changes & adapt over time
Earth is dynamic - species must adapt & change with it to survive
Ecosystem Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Biomes - home to unique speciesBiomes - home to unique species
Tundra - home to polar bears
Chapparal - home to road runners
Savannah - home to rhinoceroses and giraffes
Why is diversity important?
Why is diversity important?
It supplies us with food, wood, fibers, energy, medicines, nutrients, air, water, fertile soil, and waste disposal
It supplies us with food, wood, fibers, energy, medicines, nutrients, air, water, fertile soil, and waste disposal
Foxglove - digitalis MaHuang - ephedra
Brevifola - taxol
Velvet bean - L-dopa
Quick Think Quick Think
QuestionQuestion Thinking about the
types of biodiversity - what might be some other reasons why protecting diversity is important?
Thinking about the types of biodiversity - what might be some other reasons why protecting diversity is important?
TaskTaskGenerate a list of reasons
At least 1 moral/ethical
At least 1 social/political
At least 1 economic/business
At least 1 personal
Generate a list of reasons
At least 1 moral/ethical
At least 1 social/political
At least 1 economic/business
At least 1 personal
Big Idea # 2Big Idea # 2
Evolution explains how life has changed over time
Evolution explains how life has changed over time
EvolutionEvolution
Evolution occurs when the genetic makeup of a population changes
Evolution occurs when the genetic makeup of a population changes
A brief history…A brief history…
The concept of evolution - that life changes over time and there are common ancestors between certain species - began with the Greek philosophers and was and has been a common idea
The concept of evolution - that life changes over time and there are common ancestors between certain species - began with the Greek philosophers and was and has been a common idea Aristotle & Plato
Not until Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace did anyone come up with a credible explanation for how
Not until Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace did anyone come up with a credible explanation for how
How they got thereHow they got there
1. Observed the struggle for existence
1. Observed the struggle for existence
2. Observed that those with best traits survive & live long enough to reproduce
2. Observed that those with best traits survive & live long enough to reproduce
So they put it together…So they put it together…Natural selection: some individuals in a
population have traits that make them more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on. Over time, the population changes so that most of them have those traits
Natural selection: some individuals in a population have traits that make them more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on. Over time, the population changes so that most of them have those traits
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
So much evidence supports this idea that it has been elevated to the status of a theory
However…natural selection is not the only way populations evolve
So much evidence supports this idea that it has been elevated to the status of a theory
However…natural selection is not the only way populations evolve
The Modern SynthesisThe Modern SynthesisThe theory of evolution has been expanded upon & refined over time, leading to the modern synthesis (1950s)Many scientists representing different fields contributed to it
The theory of evolution has been expanded upon & refined over time, leading to the modern synthesis (1950s)Many scientists representing different fields contributed to it
How do populations change?
How do populations change?
1. Genetic mutations - leads to new traits
1. Genetic mutations - leads to new traits
2. Natural selection - the differential survival and reproductive success of individuals in a population
2. Natural selection - the differential survival and reproductive success of individuals in a population
SummarySummaryGenes mutate Individuals are
selectedPopulations
evolve that are better suited to the environment
Genes mutate Individuals are
selectedPopulations
evolve that are better suited to the environment
Quick ThinkQuick Think
QUESTION QUESTION How does Natural
Selection tie in with biodiversity?
How does Natural Selection tie in with biodiversity?
TASKTASK Create a graphic that
helps answer the question (concept map, Venn diagram, etc)
Create a graphic that helps answer the question (concept map, Venn diagram, etc)
Natural Selection has limits
Natural Selection has limitsFirst - the
environment is constantly changing So what is best fit
now may not be for long
Populations must adapt, leave, or die
First - the environment is constantly changing So what is best fit
now may not be for long
Populations must adapt, leave, or die
Populations can only adapt with traits that are already present in their gene pool or mutations of existing traits
Many species reproduce slower than the environment changes - can’t adapt fast enough
Populations can only adapt with traits that are already present in their gene pool or mutations of existing traits
Many species reproduce slower than the environment changes - can’t adapt fast enough
Quick ThinkQuick Think
QuestionQuestion Explain why genetic
diversity is so important to the health of a population
Explain why genetic diversity is so important to the health of a population
TaskTask Develop a fictional
case study that illustrates the answer
Develop a fictional case study that illustrates the answer
If a population of frogs lacked genetic diversity, then…
Big idea #3Big idea #3Geologic processes have changed
the Earth and created opportunities for the evolution of species
Geologic processes have changed the Earth and created opportunities for the evolution of species
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
The rigid lithospheric plates of the crust of the Earth that move slowly over the Earth’s liquid mantle
The rigid lithospheric plates of the crust of the Earth that move slowly over the Earth’s liquid mantle
Impacts of Plate TectonicsImpacts of Plate Tectonics
1. Has changed where land IS, and thus the climate
2. Moving plates help species move into new areas - or separate them
1. Has changed where land IS, and thus the climate
2. Moving plates help species move into new areas - or separate them
4 major impacts4 major impacts1. Earthquakes - create fissures,
mountains that separate species2. Volcanoes - wipe out existing species,
make way for new ones3. Climate change - ice ages, periods of
warming- some species go extinct, others flourish
4. Catastrophes -wipe out species and ecosystems
1. Earthquakes - create fissures, mountains that separate species
2. Volcanoes - wipe out existing species, make way for new ones
3. Climate change - ice ages, periods of warming- some species go extinct, others flourish
4. Catastrophes -wipe out species and ecosystems
Quick ThinkQuick Think
QUESTIONQUESTION How would you
summarize what today’s lesson was about?
How would you summarize what today’s lesson was about?
TASKTASK Choose 1 word that
embodies the concepts of this lecture then explain why that word was chosen
Choose 1 word that embodies the concepts of this lecture then explain why that word was chosen
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