amanda smith, ed.m. union city high school, union city, nj aai summer research program for teachers
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Amanda Smith, Ed.M.Amanda Smith, Ed.M.
Union City High School, Union City, NJUnion City High School, Union City, NJ
AAI Summer Research Program for AAI Summer Research Program for TeachersTeachers
Introduction to the Immune System
Lesson 1
Think back to the Online Stem Cell Lab, health
class, and past science classes.
How many different cell types can you name that are related to the immune system?
List them with their corresponding functions in your notebook.
Do Now
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Innate
Immediate, rapid response
Generalized response, nonspecific
No “memory”
Adaptive
Slow response (a few days)
Specific response to molecules that caused it
Repeated exposure to molecules will cause increased responses
You get the flu vaccine. A few weeks later,
your sibling gets the flu and exposes you to the virus. Which part of your immune system will be prepared to fight off the flu virus?
A. Innate Immune SystemB. Adaptive Immune System
Response Question 1
Found in bone marrow
Give rise to blood and immune cells
Form two lineages: myeloid and lymphoid
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Myeloid Lineage
Gives rise to eight types of cells found in body tissues, focusing on three1. Mast Cells
Degranulate hormonal mediators when activated, involved with inflammation
Activated by IgE antibodies, physical/chemical injury, or complement proteins
Morphology: typical round cellular shape Defining Organelles: secretory granules and lipid bodies A Visual Interpretation
Image at: http://www.mastcellaware.com/about.html
Myeloid Lineage
2. Macrophages Matured monocytes that migrate into tissues from the
circulatory system Role is to phagocytize dead cells and pathogens
Produce NO, O2-, and H2O2 to break down material.
Specific names for specific locations, ex: Kupffer cells in liver
Morphology: monocyte is a spherical shape, but macrophage shape depends on what tissue it goes and matures.
Defining Organelles: extensive Rough ER, lysosomes/phagosomes, pseudopods
3. Dendritic Cells
Main role is to process antigen material and present it to other cells on its surface.
AKA antigen presenting cell Morphology: form branch like projections (dendrites)
during stage of development Defining Organelles: Golgi, ER,
(proteasome – protein complex that degrades proteins)
Myeloid Lineage
Image at: https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/immunology--2/antigen-presenting-cells/dendritic-cells/
A cut on your arm went untreated, and now, it
is infected by bacteria. Which of the myeloid lineage cells are involved with fighting off the infection?
A. Mast CellsB. MacrophagesC. Dendritic CellsD. A & BE. A, B & C
Response Question 2
Gives rise to three major types of cells1. Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Role: limits the spread of tumors and microbial infections by inducing apoptosis in cells, limiting tissue damage
Morphology: large granular lymphocyte, spherical Defining Organelles: cytoplasmic lytic granules,
secretory lysosomes, golgi, vesicles, microtubules
Lymphoid Lineage
Image at: http://imagebank.hematology.org/AssetDetail.aspx?AssetID=4105&AssetType=Asset
2. B Cells
Role: produce antibodies, become antigen-presenting cells, become memory B cells Memory B cells “remember” specific antigens and
can launch fast immune response if antigen is encountered again.
Live for about 10 years. Morphology: spherical, with very large nucleus
and scant cytoplasm around it, has B-cell receptor on cell surface
Defining Organelles: large ER and Golgi, lysosomes
Lymphoid Lineage
Image at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphocyte2.jpg
3. T Cells
Several types including T Helper and cytotoxic T cells
Role: secrete cytokines after activation by APC to help aid active immune responses, and destroy virally infected and tumor cells by binding to antigens on their surface, respectively
Morphology: Spherical with T-cell receptor on cell surface, covered with short microvilli
Defining Organelles: ER, Golgi
Lymphoid Lineage
Image at: http://www.iayork.com/MysteryRays/2008/03/30/whats-in-a-name-are-cytotoxic-t-lymphocytes-cytotoxic/
What type of cell is also derived from
hematopoietic stem cells that we have not gone over?
A. Chondroblasts (cartilage cells)B. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)C. Endothelium (cells that line blood vessels)D. Hepatocytes (liver cells)
Response Question 3
Dendritic Cells present antigen to activate
immature T cells to become CD4 or CD8 cells.
TH2 cells and costimulatory molecules
released by TH1 cells activate B cells to
produce antibodies.
Interactions between cells
What are the two major lineages that arise
from hematopoietic stem cells? What types of cells can naïve T cells
differentiate into? What is the relationship between dendritic
cells and naïve T cells? How are T cells related to B cells? What is the difference between an antigen and
an antibody?
Discussion
Graphic Organizer
Show the major lineages and what cells are formed.
Connect lineages with lines and descriptor words.
Start with hematopoietic stem cells.
Review Activity
TEACHER USE ONLY! View diagram showing all cell types derived from hematopoietic stem
cells at http://www.allthingsstemcell.com/category/hematopoietic-stem-cells/
Have students make their own/use worksheet.
Nitric Oxide, Inflammation, and
the Immune Response
Lesson 2
What do you think are some possible effects of
the immune system over-responding (responding too much)?
Would the effects be positive, negative, or neutral? Explain your reasoning.
Do Now
Part of the immune response to pathogens
Caused by vasodilation for the movement of plasma and immune cells into the injured tissues.
Can be acute or chronic. Chronic inflammation occurs if the stimulus for
the inflammation persists.
Mediated by macrophages and released chemicals such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha
Inflammation
Nitric Oxide (NO) is released by macrophages
to destroy the source of inflammation.
NO is produced by the protein inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS is formed in after injury and inflammatory
mediators are released.
An increase in NO production can lead to tissue injury. Occurs when there’s an increase in inflammatory
cytokines being released
Nitric Oxide & Inflammation
Chronic Asthma
Can be caused by allergies, environmental pollutants, microbial infections, or genetics
NO normally helps to regulate airway vascular tone and pulmonary surface tension. Over expression disrupts innate lung defenses
that modulate lung inflammation, leading to chronic inflammation.
Read over questions for article.
Read “The Inflammatory Response in the
Pathogenesis of Asthma.”
Highlight important information to help you
answer questions as you read.
Complete related worksheet & Inflammatory
Response Flow Chart.
Article Review
Intro to Aseptic Technique & Lab
Procedures
Lesson 3
What does it mean when somebody is septic or
goes into septic shock?
What does Aseptic mean?
How can you practice being aseptic in a lab setting? List as many possible ways as you can.
Do now
Origin: septikos – rotten; a – without
Purpose: to keep the sterile cell culture free of microorganisms from the environment
Four basic ways to achieve this
1. Sterile work area
2. Good personal hygiene
3. Sterile reagents & media
4. Sterile handling
Aseptic Technique
1. Sterile Work Area
Use a cell culture hood.
Maintain a clear work surface.
Disinfect work surface before and after use with
70% ethanol.
Image at: http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/gibco-cell-culture-basics/cell-culture-equipment/laminar-flow-hood.html
Wash your hands before and after working
with cell cultures.
Tie your hair back.
Wear personal protective equipment.
Gloves
Lab coat
2. Good personal hygiene
Image at: http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/sec6c.htm
Commercial materials (bought from a
company) are already sterilized.
Materials prepared in the lab should be
prepared with sterile instruments using
aseptic technique.
3. Sterile Reagents & Media
Wipe outside of containers with 70% ethanol .
Use sterile glass or disposable plastic materials.
Do not cross contaminate.
Do not unwrap materials until the moment you are going to use them.
Cap or seal with tape bottles, well plates, etc. to prevent contamination.
Perform experiments rapidly (but safely!) to minimize exposure to contamination.
4. Sterile Handling
Video
http://media.invitrogen.com.edgesuite.net/Cell-Culture/videos/SterileTechnique.html?CID=ccbvid2
The Micropipette
Used to measure small volumes accurately
Uses disposable tips to prevent cross
contamination
Can be set at a fixed volume or variable – you
specify within a rangeImage at: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/moncef/Pages/OperatingtheMicropipette.aspx
Setting the Volume
Turn the volumeter adjustment on top. Stay within the micropipette’s range. Decimal appears only for smaller range
pipettes – make sure to turn the adjustment to the correct volume.
Image at: http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/bloodlab/eryfrag2_n.htmTable image at: http://www.scienceteacherprogram.org/biology/JBodenmiller10.html
Drawing liquid1. Push pipette plunger down to FIRST stop while OUT of liquid.2. Place tip into liquid, release plunger to draw liquid up.3. Push back down on plunger to first stop to release liquid.4. Push plunger further to second stop to expel any remaining liquid from tip.5. Release plunger to go back to starting position.
Image at: http://www.karantinapertaniansby.com/en/?hal=detil_artikel&id=2
Learn how to use a micropipette to make a
serial dilution.
Virtual Lab Activity
Practice!
Originally used to count blood cells, now used
for various cell types.
Cells first stained with trypan blue to determine viable from non-viable cells.
Used to calculate amount of cells in a solution from a 10 microliter sample.
Hemocytometer
Image at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/z359629?lang=en®ion=US
Hemocytometer virtual lab
Practice!
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