america moves to the city urbanization: 1865 - 1900

America Moves America Moves to the Cityto the City

Urbanization: Urbanization:

1865 - 19001865 - 1900

UrbanizationUrbanization

•Populations in cities Populations in cities tripled from 1870 to tripled from 1870 to 19001900–By the end of the By the end of the century, 4 out of 10 century, 4 out of 10 Americans were city Americans were city dwellersdwellers

Urban Growth: 1870-Urban Growth: 1870-19001900

NewArchitectural

Style

NewArchitectural

Style

NewUse ofSpace

NewUse ofSpace

NewClass

Diversity

NewClass

DiversityNew EnergyNew Energy

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

Make a NewStart

Make a NewStart

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

The City as aNew “Frontier”The City as a

New “Frontier”

Industrialized Industrialized AgricultureAgriculture•All over the world the All over the world the agricultural revolution agricultural revolution was decreasing the was decreasing the need for farm laborneed for farm labor

•Pull of factory jobs led Pull of factory jobs led farmers to move to farmers to move to the citythe city

•Modern technology led Modern technology led to the growth of big to the growth of big citiescities

•New steel technologies New steel technologies led to the building of led to the building of skyscrapers (Louis skyscrapers (Louis Sullivan)Sullivan)

Chicago:Chicago: City of Broad City of Broad

ShouldersShoulders

New York CityNew York City

Streetcar SuburbsStreetcar Suburbs

•Mass transit gave Mass transit gave rise to the suburbsrise to the suburbs

•Rich & middle class Rich & middle class moved from the city moved from the city centercenter

•Many poor Many poor ended up ended up in slums in slums living in living in dumb-bell dumb-bell tenements tenements or or flophousesflophouses

Enclaves & Enclaves & NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods

•Cities became Cities became increasingly increasingly segregated by segregated by ethnicity, race, & ethnicity, race, & social classsocial class

Lure of the CitiesLure of the Cities•Offered electricity, Offered electricity, indoor plumbing, & indoor plumbing, & telephonestelephones

•Glamour of skyscrapers, Glamour of skyscrapers, Brooklyn Bridge, & Brooklyn Bridge, & department stores like department stores like Macy’s & Marshall Field’sMacy’s & Marshall Field’s

Rise of Rise of ConsumerismConsumerism

•New fashions, ready-New fashions, ready-made clothes, made clothes, packaged goods, & packaged goods, & mail-order mail-order cataloguescatalogues

The Dark Side The Dark Side

•Mountains of trash, Mountains of trash, impure drinking impure drinking water, animal waste, water, animal waste, & stinking, & stinking, unwashed bodies all unwashed bodies all added to the stenchadded to the stench

The “Best & the The “Best & the Worst”Worst”•Princes & paupers Princes & paupers lived side by side in lived side by side in crowded conditionscrowded conditions

•Slums were fetid, rat Slums were fetid, rat infested tubercular infested tubercular wardswards

•Rich moved to Rich moved to “bedroom “bedroom communities” & communities” & summered at the summered at the beach or “took the beach or “took the waters” at spas waters” at spas

New ImmigrationNew Immigration

•Immigration in the Immigration in the Gilded Age tended to Gilded Age tended to be more from be more from Southern & Eastern Southern & Eastern EuropeEurope

•Less educatedLess educated

Old New New New

•Without any tradition Without any tradition of democracyof democracy

•More Roman CatholicMore Roman Catholic•1880-1920: roughly 1880-1920: roughly 27 million came 27 million came

•Tended to stay in the Tended to stay in the cities & live in cities & live in enclavesenclaves

•Some were “birds of Some were “birds of passage” but most passage” but most became American became American citizenscitizens

New New York York City City

EnclaveEnclavess

America LettersAmerica Letters

•Many Europeans Many Europeans came in response to came in response to letters from family in letters from family in America America

Oral histories of Jewish Oral histories of Jewish immigrants to Pittsburghimmigrants to Pittsburgh

“Our synagogue was in a room with the windows blacked out. We were afraid to speak Yiddish on the streets. We often had to hide from people who came to persecute the

Jews.”

“During the pogrom (organized government persecution of the Jews) in Vitebsk (Russia) around 1905, my collarbone

was broken and the back of my head still bears the scar of a dagger.”

“I still have a scar on my thigh where a Russian soldier struck me with his sword. I was three years old and my

mother tried to protect me with her body, but he got to me. It did not seem reasonable for me to serve the Czar in the

Army.”

Why they cameWhy they came

Oral histories of Italian Oral histories of Italian immigrants immigrants

“The main reason was bread. There was always bread in America.”

“Life in America was better. There was always work in America.”

“I never went to an American school, but I insisted that my children attend university in the United States where they had more chance.”

“I have progressed; I have lived well. I have been able to send my children to good schools so that today they hold positions of respect. My brother who stayed here in Italy cannot say that.”

•Railroads, Railroads, industrialists, low-industrialists, low-population states, population states, steamship companies steamship companies all encouraged all encouraged immigrantsimmigrants

The Statue The Statue of of Liberty Liberty (1886)(1886)The Statue The Statue of of Liberty Liberty (1886)(1886)

““Give me your Give me your tired, your poor, tired, your poor, your huddled your huddled masses yearning masses yearning to breathe free, to breathe free, the wretched the wretched refuse of your refuse of your teeming shore.”teeming shore.”

Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

Ellis Ellis Island – Island – GatewaGatewa

y to y to AmericaAmerica

Movie Clip

Social ReactionsSocial Reactions

•Political “bosses” Political “bosses” catered to immigrantscatered to immigrants–Traded jobs for votesTraded jobs for votes

•““The Social Gospel” of The Social Gospel” of Walter RauschenbuschWalter Rauschenbusch

•Settlement HousesSettlement Houses–Jane Addams’ Hull House Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicagoin Chicago

–Lillian Wald’s Henry Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement in Street Settlement in NYNY

•Florence KellyFlorence Kelly–Led the way in the Led the way in the battle against child battle against child labor & the protection labor & the protection of women in of women in sweatshopssweatshops

Nativism RevisitedNativism Revisited

•““Natives” (now including Natives” (now including Irish & German Irish & German Americans) feared the Americans) feared the high birthrates of the high birthrates of the New Immigrants & the New Immigrants & the “Mongrelization” of “Mongrelization” of Anglo-Saxon “purity”Anglo-Saxon “purity”

•New Immigrants were New Immigrants were blamed for urban blamed for urban problems, low wages, problems, low wages, & the importation of & the importation of dangerous ideas dangerous ideas (socialism/anarchism)(socialism/anarchism)

American American Protective Protective Association (1887)Association (1887)•APA was established to APA was established to thwart Roman thwart Roman Catholicism & Catholicism & foreignersforeigners

•Organized labor also Organized labor also sought protection from sought protection from cheap foreign laborcheap foreign labor

New Immigration New Immigration LawsLaws

•1882: restrictions put 1882: restrictions put on paupers, on paupers, criminals, & convictscriminals, & convicts

•1885: outlawed 1885: outlawed importing contract importing contract laborlabor

•1882: Chinese 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act-ended all Exclusion Act-ended all Chinese immigrationChinese immigration

•1917: Congress would 1917: Congress would add illiteracy to the list add illiteracy to the list that included… that included… –polygamists, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists & people anarchists & people with contagious with contagious diseasesdiseases

ReligionReligion•Urbanization weakened Urbanization weakened the strength of the strength of ProtestantismProtestantism

•Dwight Lyman MoodyDwight Lyman Moody–Urban “circuit rider” Urban “circuit rider” established the Moody established the Moody Bible Institute in ChicagoBible Institute in Chicago

•Roman Catholicism Roman Catholicism increased its lead as increased its lead as the largest single the largest single denomination by the denomination by the turn of the centuryturn of the century

•Salvation Army was Salvation Army was imported from imported from England in 1879England in 1879

•Christian Science Christian Science established by Mary established by Mary Baker EddyBaker Eddy

DarwinismDarwinism

•The Origin of the The Origin of the SpeciesSpecies (1859) (1859)

•Fundamentalist Fundamentalist backlash against backlash against evolutionevolution

•Rise of agnosticism & Rise of agnosticism & rationalismrationalism

EducationEducation

•Increase in public Increase in public supported educationsupported education

•Establishment of Establishment of “Normal Schools” to “Normal Schools” to train teacherstrain teachers

•Spread of kindergartensSpread of kindergartens

Chautaqua Chautaqua MovementMovement

•Lecture circuit by Lecture circuit by famous orators to famous orators to educate adultseducate adults–Mark Twain & William Mark Twain & William Jennings BryanJennings Bryan

Black EducationBlack Education

•Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington–Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaAlabama

–Advocated economic Advocated economic growth not social growth not social equality in the equality in the “Atlanta Compromise”“Atlanta Compromise”

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

“Of my ancestry I know almost nothing. In the slave quarters,

and even later, I heard whispered conversations

among the coloured people of the tortures which the slaves,

including, no doubt, my ancestors on my mother's side, suffered in the middle passage of the slave ship while being

conveyed from Africa to America.”

George George Washington Carver Washington Carver

•Agricultural Agricultural Chemist at Chemist at Tuskegee Tuskegee InstituteInstitute–Developed uses for the Developed uses for the peanut & soy beanpeanut & soy bean

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

•11stst African- African-American American to earn a to earn a Ph.D at Ph.D at HarvardHarvard

•Established the Established the National Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)Colored People (NAACP)

•Believed in elevating Believed in elevating the “Talented Tenth” of the “Talented Tenth” of blacksblacks

Higher EducationHigher Education

•More women in More women in higher educationhigher education

•More co-ed collegesMore co-ed colleges•1/41/4thth of college grads of college grads were women by 1900were women by 1900

•Morrill Act of 1862Morrill Act of 1862–Created land grant Created land grant collegescolleges

•Hatch Act of 1887Hatch Act of 1887–Supplemented the Supplemented the Morrill ActMorrill Act

Philanthropic Philanthropic UniversitiesUniversities

•Leland StanfordLeland Stanford–Stanford UniversityStanford University

•J.D. RockefellerJ.D. Rockefeller–University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago

March of the Mind March of the Mind

•Medical knowledge Medical knowledge increased - Louis increased - Louis Pasteur & Joseph Pasteur & Joseph ListerLister

•Psychology - William Psychology - William James (James (pragmatismpragmatism))

Literary InterestsLiterary Interests

•Public libraries Public libraries (Carnegie)(Carnegie)

•Library of Congress Library of Congress (1897)(1897)

•SensationalismSensationalism

The PressThe Press

•Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer–The Yellow KidThe Yellow Kid–““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”

•William Randolph William Randolph HearstHearst–San Francisco Examiner San Francisco Examiner (1887)(1887)

APUSH RULES

Reform WritersReform Writers•Edwin L. Godkin (1865)Edwin L. Godkin (1865)

–The Nation: The Nation: intellectual & intellectual & liberal journalliberal journal

•Henry GeorgeHenry George–Progress and Poverty, Progress and Poverty, 19791979•single tax theorysingle tax theory

•Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy–Looking BackwardLooking Backward, , 18881888

–Socialistic novelSocialistic novel

LiteratureLiterature

•General Lewis WallaceGeneral Lewis Wallace–Ben Hur Ben Hur (anti-Darwin)(anti-Darwin)

•Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger–Rags to riches storiesRags to riches stories

•Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman–Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass revisions revisions

•Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson–Poems “discovered” Poems “discovered” after her deathafter her death

•Sidney LanierSidney Lanier–Southern lyric poet - Southern lyric poet - died youngdied young

Realism Instead of Realism Instead of RomanticismRomanticism

•Mark TwainMark Twain–Tom Sawyer, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry FinnHuckleberry Finn

•Bret HarteBret Harte–Gold-rush storiesGold-rush stories

•Stephen CraneStephen Crane–Maggie a Girl of the Maggie a Girl of the Streets, The Red Streets, The Red Badge of Courage Badge of Courage

•Henry JamesHenry James•Jack LondonJack London•Frank NorrisFrank Norris•Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser

New MoralityNew Morality

•Victoria WoodhullVictoria Woodhull–Women’s suffrage & Women’s suffrage & free lovefree love

•Anthony Comstock Anthony Comstock –led the fight against led the fight against “immorality”“immorality”

–Comstock Law (1873)Comstock Law (1873)•Outlawed pornography Outlawed pornography & abortion& abortion

Families & Women Families & Women

•Family size shrinkingFamily size shrinking•Marriages delayedMarriages delayed•Urban women Urban women becoming more becoming more independentindependent

New FeminismNew Feminism

•Charlotte Perkins Charlotte Perkins GilmanGilman–Women & Economics Women & Economics –Called on women give up Called on women give up “dependent status” “dependent status”

–Day care & fast foodDay care & fast food

•1890: National 1890: National American Women’s American Women’s Suffrage AssociationSuffrage Association–Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, & Lucy StoneAnthony, & Lucy Stone

•Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt–Women should vote to Women should vote to protect “women’s protect “women’s issues”issues”

•Wyoming allowed Wyoming allowed women to vote in 1869women to vote in 1869

Roots of Roots of Prohibition Prohibition

•The National Prohibition The National Prohibition Party (1869)Party (1869)

•Women’s Christian Women’s Christian Temperance Union Temperance Union (WCTU) (WCTU) –1874: Francis Willard & 1874: Francis Willard & Carrie NationCarrie Nation

Carrie NationCarrie Nation

•Anti-Saloon League Anti-Saloon League (1893)(1893)

More ReformsMore Reforms•1866: American Society 1866: American Society for the Prevention of for the Prevention of the Cruelty to Animals the Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)(ASPCA)

•1881: Clara Barton: 1881: Clara Barton: American Red CrossAmerican Red Cross

•1858: YWCA1858: YWCA

Artists - RealismArtists - Realism

•James Whistler, John James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Singer Sargent, George Innes, George Innes, Thomas Eakins, Thomas Eakins, Winslow HomerWinslow Homer

•The Ashcan School - The Ashcan School - Urban RealismUrban Realism

•Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's Mother

John Singer John Singer SargeantSargeant

Daughters of Edward Darley Boit 

Winslow Homer Winslow Homer

Breezing Up

WINSLOW HOMER        WINSLOW HOMER        Snap the Whip, 1872Snap the Whip, 1872

ASHCAN SCHOOLASHCAN SCHOOL

Early Sunday MorningEarly Sunday Morning, , Edward HopperEdward Hopper

ArchitectureArchitecture

•Louis Sullivan Louis Sullivan •Henry Richardson - Henry Richardson - “Richardsonian”“Richardsonian”

•Columbian Columbian Exposition - 1893Exposition - 1893

Richardson’s Field Richardson’s Field BuildingBuilding

Chicago:Chicago: City of Broad City of Broad

ShouldersShoulders

William Le Baron JenneyWilliam Le Baron Jenney

1832 – 1907

“Father of the ModernSkyscraper”

Jenney:

CentralY.M.C.A., Chicago,

1891

Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 1924

The ChicagoSchool ofArchitecture

“Form followsfunction!”

Sullivan: Jewelers’ Bldg., Chicago, 1881

Sullivan: The Auditorium, Chicago, 1886

Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

D. H. BurnhamD. H. BurnhamD. H. BurnhamD. H. Burnham

1846 – 1912

Use of steelas a superstructure.

Burnham: Fisher Apt. Bldg, Chicago, 1896

Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Store,

1902

Burnham: The Rookery,

Chicago, 1885

Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 1959

“Prairie House”School of Architecture

“OrganicArchitecture”

“Function follows form!”

Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915

Frank Lloyd Wright:Hollyhock House, Los Angeles,

1917

Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936

Interior of “Falling Waters”

Frank Lloyd Wright Furniture

Frank Lloyd Wright Glass Screens

Prairie wheat Prairie wheat patternspatterns

Frank Lloyd Wright:Susan Lawrence Dana House,

Springfield, IL - 1902

Frank Lloyd Wright:Johnson Wax Bldg., Racine,

WI, 1936

Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC -

1959

New York CityNew York City

Western Western Union Bldg.Union Bldg.

NYC - 1875NYC - 1875

ManhattanManhattanLifeLife

Insurance Insurance Bldg.Bldg.

NYC - 1893NYC - 1893

SingerSingerBuilding Building

NYC - 1902NYC - 1902

Woolworth Woolworth

Bldg.Bldg.

NYC - 1911NYC - 1911

Burnham:Burnham:FlatironFlatironBuildingBuilding

NYC – 1902NYC – 1902

Grand Central Station, 1913Grand Central Station, 1913

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

The The Brooklyn Brooklyn BridgeBridge

Amusements Amusements

• VaudevilleVaudeville

•Circus – Circus – PT Barnum & PT Barnum & James James BaileyBailey

•Wild West Wild West Shows - Shows - Buffalo Buffalo Bill Cody ; Bill Cody ; Annie Annie OakleyOakley

•Baseball, Baseball, football, football, boxing, boxing, croquet, croquet, bicycles, bicycles, basketballbasketball