anatomy & physiology lecture notes - ch. 1 introduction

Ch. 1 Warm-Up

1. How is anatomy different from physiology?

2. What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest largest?

3. List the 11 organ systems of the body.

Ch. 1 Warm-Up

1. List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life.

2. List the survival needs of the body.

Ch. 1 Warm-Up

1. What is the anatomical position? Describe or draw it.

2. How are the following cuts or planes made?

a) Frontalb) Obliquec) Transversed) Sagittal

3. What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?

The Human Body: An OrientationChapter 1

Objectives:

•Explain how structure complements function

•Name the levels of structural organization•List the functions necessary for life•List the survival needs of the body•Define homeostasis and explain its

significance•Use correct anatomical terms to describe

the body

•Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

•Physiology: the function of the body parts

•Complementarity of Structure & Function▫What a structure can do depends on its

specific form▫“Structure dictates function”

Subdivisions of Anatomy•Gross or Macroscopic

▫parts visible to naked eye▫eg. regional, surface, systemic

•Microscopic▫Cytology: study of cells▫Histology: study of tissues

•Developmentaleg. embryology – study changes that occur before birth

Physiology

•Focuses on events at cellular or molecular level

•Chemical & physical principles

Levels of Structural Organization•chemical cellular tissue organ

organ system organism

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Necessary Life Functions for Humans1. Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)2. Movement (internal & external)3. Responsiveness: sense changes and respond4. Digestion: break down foods for absorption5. Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body6. Excretion: remove wastes7. Reproduction: cell division, whole organism8. Growth: increase in size/part

Survival Needs

•Nutrients•Oxygen•Water•Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or

37C)•Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis•Maintain relatively stable internal conditions•Receptor (input) control center effector

(response)•Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of

stimulus▫Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar

levels•Positive (+) feedback: increases response

▫Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting•Diseases = homeostatic imbalance

Anatomical Position•Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face

forward, thumbs pointing out

Terms you need to know:•Superior (cranial)• Inferior (caudal)•Ventral (anterior)•Dorsal (posterior)•Medial•Lateral• Intermediate•Proximal•Distal•Superficial

(external)•Deep (internal)

•Axial•Appendicular•Saggital plane

▫Midsaggital/median

▫Parasaggital•Frontal (coronal)

plane•Transverse

(horizontal) plane•Oblique section

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Regional Terms

•Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk

•Appendicular: limbs attached to axis

The body can be cut (sectioned) along flat surfaces called planes

• Sagittal planeSagittal plane: divides into right/left▫Median or midsagittal (exactly down middle)▫Parasaggital

• Frontal/coronal planeFrontal/coronal plane: divides into anterior/posterior

• Transverse/horizontal planeTransverse/horizontal plane: divides into superior/inferior

• ObliqueOblique: diagonal cuts between horizontal & vertical

Which plane is shown below?

kidneys brain thigh

heart

head

chest(lungs + heart)

Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity::▫Cranial cavity▫Vertebral/spinal cavity

• Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity▫Thoracic

lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus

▫Abdominopelvic digestive, reproductive, urinary

MembranesSerosaSerosa: lines ventral

body cavity & outer surfaces of organs▫Parietal serosa Parietal serosa –

lines cavity wall▫Visceral serosa Visceral serosa –

folds in; covers organs in cavity

• Serous fluidSerous fluid: lubricates space between membranes

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions