animal kingdom plus1

ANIMAL KINGDOMANIMAL KINGDOM

* Basis of classification* Basis of classification

* Classification of animals* Classification of animals

Basis of classificationBasis of classification

1. Levels of organisation1. Levels of organisation 2. Symmetry2. Symmetry 3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic 3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic 4. Coelom4. Coelom 5. Segmentation5. Segmentation 6. Notochord6. Notochord

1. Levels of Organisation1. Levels of Organisation

Cellular levelCellular level :Cells are arranged :Cells are arranged as loose cell agregates. as loose cell agregates.

Tissue levelTissue level : cells grouped : cells grouped together to perform same together to perform same function.function.

Organ level Organ level :Tissues are grouped :Tissues are grouped together to form organs for a together to form organs for a function.function.

Organ system levelOrgan system level:Organs are :Organs are associated to form functional associated to form functional systems. systems.

Organsystems in different animals Organsystems in different animals exibit various patterns of complexities.exibit various patterns of complexities.

Eg The digestive system in Eg The digestive system in platyhelminthes has only a single platyhelminthes has only a single opening while higher organisms have opening while higher organisms have two openings, mouth and anus. two openings, mouth and anus. Similarly the circulatory system are of Similarly the circulatory system are of two types.two types.

Open type and Closed type Open type and Closed type

Open circulationOpen circulation System in which blood is not System in which blood is not

always continued within a always continued within a network of blood vesselsnetwork of blood vessels

Closed circulationClosed circulation System in which System in which

blood is blood is contained within contained within a network of a network of blood vesselsblood vessels

2. SYMMETRY2. SYMMETRY

Asymmetrical Asymmetrical :Any plane that passes :Any plane that passes through the centre does not divide through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.them into equal halves.

Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry

: When any plane passing through : When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the central axis of the body divides the organism into two equal halves is the organism into two equal halves is called radial symmetry. Or A body called radial symmetry. Or A body can be divided into two equal halves can be divided into two equal halves in any plane passing through the in any plane passing through the central axis of the body.central axis of the body.

Body Symmetry Body Symmetry Central AxisCentral Axis

A Radial PlaneA Radial Plane

Another Radial PlaneAnother Radial Plane

(a)(a) RadialRadialSymmetry Symmetry

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

When the body can be divided into When the body can be divided into two equal halves in only one plane two equal halves in only one plane passing through the central axis is passing through the central axis is called bilateral symmetry. called bilateral symmetry.

Body Symmetry Body Symmetry Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane

AnteriorAnterior

PosteriorPosterior(b)(b) BilateralBilateralSymmetry Symmetry

3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic

Animals in which the cells are Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers ,an arranged in two embryonic layers ,an external ectoderm and an internal external ectoderm and an internal endoderm are called diploblastic endoderm are called diploblastic animals.An undifferentiated animals.An undifferentiated layer ,mesoglea is present in layer ,mesoglea is present in between the ecto and endoderms.between the ecto and endoderms.

TriploblasticTriploblastic

Those animals in which the Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third layer, developing embryo has a third layer, mesoderm in between ecto and mesoderm in between ecto and endoderm are called triploblastic endoderm are called triploblastic animals.animals.

4. Coelom4. Coelom

A body cavity derived from and lined A body cavity derived from and lined with mesoderm are called coelom. with mesoderm are called coelom. Such animals are called coelomates.Such animals are called coelomates.

Eg. Annelids, Molluscs etc Eg. Annelids, Molluscs etc

The True CoelomatesThe True Coelomates

Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity

Digestive TractDigestive Tract

CoelomCoelom

Body WallBody Wall

Body cavity Body cavity completely lined completely lined with mesodermwith mesoderm

Complete LiningComplete Lining

AnnelidaAnnelida

PseudocoelomPseudocoelom

The body cavity is not lined by The body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead it is present as mesoderm, instead it is present as scattered pouches in between ecto scattered pouches in between ecto and endoderms called and endoderms called pseudocoelom. Such animals are pseudocoelom. Such animals are called pseudocoelomates.called pseudocoelomates.

Eg Aschelminthes, Eg Aschelminthes,

The PseudocoelomatesThe Pseudocoelomates

Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity

Digestive TractDigestive Tract

PseudocoelomPseudocoelom

Body WallBody Wall

Body cavity Body cavity partially lined with partially lined with

mesodermmesoderm

Partial LiningPartial Lining

NematodaNematoda

AcoelomAcoelom

The animals in which the body cavity The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates.is absent are called acoelomates.

Eg platyhelminthes.Eg platyhelminthes.

AcoelomatesAcoelomates

DigestiveDigestiveCavityCavity

DigestiveDigestiveLiningLiningSolidSolid

TissueTissue

Body Body WallWall

No cavity between No cavity between body wall & body wall &

digestive tractdigestive tract

CnidariaCnidaria

5. Segmentation5. Segmentation

The external and internal division of The external and internal division of the body into segments called the body into segments called metamerism.metamerism.

Eg EarthwormEg Earthworm

6. Notochord6. Notochord

It is a mesodermally derived rod like It is a mesodermally derived rod like structure formed on the dorsal side structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic period is called during embryonic period is called notochord.notochord.

Evolutionary TreeEvolutionary Treeof Major Animal of Major Animal

PhylaPhyla

Porifera

No trueNo truetissuestissues

TrueTruetissuestissues

2 tissue2 tissuelayers; radiallayers; radial

symmetrysymmetry

Ctenophora

Cnidaria

3 tissue3 tissuelayers; bilaterallayers; bilateral

symmetrysymmetry

Platyhelminthes

No bodyNo bodycavitycavity Body cavityBody cavity

PseudocoelPseudocoel

Nematoda

Rotifera

CoelomCoelom

ProtostomeProtostomedevelopmentdevelopment

Annelida

Mollusca

Insecta

DeuterostomeDeuterostomedevelopmentdevelopment

Mammalia

Echino-

dermata

Phylum-PoriferaPhylum-Porifera

Commonly called spongesCommonly called sponges They have canal systemThey have canal system Water enters through ostia into Water enters through ostia into

spongocoel and goes out through spongocoel and goes out through osculum.osculum.

Spongocoel is lined by ChoanocytesSpongocoel is lined by Choanocytes Body is supported a skeleton like Body is supported a skeleton like

spiculesspicules

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

The The Body Body

Plan of Plan of SpongSpong

OsculumOsculumEpithelialEpithelialCellCell

SpiculesSpiculesAmoeboidAmoeboidCellsCells

PorePoreCellCell

CollarCollarCellCell

PorePore

Water FlowWater Flow

AsymetricalAsymetrical

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria

Phylum- Cnidaria(Coelenterata) Phylum- Cnidaria(Coelenterata)

• Presence of cnidoblastPresence of cnidoblast• Have central cavity called coelenteronHave central cavity called coelenteron• Two distinct body plans:Two distinct body plans:

Polyp, attached (sessile and cylindrical)Polyp, attached (sessile and cylindrical) Medusa, free swimming (Umbrella shaped)Medusa, free swimming (Umbrella shaped) Exibit alternation of generation Exibit alternation of generation

(Metagenesis) ie polyps produce medusae (Metagenesis) ie polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form polyps asexually and medusae form polyps sexually.sexually.

• One digestive openingOne digestive opening• Reproduce sexually and asexuallyReproduce sexually and asexually

The PolypMouthMouth TentacleTentacle

BodyBodyWallWallMesogleaMesoglea

GastrovascularGastrovascularLiningLining GastrovascularGastrovascular

CavityCavityFootFoot

ColumnColumn

The Medusa

MouthMouth

TentacleTentacle

BodyBodyWallWall

MesogleaMesoglea

GastrovascularGastrovascularLiningLining

GastrovascularGastrovascularCavityCavity

The Cnidoblast

ArmedArmedCnidocyteCnidocyte BodyBody

WallWall

WaterWater

FilamentFilament

TriggerTrigger

NucleiNuclei

SpentSpentCnidocytCnidocytee

Portuguese Man-of-War

Sea AnemonesSea Anemones

Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora

It exibits Bioluminescence ( the property of It exibits Bioluminescence ( the property of emitting light )emitting light )

Eg PleurobrachiaEg Pleurobrachia

Phylum Platyhelminthes

TapewormLiver fluke

Body is dorsoventrally flattenedBody is dorsoventrally flattened Mostly endoparasitesMostly endoparasites Presence of hooks and suckersPresence of hooks and suckers Planaria possess high regeneration Planaria possess high regeneration

capacity.capacity. Eg Tapeworm,liver fluke and planaria.Eg Tapeworm,liver fluke and planaria.

Larvae migrate through Larvae migrate through vessels to pig muscles & vessels to pig muscles & encyst there. encyst there.

Adult tapewormAdult tapewormAdult tapewormAdult tapeworm

Head with hooks & Head with hooks & suckerssuckers

Flatworm Organ Systems(a) Digestive System(a) Digestive System

GastrovascularGastrovascularCavityCavity

PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx

(b1) Excretory System(b1) Excretory System

Excretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory Canal

Excretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory Pore

(b2) Nervous System(b2) Nervous System Nerve CordNerve CordNerve CordNerve CordBrainBrainBrainBrain

Phylum-AschelminthesPhylum-Aschelminthes

Body is circular in cross-section hence Body is circular in cross-section hence the name roundwormsthe name roundworms..

Sexes are separate( Females are longer Sexes are separate( Females are longer than males )than males )

. . Eg: Ascaris, Wuchereria, AncylostomaEg: Ascaris, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma

Round Body, tapered at both ends, two openings

Phylum-AnnelidaPhylum-Annelida It shows metamerismIt shows metamerism Circular and longitudinal muscles Circular and longitudinal muscles

help in locomotion.help in locomotion. It has closed circulatory systemIt has closed circulatory system Excretion with the help of NephridiaExcretion with the help of Nephridia Nereis is an aquatic annelid possessNereis is an aquatic annelid possess

parapodia for swimming.parapodia for swimming. Eg : Earthworm, Nereis, Leech Eg : Earthworm, Nereis, Leech

(Hirudinaria)(Hirudinaria)

An Annelid:An Annelid:the Earthwormthe Earthworm

MouthMouthMouthMouth

BrainBrainBrainBrain

PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx VentralVentralVesselVessel

VentralVentralVesselVessel

VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord

HeartsHeartsHeartsHearts EsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagus CropCropCropCrop

GizzardGizzardGizzardGizzard

IntestineIntestineIntestineIntestine

VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord

AnusAnus

CoelomCoelomCoelomCoelomIntestineIntestineIntestineIntestine

ExcretoryExcretoryPorePore

NephridiaNephridiaNephridiaNephridia

CoeloCoelomm

Nereis

Phylum-ArthropodaPhylum-Arthropoda

• Body is covered with chitinous exoskeleton

• The body consists of Head, thorax and abdomen.

• They have jointed appendages.

• Respiration by means of gills, booklungs, tracheal system.

• Excretion with the help of malpighian tubules.

• Largest phyla consists of 4 classes.

Arthropoda - ClassesArthropoda - Classes

Class Crustacea Eg Prawn,CrabClass Crustacea Eg Prawn,Crab ,,,, Insecta ,, Grasshopper,SilverfishInsecta ,, Grasshopper,Silverfish ,, Arachnida ,, Scorpion,Spider,, Arachnida ,, Scorpion,Spider ,, Myriapoda ,, Centipede,Millepede,, Myriapoda ,, Centipede,Millepede

Class-Crustacea(Prawn)

Class-Insecta(Grasshopper)

WingWingWingWing

AbdomenAbdomenAbdomenAbdomen ThoraxThoraxThoraxThorax HeadHeadHeadHead AntennaeAntennaeAntennaeAntennae

CompoundCompoundEyesEyes

Class-Arachnida(Spider)

Arachnida(Scorpion)Arachnida(Scorpion)

Class-Myriapoda(Centipedes)

Class-Myriapoda(Millipede)

Other insectsOther insects

Economically important isectsEconomically important isects:-:-Honey bee, Silkworm, Honey bee, Silkworm,

Vectors (Spreads diseases):-Vectors (Spreads diseases):-Mosquitos (Female Anopheles, culex, Mosquitos (Female Anopheles, culex, AedesAedes

Pest:-Locust, Beetle, LeptochorizaPest:-Locust, Beetle, Leptochoriza Living fossil:- King crabLiving fossil:- King crab

Phylum-MolluscaPhylum-Mollusca

Body is covered by calcareous shell with Body is covered by calcareous shell with Head, Muscular foot and Visceral hump.Head, Muscular foot and Visceral hump.

A soft layer of skin a mantle over the A soft layer of skin a mantle over the hump.hump.

The space between the hump and The space between the hump and mantle called mantle cavitymantle called mantle cavity

Mouth contains a rasping organ for Mouth contains a rasping organ for feeding called radula.feeding called radula.

Internal structure of a molluscTentacleTentacle

EyeEye

MouthMouthRadulaRadula

FootFoot

GangliaGanglia(brain)(brain)

Digestive TractDigestive TractDigestive TractDigestive Tract GonadGonadGonadGonad

Nerve CordsNerve CordsNerve CordsNerve Cords

HeartHeartHeartHeart CoelomCoelomCoelomCoelom

ShellShellShellShell

MantleMantleMantleMantle

AnusAnusAnusAnus

GillGillGillGill

Pearl oysterPearl oyster

SquidSquid

Octopus

ChitonChiton

Phylum-EchinodermataPhylum-Echinodermata

Have an endoskeleton of calareous Have an endoskeleton of calareous ossiclesossicles

Presence of Water vascular system Presence of Water vascular system helps in locomotionhelps in locomotion

Presence of tube feetsPresence of tube feets

Star FishStar Fish

Sea Urchin

Sea lily

Sea Cucumber

Brittle Sea StarBrittle Sea Star

Phylum-HemichordataPhylum-Hemichordata

Worm likeWorm like Body is composed of proboscis, collar Body is composed of proboscis, collar

and trunk.and trunk. Eg : BalanoglossusEg : Balanoglossus

BalanoglossusBalanoglossus

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Presence of notochordPresence of notochord

,, Dorsal tubular nerve ,, Dorsal tubular nerve chordchord

,, Paired pharyngeal gill slits,, Paired pharyngeal gill slits

Comparison of Chordates and non-Comparison of Chordates and non-chordateschordates

S.NoS.No ChordatesChordates Non-chordatesNon-chordates

11 Notochord presentNotochord present AbsentAbsent

22 Dorsal hollow single Dorsal hollow single nerve cordnerve cord

Ventral, solid, Ventral, solid, doubledouble

33 Pharyngeal gill slits Pharyngeal gill slits presentpresent

Gill slits are Gill slits are absentabsent

44 Heart is ventralHeart is ventral Heart is doralHeart is doral

55 Post anal tail is presentPost anal tail is present AbsentAbsent

Phylum Chordata is divided into three Phylum Chordata is divided into three sub phylas :-sub phylas :-

UrochordataUrochordata CephalochordataCephalochordata VertebrataVertebrata

UrochordataUrochordata

• They are exclusively marine

• Notochord is present only in larval tail

• Eg : Ascidia

AscidiaAscidia

Gill SlitsGill Slits

BrainBrain MouthMouth

GutGutHeartHeart

WaterWaterExitExit

ADULTADULT

Ascidia(photo)

CephalochordataCephalochordata

They are marineThey are marine Notochord extends from head to tail Notochord extends from head to tail

throughout their life.throughout their life. Eg : AmphioxusEg : Amphioxus

AmphioxusNotochordNotochordNerve CordNerve Cord

Gill SlitsGill Slits

MouthMouth

GutGut

MuscleMuscleSegmentsSegments TailTail

AnusAnus

Amphioxus

VertebrataVertebrata

The notochord is replaced by The notochord is replaced by vertebral column in the adult. Thus vertebral column in the adult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.chordates are not vertebrates.

VertebrataVertebrata

Agnatha (Lacks jaw ):- Class Agnatha (Lacks jaw ):- Class CyclostomataCyclostomata

Gnathastomata ( Bears jaw ):-Super Gnathastomata ( Bears jaw ):-Super class Pisces(bear fins) and class Pisces(bear fins) and Tetrapoda(bear limbs)Tetrapoda(bear limbs)

CyclostomataCyclostomata

• They have sucking and circular mouth without jaws.

• They are marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning and within few days they die. But the larvae return to ocean.

Cyclostomata-Lamprey

Cyclostomata Cyclostomata HagfishHagfish

Super class- PiscesSuper class- Pisces

Class- ChondrichthyesClass- Chondrichthyes Class- OsteichthyesClass- Osteichthyes

Class-ChondrichthyesClass-Chondrichthyes

Have streamlined body with cartilaginous Have streamlined body with cartilaginous endoskeletonendoskeleton

Mouth is ventralMouth is ventral Gill slits without operculamGill slits without operculam Skin is tough with placoid scalesSkin is tough with placoid scales Air bladder is absent.Air bladder is absent.

Eg :Shark

Sting ray

Torpedo

Class-OsteichthyesClass-Osteichthyes

Bony endoskletonBony endoskleton Mouth is terminalMouth is terminal Four pairs of gills covered by operculumFour pairs of gills covered by operculum Skin with cycloid scales Skin with cycloid scales Air bladder is present.Air bladder is present.

Hippocampus (Sea horse)

3. Osteicthyes

Super class-TetrapodaSuper class-Tetrapoda

Class- AmphibiaClass- Amphibia ,, Reptilia,, Reptilia ,, Aves,, Aves ,, Mammalia,, Mammalia

Class- AmphibiaClass- Amphibia

Live aquatic as well as in terrestrial Live aquatic as well as in terrestrial habitathabitat

Body is divided into head and TrunkBody is divided into head and Trunk Skin is moist and slimySkin is moist and slimy A tympanum is presentA tympanum is present Common opening ,cloaca for alimentary Common opening ,cloaca for alimentary

and reproductive tractand reproductive tract Cold blooded.Cold blooded. Eg: Toad, Frog, Salamander, IchthyophisEg: Toad, Frog, Salamander, Ichthyophis

Salamander

Class- ReptiliaClass- Reptilia

They are creeping or crawling animalsThey are creeping or crawling animals

Body is covered by dry scales or Body is covered by dry scales or scutesscutes

Two chambered heart ( In crocodile 4 Two chambered heart ( In crocodile 4 chambers)chambers)

PoikilothermsPoikilotherms

They cast their skin periodically.They cast their skin periodically.

Eg: Turtle, tortoise, Calotes, Lizard, Eg: Turtle, tortoise, Calotes, Lizard, Crocodiles, Snakes etc. Crocodiles, Snakes etc.

Turtle

Crocodile

KING COBRA

Python

Class- AvesClass- Aves Presence of feathersPresence of feathers Possess beakPossess beak Forelimbs are modified into wingsForelimbs are modified into wings Hindlimbs modified for walking, swimming, Hindlimbs modified for walking, swimming,

claspingclasping Hollow bonesHollow bones Four chambered heartFour chambered heart Homeotherms.Homeotherms.

Ostrich-Flightless bird

Class- MammaliaClass- Mammalia

Presence of mammary glandsPresence of mammary glands Skin is covered with hairSkin is covered with hair External ears (Pinnae) presentExternal ears (Pinnae) present Different types of teeth presentDifferent types of teeth present Viviparous Viviparous

• Class mammalia is divided into three sub classes namely 1.Prototheria, 2. Metatheria 3.Eutheria

• 1.Prototheria:- Egg laying mammals

• 2.Metatheria :- Marsupial mammals

• 3.Eutheria :- Placental mammals.

Prototheria(Egg laying)-Platipus

Echidna

Metatheria(marsupial)Kangaroo

Eutheria (Placental mammals)

Eutheria (Placental mammals ) Order 1. Primates : Man, Ape, Monkeys. Order 2. Carnivora : Tiger, Lion Order 3. Rodentia : Squirrel, Rat Order 4. Chiroptera : Bat, Vampire Order 5. Proboscidia: Elephant Order 6. Ungulata : Cow, Buffalow Order 7. Insectivora : Hedgehog, Mole. Order 8. Cetacea : Whales, Dolphines.

ThankyouThankyou With Besr With Besr

Compliments fromCompliments from Jose Mathew.KJose Mathew.K HSST (Zoology)HSST (Zoology)

CMS HSS MallappallyCMS HSS Mallappally

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