antibiotics from marine microorganis

ANTIBIOTICS FROM MICROORGANIS

Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Irwan Effendi, M. Sc

INTRODUCTION

• Antibiotics are chemical compounds being produced by living organisms and inhibitory to other living organisms at low concentration.

• Living organisms produce primary metabolites such as the tri-carboxylic acids, for example, members of the TCA cyclic which generates energy for growth of living organisms.

INTRODUCTION

• Unlike the primary metabolites, the majority of antibiotics are products being released as the results of secondary metabolic pathways which branches from primary metabolic pathways.

• Although the chemical structures of secondary metabolites are somewhat complicated, they are assumed to be derived from primary metabolites.

• Practical chemotherapy requires chemical compounds having selective activity but also availability of sufficient amount necessary for therapy.

• Antibiotics which are in practical use at present satisfy the above requirements by their selective toxicity to pathogens and by reproducible cultivation of the producing microorganisms.

• The best example is provided by penicillin which is toxic selectively to bacteria but not to human beings and is produced reasonably by fermentation with a fungus.

STATIONARY PHASE

• Lack of Nutrient• Lack of space• Production of extra metabolites

• Secondary metabolites• Antibiotics

• nearly 4,000 antibiotics have been found mostly from terrestrial microorganisms and it is presumable that organisms living in unique environments may often provide new antibiotics.

SOUCES OF MICROBES

Methods of Isolation

Methods of Isolation