all bats are special, but stenodermatines are more special than others

Allbatsarespecial,butstenoderma3nesaremorespecialthanothers

•  Ecologicalandtaxonomicdiversityofbatssuggestclassicaladap7veradia7on•  Butspecia7onanalysesrevealonlyonenodeinen7reradia7onshi:stohigherspecia7on:thebaseof

Stenoderma7nae•  Riseinspecia7onisnotlinkedtoabio7cdriversofspecia7onsuchasglacialcycles•  Insteadmul7plebio7cadapta7onsofStenoderma7nae,including:

•  Increasesinrela7vefrequencyofolfactoryreceptorgenesubfamilies1/3/7and2/13•  Presenceofblue-lightopsingenesandcones•  Newskullarchitectureenablinghighbiteforcedespitesmallsize

LilianaM.Dávalos1*,ElizabethR.Dumont2,DannyRojas3,KarenE.Sears4,LaurelR.Yohe11DepartmentofEcologyandEvolu7on,SUNYStonyBrook,NY,USA;2UniversityofMassachuseYs,Amherst,USA;3UniversidadJaveriana,Cali,Colombia;4UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign,USA

§  Stenoderma7neseatatlowertrophiclevel

§  Manyadapta7onstofrugivorous,fig-basedniche

§  Sensory,skull,biteforce

Figure2.Summaryphylogenyof150speciesofphyllostomidbatsillustra7ngdiversityinlineagesandmorphologyamongsubfamilies.Branchlengthsarepropor7onalto7meandgreybarsindicate95%confidenceintervals(CI)aroundnodedates.Theyellowarrowindicatesthenodewherethelargestshi:inspeciesdiversifica7onratewasfound.Clockwisefromtopspeciesare:Lonchorhinaaurita,Lonchophyllarobusta,Musonycterisharrisoni,Glyphonycterissilvestris,Carolliacastanea,Sturniralilium,Sphaeronycteristoxophyllum,Ar<beusjamaicensis,UrodermabilobatumVampyressapusilla,Platyrrhinusumbratus,Noc<lioalbiventris(outgroup),Micronycterishirsuta,Desmodusrotundus,Lophostomasilvicolum.

Figure3.Lineagethrough7me(LTT)plotfortheposteriorsampleof7me-calibratedtrees(gray).TheLTTplotoftheMCCtreeisinblack.Thetreeisshowninthebackgroundalongwithes7matedspecia7onratesalongitsbranches,notejumpforStenoderma7nae.

Figure1.Heatmapillustra7ngthenormalizedlevelofORgenesineachORgenefamilywithinthePhyllostomidae.BluerepresentsalowfrequencyofORgenes,whereasredrepresentsahighlevel.Datashownforbothfunc7onalandpseudogenes,Stenoderma7naeareshownattheboYom.

Figure5.Conesandopsinsdetectedinadultbatsinsuperfamilynoc7lionoidea.Detec7ngtheshort-waveopsindoesnotguaranteemakingshort-wavecones.Thephylogenysuggestsconvergentlossofshort-wavevision.Thetwostenoderma7nes(le:)showbothshort-waveopsinsandcones.

Figure7.PC1asapredictoroflntrophiclevel(a,meancoefficient=0.193±0.015)andlnbiteforce(b,meancoefficient=−0.327±0.007).Symbolsrepresentspeciesmeans,andthesizeofthesymbolsindicatesthemagnitudeofthesignificantandindependentcontribu7onsofPC2tolntrophiclevel(a,meancoefficient=−0.081±0.015)andlnheadheighttolnbiteforce(b,meancoefficient=2.826±0.034).Therela7onshipsweremodelledusingGLSfiYedwithMLandphylogeny-basedcorrela7onstructuresoftheerrors.Therela7onshipbetweenskullmorphologyandPC1scoresareillustratedfromle:torightby:Centuriosenex,Carolliaperspicillata,Phyllostomuselongatus,Micronycterishirsuta,Choeronycterismexicana.Stenoderma7nesfalltowardlowerPC1scores.

Figure6.VisualcomparisonoftheshapesoftheSTL(lightblue)andengineering(darkblue)modelsforthebasemodelCarolliaperspcillata(A)andthemorphedmodelsforGlossophagasoricina(B),andCenturiosenex(C).Stenoderma7nesfallbetweenBandC.

Figure4.Best-fitmodelsofspecia7onasafunc7onoftrophiclevelevolu7onfor100phylogenies.Thenonlinearmodelisshown(meanhighestspecia7onrate:0.409±0.028aYainedat−0.030±0.011onthelntrophiclevelaxis;meanlowestspecia7onrate:0.118±0.008),stenoderma7neshavethelowesttrophiclevels.

References:Dumont,E.R.etal.ProcRSocB279,1797-1805,doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2005(2012).Dumont,E.R.etal.Evolu7on68,1436-1449,doi:10.1111/evo.12358(2014).Hayden,S.etal.MolBiolEvol31,917-927,doi:10.1093/molbev/msu043(2014).Rojas,D.,Warsi,O.M.&Dávalos,L.M.SystBiol65,432–448,doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw011(2016).