ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and

DNV GL © 14 April 2019 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL ©

14 April 2019

George Dimopoulos PhD, DNV GL Maritime R&D and Advisory

MARITIME

Ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and regulatory considerations

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Ammonia for Fueling Future Energy workshop, Lisbon 13 – 14 April 2019

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Outline

Ships and marine applications01

Ammonia as a marine fuel02

Regulatory perspective03

Technical & Safety considerations04

Way forward – maritime 06

Shipping & trade05

NH3 ?

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Ships and Marine applications

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Ships and the maritime operating environment

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Isolated System Safety &

Reliability

Emissions Regulations

Marine environment

Operations Crew

Energy Efficiency

Space & Weight

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Ships and the maritime operating environment

▪

▪ Regulatory & Compliance requirements

▪ Multi-fuel arrangements / multi-product energy systems

▪ Fuel vs. Cargo carrying capacity Energy density of fuel

▪ Space and weight constraints Decisive

▪ Cost of fuel storage

▪ Crew competence

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Regulatory framework - Emission to Air

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2015

SECA0.1%S

SOxNOx1st January 2015. SOx Emission Controal Areas (SECA)

introduced in North America and Europe

2020

IMO0.5%S

SCR

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Regulatory framework - Emission to Air

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2050

50%

GHG

GHG /

CO2

IMO Goals: A 50% reduction of all GHG emissions from

maritime compared to 2008 levels.

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Ammonia as a marine fuel

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Ammonia as a marine fuel – Context for introduction

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Benefit case – Why?

Technical feasibility

Safety case

Regulatory regime

Operational considerations

Bunkering availability

Legal / commercial

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Ammonia as a marine fuel

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Is it allowed for marine use? NO

YES

MAY

BE

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Ammonia as fuel – A kind product?

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Environmental

hazard (GHS09)ToxicCorrosive

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Ammonia properties

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Specific Energy (mass basis)

Ammonia 18.6 MJ/kg

LPG 49.6 MJ/kg

Methanol 19.7 MJ/kg

Methane 55.6 MJ/kg

Ethane 51.8 MJ/kg

MDO 48.0 MJ/kg

Hydrogen 141.8 MJ/kg

Specific Energy (volume basis)

▪ Storage thermodynamic conditions

▪ Tanks type, properties & materials

▪ Ammonia:

– Better liquid density than LNG & LPG

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Marine experience with Ammonia

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Ammonia carrier vessels, (> 200 ships)

Ammonia refrigeration plants on board ship

Ammonia carrier

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Regulatory perspective

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Environmental & Compliance benefits from Ammonia as marine fuel

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Sulphur CAP 2020 – No SOx emissions

IMO GHG 2050 targets – No CO2 emissions

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Regulatory framework for ammonia – does it exist?

▪ Ships with low flashpoint fuels IGF

▪ Ships carrying liquefied gasses and use

them as fuel IGC

▪ IGF vs. IGC code

▪ Stakeholders:

– IMO: International Maritime Organisation,

– Flag Administrations,

– Port States,

– Classification societies

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Fuelling Carrying as cargo

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Both codes

▪ Explicit prescriptive rules only for LNG as a fuel!!!

▪ All other fuels:

▪ Proving same level of safety: Risk-based approach + Studies

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Principle of equivalence:

If acceptable to the Administration, other cargo gases may be used as fuel,

providing that the same level of safety as natural gas (IGC) / oil-fueled (IGF)

is ensured.

Leakage Accumulation Dispersion ExplosionRisk

assessment(s)

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IGF code

▪ Ammonia is permitted

▪ Equivalent level of safety to be proved

▪ Fuel storage, handling and distribution systems as per IGC code

– Located in cargo area NOT in engine room

▪ IGC does NOT permit Ammonia as a fuel

▪ Interpretation required! (but easy to convince Flag Administration)

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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.

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IGC code

▪ Ammonia is NOT permitted

▪ IGC code amendment is required to allow for Ammonia as a fuel

▪ Hence:

– Ammonia may be permitted for ships not carrying Ammonia

– Ammonia is NOT permitted for ships carrying Ammonia

▪ Proposal to Amend the above needs to be initiated immediately

▪ Ammonia carriers will be the first adopters, if any

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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.

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Which requirements are covered in the code

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Cargo Tank

Cargo Area

Hold SpaceCE

Covered by cargo requirements in the IGC

Code

IGC Code Ch.16

Cargo as fuel

OR

IGF Code (if approved)

IGC Code

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Technical & safety considerations

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Technology for Ammonia as a marine fuel

▪ Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (marine)

– Two-stroke, slow speed is (almost) available, dual-fuel

Diesel pilot – liquid gas injection

▪ Fuel valve trains for ICE available

▪ Fuel gas handling system concept available

▪ Storage concept available

▪ Fuel cells (marine): pilot / demonstration initiatives

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Technical considerations

▪ Knock-out drums & vent masts,

pressure relieve system

▪ Fuel delivery / return valve-trains

and lines

▪ Engine control – gas stop

▪ Automatic purging & inerting of

system lines

▪ Nitrogen generation /use on board

▪ Ammonia / gas detection

▪ Ventilation

▪ Ammonia oil-contamination

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Shipping & Trade

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Ammonia shipborne trade

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Ammonia shipborne trade

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Ammonia shipborne trade

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Ammonia port (potential) bunkering infrastructure

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Way forward – maritime

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Next steps

▪ Test and qualify the technology for Ammonia as marine fuel

▪ Perform Risk assessment and detailed studies

▪ Formulate a case for IMO amendment

▪ Class rules (consolidation)

▪ Crew competence requirements

▪ Competitive asset case ?

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George Dimopoulos Ph.D.

Principal Specialist

Head of R&D and Advisory, Piraeus

E-mail george.dimopoulos@dnvgl.com

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