ancient management thought 1
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Management Thoughts
Ancient Management Thoughts-1
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Ancient/ Early Management Era
5000BC to 28 BC
We know very little about pre-historic age of
the World.
We past the last Glacial age that was held
during 10,000 to 9000 BC.
But we guess some kind of Mesolithic Culture
was developed to maintain primitive society.
However
The first evidence of managerial tool is found
in the Sumerian civilization around 5000BC.
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Sumerian Civilization
5000BC
Sumerian priests recorded accounts of
transactions of tax collections, dues thereof,
payments made and to be made, and
inventories of materials in the stock.
It was done for managerial control over the
vast holdings of the religious corporation.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
A. Managerial Planning, Organizing,
Leadership and Control exhibited in the
construction of great Pyramid and new city.
-The great pyramid of Cheops was built with
1,00,000 men over 20 years.
-It used 23,00,000 blocks of stone of two and
one-half tons weight, each taken from quarries
of two to three days journey.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
-The stone blocks were marked, cut to size,transported in, numbered and placed withthousands of men and animals. It shows a well
articulated material and multimodaltransportation management.
-Transportation was done during annual floodseason to minimize land transportation. Itshows the well designed low costtransportation strategy.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
The quarrying was done during winter and
spring seasons. It reflects the existence of a
long-term plan.
The monument of God at Hammamat was
constructed with 8.368 officers, common
soldiers, civil officers, painters, stone masons,
barbarians and bond slaves under theleadership of high priest Amon.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
This structure shows an architectural design,
plan for men and materials, span of
supervision, effective leadership, efficient
coordination, and effective control of the
performances to make this monumental work
done successfully.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
B. Government management also exhibited
managerial functions and practices.
- Old Kingdom and New Empire (1530-1050 B.C.) practicedloose decentralized administration with sub states with remote
control by the Pharaoh.
- Middle Kingdom re-centralized authority and started
centralised organisation.
- A strong military organisation under Pharaoh maintained the
unity of the state.
- The prime minister inspects the territories to exercise
coordination, monitoring and controlling.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC.
It maintained detailed record of the all governmental
activities, directives, rules, for reference and support.
The government emphasized on specialization. It
restricts tradesmen to participate in political affairs asit will distract them from trade efficiently.
It made forecasting, work panning, division of work,
job description, departments to make efficient
administration.
It established full time professional administrator to
coordinate and control the state enterprises.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
C. Managerial Writings
-The book of instruction of Ptah-hotep to hisson about 2700 B.C. contained:
-Commanders should ensure every beneficialdeed for himself.
Effectiveness of good order is long lasting, and
wrongdoing can never bring the task home. Listen the petitioners attentively, do not stop
them at the middle, let them complete theirstatement.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
The manuscript of instructions contain:
-Proclaim thy business without concealment. That isbe honest in managerial dealings.
-The leader ought to have in mind the days that areyet to come i.e. need for planning.
-Great is a great one whose counselors are great i.e.competent staff.
-Write with thine hand, read with thy mouth, and askcounsel of them that have more knowledge that thou.Persevere in asking counsel, neglect it not. That is usestaff effectively.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC
Managers are given the following directives:
1. It is an abomination of the god to showpartiality. Be same to all- known and
unknown, near and far. Managers practicingthis will flourish in the place.
2. Be not enraged toward a man unjustly.
3. All who are going out of kings house orcoming in kings house shall report to him.
4. The overseers shall report to the king theiraffairs.
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Egyptian Civilization
5000 to 525BC 5. It is he who brings in the officials of the district, or
who sends them out, shall report their affairs to theking.
6. Every petition must be made in writing, not in oral.
7. All viziers/supervisors shall report their affaire onthe first day of every four month season along withwritten documents and local council.
8. Every office, from the first to the last, proceed to
the hall of the king to take counsel with him. 9. Inspection shall be made to cause every man to
know his duty according to the stipulation of everyaffairs.
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Babylonian Civilization
Hammurabi, the King of Babylonia during
2000-1700 B.C. formed the first state and
forces the people to keep peace with laws of
various kinds.
In 2250 B.C. , Hammurabi issued a code of
282 laws, which governed business dealings,
personal behaviour, interpersonal relations,wages, punishments and a host of ot her
societal matters.
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Babylonian Civilization
The Codes of Hammurabi contained:
1) A hired labour shall be paid 8 gus of grain
per year i.e. set the minimum wages of labour.
2) Any deposit of silver, gold etc with another,
he shall show those to a witness, make contract
and then deposit. It is an accounting control
mechanism.
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Babylonian Civilization
3. All merchants shall have a sealed written money
receipt from his agent before having any trade with
him. Otherwise, he will not claim the money from the
agent. It is too a control tool. 4. About fixing responsibility,the instruction
contains:
i) The mason who builds a house which falls down
and kills the inmate shall be put to death.
ii) If a wine merchants allows riotous men to
assemble in his house and do not expel them, he shall
be killed.
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Babylonian Civilization
iii) If a doctor operates on a wound with a
copper lancet, and the patient dies, his hands
shall be cut off. Same will happen if any body
losses his eye due to operation of a doctor.
iv) If a child dies under the care of a nurse who
substituted another nurse without the consent
of parents, the breasts of that nurse shall be cutoff.
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Babylonian Civilization
The managerial technique of
Nebuchadnezzar (604 B.C.)
-Every stock of materials entering into textile
mill each week bears a distinct colour tag.
-The stored grain containers also bear a
coloured reed to know the period of store.
- Wages are paid on individual production i.e.
incentive scheme for motivation.
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Hebrews : The Managerial Talent of
Moses(A) The great exodus of Hebrews/Jews, the follower of
Moses(A), the Bani Israel, from the bondage ofEgyptians was a tremendous managerial undertakingin the history of human civilisation.
Moses(A) uses 1. Short and long-term plan.
2. Organisation of tasks and sets the span. He divideshis people into 12 groups and appoints a leader for
each group. 3. He delegates and decentralizes the authority too
based on the job. He said, Every small matter theyshall judge, but every great matter they shall bring tothee. He centralizes a few authority.
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Hebrews : The Managerial Talent of
Moses(A)
3. Management by exception. Only mistakes or
deviations of earlier plan or course of action is
handled.
4. He selects right person for the group, train
them with goals and techniques, codes of
conduct, and develop organisation.
5. He exercises charismatic leadership besides
transformational and transactional leadership.
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
Chinese writers, government, and scholars
have provided us excellent managerial tasks
and tools that have strong resembles to the
modern management.
1. The ancient record of Chow , 1100B.C.
contains the directory of civil servants along
with theior jobs and duties. It tells aboutplanning, organising, directing and controlling
of employees.
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
2. Chow mentions the powers of primeminister to maintain eight things:
1. Rank/position and status.
2. Emolument /salary 3. Favour
4. Appointment
5. Attention 6. Confiscation
7. Removal
8. Death
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
3. Chow mentions Eight Methods to governthe country that includes:
1. Ritual and worship.
2. Statutes and regulations. 3. Removal and appointment
4. Emolument and rank.
5. Taxes and tributes 6. Ceremonies and customs.
7. Punishment and reward
8. Farming and other employments.
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
4. Chow mentions Eight regulations to governdifferent departments of government. They arerelated to organization, functions,
relationships, procedures, formalities, control,punishments and reckoning for auditing.
5. Emperor Yao (2350 to 2256 B.C.) uses staff,meet with them, seek advice aboutcommunication between court and empire.
6. Tang (1766-1754B.C.) initiates autonomyof staff.
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
7. Mencius (500B.C.) emphasised on system,
methodology and models in effective
management. He says-
Every business must have a system.
All, both skilled and unskilled should use the
system.
Artisans and craftsmen must be committed to
their industry lifetime for specialisation.
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Management Thoughts of Chinese
Civilisation (3000B.C.- 87 B.C.)
8. Sun Tzu (500B.C.) in his Art of War mentioned
that
Planning is the genesis of success
Command must be clear and distinct.
Generals must have authority
9. Government appointments are made with a system
of written examination, jobs are classified intodifferent grades, but these are done with highest
impartiality.
It indicated system planning, quality screening, job
grading, merit selection and control of performance.
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Greek Civilisation
Greece develops a democratic governmentwith participatory management.
It introduces scientific method to rum the
government with consultative supervision torun the country.
Plato advocates for specialization and says that
one should confine in one business. Socrates(469-399 B.C.) says that a good
manager of a family would also a good generalas both of them are to do the same job. It
recognizes that management is universal.
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Greek Civilisation
Socrates says both a manager and a general
have duty
to make their subordinates willing and obedient;
to put the right man in the right place;
to punish the bad and reward the good;
to do well to win the goodwill of subornidates;
to attract allies and helpers.
to keep their resources
to be strenuous and industrious.
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Greek Civilisation
Socrates observes that the managerial skills aretransferable.
Xenophon clearly indicates that management
is a separate and distinct art. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) provides numerous
insights into management and organization in
his book Politics. He prescribes 1. Every work is better done which gets sole
attention of the worker i.e. specialization oflabour.
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Greek Civilisation
2. Every office should have a special function,
divided according to subject.
3. The ruler shall use centralization,
decentralization and delegation of authority
with care so that right persons can get it.
4. The whole is naturally superior to the part
i.e. the importance of synergy.
5. He who has never learned to obey cannot be
a good commander. It tells about leadership.
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Indian Civilization- Management
practices of Kautilya. 321 B.C.
Kautilys, also known as Bishnugupta or chanakka.
His principal work is Arthasastra.
He works and contributes to the areas of organisation
and management of trade, commerce, law, law courts,municipal government, social customs, marriage and
divorce, rights of women, census operation, taxation
and revenue, agriculture, mines and factories,
markets, corporations, slaughterhouses, and other
matters.
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Indian Civilization- Management
practices of Kautilya. 321 B.C. Kautilya gives a job specification of a state officer. He says a
state officer should be
Influential
Well trained in arts
Possesses foresight Wise
Strong memory
Bold
Eloquent ( Persuasive communicator).
Skilful
Intelligent
Possesses enthusiasm
Dignity
Endurance
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Indian Civilization- Management
practices of Kautilya. 321 B.C. Pure in character,
Affable (Pleasant and Friendly).
Firm in loyal devotion,
Endowed with excellent conduct,
Strength,
Health and bravery,
Free from procrastination (delay or postpone action)
and ficklemindedness ( often changing). Affectionate,
Free from such qualities as excite hatred and enmity.
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