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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour 1
Animal Behaviour
BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Course Website
! www.adamoliverbrown.com ! syllabus ! office hours ! lecture notes ! discussion forum ! dates ! news
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
What is Behaviour?
! Prior to 1860s – Emotions – Habits – Manners – Customs – Instincts
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Skinner and Hebb ! All observable processes by which an
animal responds to perceived changes in the internal state of its body or the external world
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Charles Darwin (1859)
! Variation in phenotypic traits that are heritable
! Variation leads to differential survival and/or reproduction
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Natural Selection
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Group Selection
! Wynne-Edwards (1962): Individual characters evolved to favour the survival of the group (family, population, species)
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Human Behaviour
! Culture ! Date-rape ! Altruism ! Inter-male combats ! Promiscuity ! Compassion
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Tinbergen’s 4 Questions (1963)
! Mechanism (how is behaviour being achieved)
! Development (how does it take form?)
! Function (what is it for?) ! Evolution (where does it
come from?)
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Tinbergen’s 4 Questions (1963)
! Mechanism (how is behaviour being achieved)
! Development (how does it take form?)
! Function (what is it for?) ! Evolution (where does it
come from?)
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PROXIMATE
ULTIMATE
BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Proximate Questions
! What is the link between the genes and the behaviour?
! Is the behaviour hereditary? ! How does the behaviour develop? ! What stimuli trigger the onset of the
behaviour?
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Ultimate Questions
! Has the behaviour evolved over time? ! What was the ancestral form of the
behaviour? ! Why has the ancestral form changed? ! What is the adaptive value of behaviour?
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Common Shrew (Sorex araneus)
! 1) Sensory systems are most receptive to larger prey
! 2) Learned from previous experience cost/benefit of struggle/payoff
! 3) Maximize foraging efficiency ! 4) Offspring of a lineage of selective
foragers (greater survival value) 13
BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Darwin’s Heirs
Mechanism Comparative Psychology Lorenz
Developt Physiology Tinbergen
Ethology
Function Behavioural Ecology Hamilton
Evolution Evolutionary Psychology Pavlov
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Theoretical Framework ! 1) Inclusive fitness (Hamilton, 1964) – Alleles affect social interactions to promote
their transmission through generations ! 2) Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS:
Maynard-Smith, 1972) – Adaptive decision-making is frequency
dependent (best thing to do may depend on what others are doing)
! 3) Optimality Theory (Charnov, 1976) – Cost/benefit analysis to decision-making
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Behavioural Paradox ! Traits exist that don’t seem to
increase individual fitness
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Risky Business
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Why Infanticide?
! Psycho-social explanation – Abnormal pathological response to
overcrowding? ! Darwinian explanation – Males gain resources by eating infants – Males gain fitness because females re-mate
quicker with them
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Group Selection
! If first hyp. is correct ! Beneficiary is not male
but group to which he belongs
! Testing group selection hypothesis – Correlated to density?
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Darwinian Hypothesis
! 1) Do males kill more when food stressed? Do they always consume the infants?
! 2) Do females become sexually receptive faster than when nursing infant? – DNA analysis shows that the next generation
offspring are all sired by new males
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour 21
BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
! Giant water bug (Hemiptera)
! Males offer protection of eggs
! Females may destroy clutch so he re-mates with her
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BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour BIO 3176: Animal Behaviour
Questions?
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