an introduction to chemistry

AN INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1

CHEMISTRY AND SCIENCE LESSON 1

LEQ’S FOR LESSON 1

What is chemistry?

What are pure chemistry and applied chemistry?

How do we think in science?

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

Chemistry is the study of Matter and the Changes that it undergoes.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Energy is involved in the behavior and changes.

Chemistry affects all aspects of life and natural events because living and nonliving things are made of matter

ENERGY IS INVOLVED:

SO MUCH CHEMISTRY…

WHAT ARE THE 5 TRADITIONAL AREAS OF CHEMISTRY?

Analytical

Biochemical

Inorganic

Organic

Physical

WHAT BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY?

Organic chemistry- study of carbon based chemicals

WHAT BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY?Biochemistry-focuses on the processes that take place in an organism.

WHAT BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY?

Inorganic chemistry deals with non-carbon chemistry, like rocks.

WHAT BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY?

Analytical chemistry is focuses on the composition

WHAT BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY?

Physical chemistry- deals with mechanisms, rates, and energy changes that matter undergoes in change.

PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Pure chemistry is the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.

Applied is directed toward a practical goal or application

APPLIED OR PURE

“During the period of 1914-1918 (World War I), Edison became concerned with America's reliance on foreign supplies of rubber. He partnered with Harvey Firestone and his good friend Henry Ford to try to find a rubber tree or plant that could grow quickly in the United States and, above all, contain enough latex to support his research endeavor. In 1927, the three men contributed $25,000 each and created the Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an attempt to find a solution to this problem. In 1928, the Edison Botanic Research Corporation laboratory was constructed. It was in Fort Myers, Florida that Mr. Edison would do the majority of his research and planting of his exotic plants and trees, sending any results or sample rubber residues up to West Orange, New Jersey, to his large Thomas A. Edison "Invention Factory".After testing 17,000 plant samples, Edison eventually discovered a source in the plant Goldenrod (Solidago leavenworthii). Thomas Edison died in 1931 and the

APPLIED OR PUREHe is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".[3] It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry largely stem from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. He wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon(1787)[5] and was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound.[6] He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.~from Wikipedia

WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?

BECAUSE YOU NEVER KNOW THE FUTURE

THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST

Chemistry has its roots in Alchemy

The Latin Root, scientia, means: knowing, intellengent, skilled.

Lavoisier father of modern chemistry

THE STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION

Collaboration and communication increases the likelihood of positive outcomes.

THEORY VS LAW

Theory= WHY

Examples: big bang theory, evolution, relativity

Law = HOW

Example: Hubble law of expansion (v=H*d)

universal gravity (F=G (m1*m2/r^2), thermodynamics

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Matter and Energy can not be created of destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

HOW DO YOU MEASURE UP? CAN YOU Define chemistry

Distinguish pure and applied science

Distinguish theory, law, hypothesis, and conclusion

Complete an experimental design diagram from the description of an experiment

PROPERTIES OF MATTER LESSON 2

LEQ

How are Elements, Compounds, and mixtures different?

What are the states of matter?

How can substance and mixtures be distinguished?

How can mixtures be classified?

OBJECTIVES (CAN I…?)

explain the difference between an element and a compound

Classify matter as elements, compounds and mixtures by name or diagram

classify mixtures homogeneous and heterogeneous

Identify common elements and symbols

Count atoms in a formula

LESSON OVERVIEW:TYPES OF MATTER

LEQ: HOW ARE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUND AND MXITURES DIFFERENT? Element is the simplest

form of matter that has a unique set of properties

There are 92 naturally occurring elements and including man-made ones.

ELEMENTS ARE REPRESENTED BY SYMBOLS

One or two letters.

Only First letter is a capitalized.

Sometimes they are obvious…

C, Cr, H, He, B, Br

Other times…

THEY REFLECT THE ANCIENT NAMES

Sodium(Na)= natrium-washing

Iron=

Copper=

Silver=

Gold=

Tin=

Lead=

AN ATOM

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of an element.

SEVEN DIATOMIC ELEMENTS

H2

N2

F2

O2

I2Cl2Br2

COMPOUNDS CONTAIN TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED. THE ELEMENTS ARE ALWAYS IN THE SAME PROPORTIONS.

CO carbon monoxide – odorless colorless gas, toxic byproduct of combustion

CO2 carbon dioxide- used by plants to produce glucose, byproduct of respiration.

H2O water- most important compound for living things.

H2O2 peroxide- used as a disinfectant.

THE PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND ARE DIFFERENT THAN THE ELEMENTSCl is a greenish poisonous gas.

Na is a soft metal that reacts violently with oxygen.

Together NaCl is table salt.

LEQ: WHAT ARE THE STATES OF MATTER

PROPERTIES

LEQ:WHAT IS A MIXTURE AND HOW CAN IT BE SEPARATED INTO ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS?

HOW ARE MIXTURES CLASSIFIED?

MIXTURE-THE PHYSICAL COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE COMPOUNDS OR ELEMENTS.

MIXTURES ARE SEPARATED BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES…

Boiling Point

Size of particle

Solubility

Magetism

HOMOGENEOUS- SAME PROPERTIES THROUGHOUTHETEROGENEOUS- PARTS WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES

LEQ: WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION?

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS?HOW IS THE LAW OF

CONSERVATION USED?

WHAT ALWAYS HAPPENS DURING A CHEMICAL CHANGE?

The composition of matter changes.

Example : 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2

COMPOUNDS ARE BROKEN DOWN THROUGH CHEMICAL CHANGES

Sugar ---(oxidized)----> Carbon + Water

Water -----(electrolysis)- oxygen + hydrogen

WHAT ALWAYS HAPPENS DURING A CHEMICAL CHANGE?

During a chemical reaction the atoms are rearranged to form new product!

Example : 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2

Example: Na + Cl -> NaCl

HERE’S A PICTURE

t

The PRODUCTS are on the right. In this picture, two molecules of water.

The REACTANTS are written on the left. In this picture, the element oxygen and hydrogen.

The Arrow is read “yields”. In situation problems you might see: reacts, forms, decomposes, produces, and may more.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION?

Generate a Gas – baking soda and vinegar

Change in Color- rusting steel

Form a precipitate- solid in a liquid

Change in Energy-Temperature: ice pack or heat pack

Light: glow stick

HOW ARE THE MASS OF PRODUCTS AND REACTANTS RELATED?The total mass never changes

Total Mass of Reactant = Total Mass of Products

(VIDEO)

STEPS TO SOLVE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS PROBLEMS1. Read the problem.

2. Write the equation in words.

3. Write the masses underneath of each.

4. Add the addition sign and equal sign to make a math equation.

5. Solve for the unknown

6. Write your answer with units as a statement!

EXAMPLEMass of Magnesium (g) Mass of Oxygen (g) Mass of Magnesium Oxide

(g)

5.0 3.3 ( )

6.5 A 10.8

13.6 9.0 B

C 12.5 31.5

Magnesium metal oxides vigorously to produce the compound magnesium oxide. Use the law of conservation to identify the masses labeled A,B and C.

LESSON CHECK

Methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

1. Which of these is not matter?

2. What might you observe that indicates its a chemical reaction?

3. Which of these is an element?

4. What are the products?

5. What are the reactants?

6. If 165g of methane consume 25g of oxygen and produce 85g water, how much carbon dioxide was also produced?