anatomy and physiology for pilates...planes •a plane is a 2-d flat surface that divides space....

ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATES

Art of Control Studio

Stamford, CT

• Dr. Joe Muscolino

• joseph.e.muscolino@gmail.com

• www.learnmuscles.com

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References

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References - cont’d

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References - cont’d

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and…

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Table of Contents

• Part 1: Kinesiology Terminology (slide 8)

• Part 2: The Skeletal System (slide 28)

• Part 3: Myofascial Tissue & Muscle Function

(slide 48)

• Part 4: Pathologic Conditions (slide 70)

• Part 5: Muscles / Muscle Functional Groups

(slide 101)

• Part 6: Workshop Concepts (slide 153)

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PART 1 – Kinesiology Terminology

• Basic Kinesiology Terminology

• Kinesiology • kine = motion

• ology = understanding/study of

8

Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy is Structure

– ana =

– tome =

• Physiology is

Function

– phys =

– ology =

9

Axial / Appendicular Body

10

Body Parts

11

Static Positional Terms

12

Pairs of Terms – Static Position

• Anterior / Posterior

• Medial / Lateral

• Superior / Inferior

• Proximal / Distal

• Superficial / Deep

13

Movement Terms - Pairs

• Flexion / Extension

• Abduction / Adduction

• Right Lateral Flexion / Left Lateral Flexion

• Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation

• Right Rotation / Left Rotation

14

Movement Terms – Pairs…

• Pronation / Supination

• Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion

• Protraction / Retraction

• Elevation / Depression

• Upward Rotation / Downward Rotation

• Extension vs. Hyperextension

• Circumduction

15

Planes

• A plane is a 2-D flat surface that divides space.

• A movements occurs within a plane.

• There are three cardinal planes:

– Sagittal

– Frontal (coronal)

– Transverse (horizontal)

• Oblique planes…

16

Planes – Sagittal and Frontal

17

Planes – Transverse and Oblique

18

Movement in Planes – Sagittal and

Frontal

19

Movement in Planes – Transverse

and Oblique

20

Axes

• An axis (plural: axes)

is an imaginary line

around which

movement occurs.

21

Axes – cont’d

• For each plane, there is a corresponding

axis

• Sagittal – mediolateral

• Frontal – anteroposterior

• Transverse – vertical (superoinferior)

• Oblique - oblique

22

Mediolateral Axis

23

Anteroposterior Axis

24

Vertical Axis

25

Oblique Axis

26

Naming Joint Actions

• A joint action is a cardinal plane joint

motion.

• Three parts to fully describe a joint motion:

– Direction of motion

– Body part that moves

– Joint at which motion occurs

• Example: Flexion of the arm at the

shoulder joint

27

PART 2 – The Skeletal System

28

Bones of the Skeleton

29

Bones – Upper Extremity

• Shoulder Girdle

– Scapula / Clavicle

• Arm

– Humerus

• Forearm

– Radius / Ulna

• Hand

– Carpals

– Metacarpals

– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)

30

Bones – Lower Extremity

• Pelvis

– Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)

• Thigh

– Femur

• Leg

– Tibia / Fibula

• Foot

– Tarsals

– Metatarsals

– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)

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Bones – Axial Body

• Head

– Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital…)

– Face

• Neck/Trunk/Pelvis

– Vertebrae (& sacrum / coccyx)

– Hyoid bone

– Sternum

– Rib cage

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Bony Landmarks

• Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

• Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

• Iliac Crest

• Medial border of scapula

• Inferior angle of scapula

• Spinous Processes (SPs)

• Transverse Processes (TPs)

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Joint Classification

• Structural:

– Fibrous

– Cartilaginous

– Synovial (joint cavity)

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Fibrous Joint Examples

35

Cartilaginous Joint Examples

36

Synovial Joint Examples

37

Synovial Joint Categories

• Uniaxial (hinge and pivot)

• Biaxial (condyloid and saddle)

• Triaxial (ball and socket)

• Nonaxial

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Uniaxial Joints

39

Biaxial Joints

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Triaxial Joints

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Nonaxial Joints

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Upper Extremity Joints

• Shoulder (Glenohumeral)

• Shoulder Girdle: (scapulocostal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular)

• Elbow

• Radioulnar

• Wrist

• Saddle of thumb

• Metacarpophalangeal

• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)

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Lower Extremity Joints

• Hip

• Knee

• Ankle

• Subtalar

• Metatarsophalangeal

• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)

44

Axial Body Joints

• Disc

• Facet

• Sacroiliac (“SIJ”)

• Temporomandibular (“TMJ”)

45

Other Skeletal Tissues

• Cartilage

• Bursa

• Tendon sheath

46

Other Skeletal Tissues - Figures

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PART 3 – Myofascial Tissue &

Muscle Function

• Structure & Function

– myo =

– fascial =

48

Myofascial Tissue

49

Fascia

50

Fascia – cont’d

51

Fascia – cont’d

52

Typical Muscle

53

Concentric (Shortening)

Contractions

54

Concentric (Shortening)

Contractions - Brachialis

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Concentric Contraction

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Open-Chain & Closed-Chain…

• Kinematic chain of elements

• Upper extremity

• Lower extremity

• Standard and Reverse Actions

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Eccentric and Isometric

Contractions

58

Concentric Contraction Analogy

59

Eccentric Contraction Analogy

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Isometric Contraction Example

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Adding Resistance

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Stabilization…

• A muscle pulls

equally on both of its

attachments…

• Why might only one

attachment move?

63

Stabilization - Pelvis

64

Stabilization - Scapula

65

Neural Control

66

Neural Control – cont’d

67

Muscle Memory

68

Overview of Blood Flow

• Systemic circulation:

• Heart to arteries to capillaries

– Tissue exchange with the cells of the body

• To veins to the heart

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PART 4: Pathologic Conditions

• Muscle Spasm

• Joint Dysfunction

• Pathologic Disc (disc bulge / herniation)

• Sciatica

• Spinal Curves – Pelvic Tilt & Hyperlordosis / Hypolordosis

• Rounded Back & Forward-Head Posture

• Elevated Shoulder

• Scoliosis

• Spondylolisthesis

• Degenerative joint disease (DJD, osteoarthritis, OA)

• Strain / Tendinitis & Sprain & Whiplash

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Meniscus damage

• Foot hyperpronation

• Hip replacement

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Muscle Spasm

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Joint Dysfunction

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Pathologic Disc

73

Pathologic Disc

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Pathologic Disc and Flexion

75

Disc Bulge & Herniation

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Sciatica

77

“Pinched Nerve”

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Spinal Curves

79

Pelvic Tilt

• Notice the

relationship between

the sacral base angle

and the lordosis of the

lumbar spine.

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Hypolordosis / Hyperlordosis

81

Rounded Back & Forward-Head

Posture

82

Elevated Shoulder

83

Tight ‘hip joint abductors’

• Notice the effect upon

the spine

84

Scoliosis

85

Scoliotic Curves

86

Scoliosis as a Compensation

87

Scoliosis and Musculature

88

Scoliosis and Movement

89

Spondylolisthesis

90

DJD/OA

91

Strain / Tendinitis

92

Sprain

93

Whiplash – Strain/Sprain

94

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

95

Meniscus Damage

96

Foot Hyperpronation

97

Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d

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Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d

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Hip Replacement

100

PART 5 – Muscle Functional

Groups

101

Upper Extremity

• Shoulder joint

• Shoulder girdle

• Elbow joint

• Radioulnar joints

• Wrist joint

• Finger joints

102

Shoulder Joint

• Flexors (anterior deltoid)

• Extensors (posterior deltoid)

• Abductors (middle deltoid)

• Adductors (pectoralis major, latissimus

dorsi)

• Medial rotators (pectoralis major,

latissimus dorsi)

• Lateral rotators (rotator cuff…)

103

Shoulder Joint - Figures

104

Shoulder Girdle

• Protractors (pectoralis muscles)

• Retractors (rhomboids, middle trapezius)

• Elevators (upper trapezius, levator

scapulae)

• Depressors (lower trapezius, pectoralis

minor)

• Upward rotators

• Downward rotators

105

Shoulder Girdle Figures

106

Elbow Joint

• Flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)

• Extensors (triceps brachii)

107

Elbow Joint Figures

108

Elbow Joint Figures – cont’d

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Radioulnar Joints

• Pronators

• Supinators

110

Radioulnar Joints Figures

111

Wrist Joint

• Flexors (wrist flexor group)

• Extensors (wrist extensor group)

• Radial deviators

• Ulnar deviators

112

Wrist Joint Figures

113

Finger Joints

• Flexors

• Extensors

• Abductors

• Adductors

114

Finger Joints Figures

115

Lower Extremity

• Hip joint

• Pelvis

• Knee joint

• Ankle joint

• Subtalar joint

• Toe joints

116

Hip Joint

• Flexors (iliopsoas)

• Extensors (gluteal muscles, hamstrings)

• Abductors (gluteal muscles)

• Adductors (adductor group)

• Medial rotators

• Lateral rotators (gluteal muscles, deep

lateral rotators)

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Hip Joint Figures

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Hip Joint Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis (at the hip joint)

• Anterior tilt (hip flexors)

• Posterior tilt (hip extensors)

• Depression (hip abductors)

• Elevation

• Right rotation

• Left rotation

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Pelvis Figures

121

Pelvis Figures – cont’d

122

Pelvis Figures – cont’d

123

Pelvic Posture and the Spine

124

Knee Joint

• Extensors (quadriceps femoris group)

• Flexors (hamstring group)

125

Knee Joint Figures

126

Ankle Joint

• Dorsiflexors

• Plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus)

127

Ankle Joint Figures

128

Subtalar Joint

• Pronators / Evertors (fibularis muscles)

• Supinators / Invertors (tibialis anterior and

posterior)

129

Subtalar Joint Figures

130

Toe Joints

• Extensors

• Flexors

• Abductors

• Adductors

131

Toe Joint Figures

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Axial Body

• Spinal Joints

• Pelvis (sacroiliac and pubic symphysis)

• Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)

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Spinal Joints - Trunk

• Flexors (abdominals: rectus abdominis,

external and internal abdominal obliques)

• Extensors (erector spinae)

• Right lateral flexors

• Left lateral flexors

• Right rotators (abdominal obliques)

• Left rotators (abdominal obliques)

134

Spinal Joints - Neck

• Flexors (sternocleidomastoid [SCM],

scalenes, longus muscles)

• Extensors (upper trapezius, levator

scapulae, semispinalis capitis)

• Right lateral flexors

• Left lateral flexors

• Right rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)

• Left rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)

135

Spinal Joints Figures

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Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d

137

Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d

138

Pelvis (at the lumbosacral joint)

• Anterior tilt (back extensors)

• Posterior tilt (abdominals)

• Depression

• Elevation (lateral flexors)

• Right rotation

• Left rotation

139

Pelvis Figures

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Pelvis Figures – cont’d

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Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

• Elevators

• Depressors

• Right lateral deviators

• Left lateral deviators

144

Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

Figures

145

Fasciae

146

Fasciae – cont’d

147

Powerhouse

• The “core”

• Pelvis and Trunk

• Hip joints and Spinal joints

148

Powerhouse cont’d

149

Powerhouse cont’d

150

Core Stabilization

151

Core Stabilization – cont’d

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PART 6: Workshop Concepts

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Where to learn more...

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