“plants and plant reproduction” 4 and 7 plants... · asexual reproduction ! most plants undergo...

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“PLANTS AND PLANT

REPRODUCTION” STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

And Classification

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“PLANTS AND PLANT

REPRODUCTION” STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

And Classification

Plants belong to the kingdom: “Plantae”

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Two types of seed plants are gymnosperms & angiosperms:

GYMNOSPERMS: •  The seeds of gymnosperms are located inside a “cone”.

Gymnosperms"�  Examples include

pine trees, cedar, spruce, sequoia, redwoods, and ginkgoes.

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It’s not just for holidays!!!!!! . " They are also called

evergreens because some green leaves always remain on their branches.

�  They DO NOT have flowers.

�  They have needle-like leaves

Second Type of Seed Plant"

�  A flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed in a fruit is called an Angiosperm.

�  seeds are enclosed not visible

�  leaves are broad

�  mostly deciduous trees (some exceptions)

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ANGIOSPERMS: 2nd type of seed plant

•  Herbaceous stems (green/flexible)

•  Produce seeds in enclosed fruit

•  Two characteristics –

produce flowers and fruit

Examples of Angiosperms

�  Include banana plants, apples, daisies, and maple trees."

enclosed seed

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How do Angiosperms pollinate?

�  Angiosperms have bright petals to attract animals such as insects, birds, and other animals to increase their chances of their seeds being spread.

�  Angiosperms have a seed enclosed in a protective covering (fruit). This helps keep the seed in tact as it passes through the animal’s digestive system.

�  Like gymnosperms, their seed can be carried by wind, but angiosperms usually are pollinated by, gravity, insects and other animals (birds, bats, etc.)

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add to your notes

Learning Target

�  “I can”…..

Identify and describe the parts of a flower.

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“Flowering plants”

�  Remember angiosperms are often called “flowering plants”, and produce seeds that are often covered by fruit.

If you look carefully at a flower, you will see that it is made up of many different parts. Quickcheck: Q: “How do you think the parts of a flower are similar to your body?”

A: Similar to your body, each part has an important job to do.

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Sepals

Flowers contain the reproductive parts of a plant. When a flower is still a bud, it is enclosed by leaf-like structures called sepals.

The sepals are structures that protect the flower from unwanted visitors/invaders.

Q: “What part of your

body is this similar to?”

sepal

“It’s not just the nectar…..”"�  The petals attract

pollinating insects with their bright color and attractive scent.

�  The patterns on the inside of the petals often act as “landing strips” for insects. It helps guide insects to the male and female reproductive structures within the flower.

Quick check: Are the color and scent of the flower the only thing that may attract pollinators?

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“It’s a man’s world….”"�  The petals also surround

the reproductive organs.

�  The stamen has two parts.

�  The anther produces the pollen, which contains the sperm.

�  The filament is the stalk-like structure that supports the anther.

anther

filament

“But women rock!!!!”"

�  In the center of the flower are the pistils (also known as the carpel)

�  The pistils are the female organs of the flower.

�  The stigma is at the very top of the pistil.

�  A sugary fluid makes the stigma sticky, and keeps the pollen from falling off or blowing away.

Q: “How do you think this helps the flower in pollination (or reproduction)?”

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Ohhhh….how sweet it is!!!

� Remember pollinators are naturally drawn to the scent and bright colors of the flower.

� Some Pollinators (such as bees, hummingbirds, and other insects) are drawn to the sweet tasting liquid (nectar) as well. It is located in what is known as the “NECTARY”.

“Where is the Nectary?” (in case you are wondering….)

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Do Girls Rock???…. The pistils of most flowers have three parts.

�  At the base of the flower is the hollow ovary, which contains the egg cells (ovule). These egg cells ripen to become the fruit that you eat. A slender tube, called the style, connects the stigma to the ovary.

�  Fertilization takes place in the ovary.

pollen

ovule ovary

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Flowers are not perfect, or are they????

� What is the difference between a perfect flower and an imperfect flower?

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Perfect vs. “Imperfect” Perfect flowers �  Have both male and

female parts. These are also called “COMPLETE” flowers.

Imperfect flowers �  Are missing one or more

flower parts .These are also called “INCOMPLETE” flowers.

So How does pollination occur?…

The pollen must be transferred to the stigma. This is called pollination.

In self-pollination, pollen is transferred to the stigma or pistil on the “same” plant.

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Other types of pollination…

�  In Cross-pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the flower of one plant to the stigma of another plant. Here pollen is carried from flower to flower with the help of insects, birds, and the wind. Cross-pollinated flowers usually have sweet smelling flowers.

Remember…not all flowers are compatible!!!

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Other types of pollination…

�  During fertilization the pollen travels down the “pollen tube” in the style and unites with the ovule (egg) in the ovary. The results of fertilization is an embryo.

When does the pollen tube appear?

�  The pollen tube doesn’t appear until the pistil of one flower catches pollen that is “compatible from another flower”.

�  The sugary-coating on the

“sticky _______” stimulates

the pollen grain and causes it to

germinate (or grow

from the pollen grain cell. )

Stigma

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When does the pollen tube appear?

�  The pollen tube then will appear and grow down into the ovary house to fertilize the seeds or ______________. Ovule

The seed provides a covering to keep the young plant from drying out. •  All seeds have an embryo,

stored food and a seed coat. •  The embryo has the

beginnings of the roots, stems and leaves.

•  The embryo uses the stored food inside the seed to grow.

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Now let’s put it all together….

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Corny Joke of the Day!!!

�  Q: What did the male “stamen” say to the female “pistil”?

�  A: I like your “S-T-Y-L-E”!!!!

(Ha-Ha-ha!!)

A little bit of Trivia… “How do Bees make honey? or is honey already

made?”

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Learning Target

�  “I can”…..

explain the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.

Reproduction...

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Sexual Reproduction (genetically new individuals)

�  All cells have chromosomes made up of DNA that contain all of your genetic information (genes). This genetic info is also found in sex cells (egg and sperm). You get genetic information from your mom AND from your dad. That is why you look different from your parents.

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• Seedless plants (such as mosses and liverworts) rely on water to allow sperm to swim to the egg of the female seedless plant.

Seed plants have the advantage….

- They DO NOT rely on water to pollinate. Instead pollen is transferred either by wind or by animals .

***In terms of plants, the pollen (sperm) must unite with the ovule (egg).

During fertilization, the egg cell and sperm cell combine to create a zygote (or fertilized egg).

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Asexual reproduction

�  Most plants undergo asexual reproduction.

�  The reproduction of a plant without the uniting of a pollen and ovule.

• Plants do not need flowers to

reproduce. �  Leaves, stems or roots may be

used to grow a new plant.

• *Produces a genetically identical plant.

Three structures plants use to reproduce are :

A) plantlets B) tubers C) runners

Asexual Reproduction

Plantlets— tiny plants grow along the edges of a plant’s leaves, fall off, and grow on their own

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Other examples of Asexual reproduction continued….

�  Liverworts can form small balls of cells on the surface that will be carried away by water and grow into new plants (if they settle in damp environments).

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A piece of a moss may break off and grow into a new plant.

Tubers and runners….

�  Tubers---underground stems, or tubers, can produce plants after a dormant season.

(ex: potatoes)

Runners— Above-ground

stems from which new plants can grow

(ex: strawberries)

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Runners...

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Strawberries

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Quick Check:

�  Which of these is NOT a type of

asexual reproduction?

a)Budding

b) Binary Fission

c) Pollination

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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Learning Target

� “I can”…..

explain the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis is the process in which plants make their own food.

***We are heterotrophs because we DON’T make our own food.

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Where does photosynthesis take place?

�  In the chloroplasts of plant cells found in the leaves!

Chloroplasts have chlorophyll

� Chlorophyll is a green pigment that captures the sun’s energy

� It makes chloroplasts and plants look green

� It reflects green light waves from the sun

Chlorophyll

Single thylakoid

Stroma (fluid)

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Photosynthesis

� Process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars (glucose) and oxygen.

If you were making a cake, what would the…

�  Ingredients be?

flour eggs sugar water etc.

�  Product be?

a cake!

Photosynthesis also has ingredients but they are called “reactants” but the end result is still called a “product”.

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Photosynthesis Equation:

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 +6O2

carbon dioxid

e

water sugar (glucose)

oxygen

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxid

e

water sugar

(glucose) oxygen

Reactants

“what is used”

(before the arrow)

Products

“what is made”

(after the arrow)

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Study the diagrams below... What is missing in both of them?

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Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange

�  How do you think gases and other important substances are “exchanged” using the diagram below?....

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