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November 3, 2008Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Alan Vette, Sheng-Wei Wang, BJ George, Don Whitaker,Karen Oliver, Herb Jacumin, Jonathan Thornburg,
Charles Rodes and Ronald Williams
DEARS Exposure Relationships VOCs, EC and NO2
1Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Passive SamplersPassive Samplers
•
Diffusive samplers - 25 VOCs + NO2•
Aromatics/HCs (9)•
Halogenated HCs (16)•
Detection limits –VOCs ~ 50 pptv–NO2 ~ 5 ppbv
2Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
VOCsVOCs Measured in DEARSMeasured in DEARS
Aromatics/HCsBenzeneTolueneEthylbenzenem,p-Xyleneo-Xylene1,3-Butadiene4-Ethyltoluene1,3,5-TrimethylbenzeneStyrene
Chlorinated Aromatics/HCsCarbon tetrachloride1,1-Dichloroethane1,2-Dichloroethane1,1,1-Trichloroethane1,1-Dichloroethylenecis-1,2-DichloroethyleneTrichloroethylenePerchloroethylene1,2-DichloropropaneChlorobenzenem-Dichlorobenzeneo-Dichlorobenzenep-Dichlorobenzene
FreonTrichlorofluoromethane (11)1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluoroethane (113)1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-
tetrafluoroethane (114)
3Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Benz
ene
Tolu
ene
Ethy
lben
zene
m,p
-Xyl
enes
o-Xy
lene
1,3-
Buta
dien
e
1,3,
5-Tr
imet
hylb
enze
ne
p-Et
hylto
luen
eSt
yren
e
Carb
on te
trach
lorid
e
cis-
1,2-
Dich
loro
ethy
lene
1,1-
Dich
loro
ethy
lene
1,1-
Dich
loro
etha
ne
1,2-
Dich
loro
etha
ne
1,2-
Dich
loro
prop
ane
1,1,
1-Tr
ichl
oroe
than
e
Tric
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
Perc
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
Chlo
robe
nzen
e
m-D
ichl
orob
enze
ne
o-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
e
p-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
eFr
eon-
11Fr
eon-
113
Freo
n-11
4NO
2EC
Sam
ples
> M
DL
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100 PersonalIndoorOutdoorAmbient
4Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Benz
ene
Tolu
ene
Ethy
lben
zene
m,p
-Xyl
enes
o-Xy
lene
1,3-
Buta
dien
e
1,3,
5-Tr
imet
hylb
enze
ne
p-Et
hylto
luen
eSt
yren
e
Carb
on te
trach
lorid
e
cis-
1,2-
Dich
loro
ethy
lene
1,1-
Dich
loro
ethy
lene
1,1-
Dich
loro
etha
ne
1,2-
Dich
loro
etha
ne
1,2-
Dich
loro
prop
ane
1,1,
1-Tr
ichl
oroe
than
e
Tric
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
Perc
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
Chlo
robe
nzen
e
m-D
ichl
orob
enze
ne
o-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
e
p-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
eFr
eon-
11Fr
eon-
113
Freo
n-11
4NO
2EC
ICC
Dup
licat
e Sa
mpl
es
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
PersonalIndoorOutdoorAmbient
5Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Impact of Environmental Tobacco SmokeImpact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Toluene
μg m
-3
0
20
40
60
80m,p-Xylene
0
10
20
30
401,3-Butadiene
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Non-ETS ImpactedETS Impacted
•
Indoor levels of VOCs associated with tobacco smoke•
ETS was measured using an optical technique on filter samples•
Samples were considered impacted by ETS when ETS levels exceeded 1.5 µg m-3
•
34% of personal and 21% of indoor samples contained ETS > 1.5 µg m-3
6Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Effect of Residential CharacteristicsEffect of Residential Characteristics
Pollutant Location Attached Garage
Painting (7 d prior)
Carpet (6 mo. Prior)
Construction (6 mo. Prior)
Linoleum (6 mo. Prior)
Gas Stove
Benzene Indoor 46 44 6 17
Personal 115 45
Toluene Indoor 48 51 37 14 66
Personal 38 36
Ethylbenzene Indoor 38 56 90 32 52
Personal 15 58 54
m,p-Xylenes Indoor 52 58 95 33 50
Personal 46 28 76 26
Perchloroethylene Indoor
Personal
NO2 Personal 34
EC Indoor
7Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Effect of Personal ActivitiesEffect of Personal Activities
Pollutant Location Gas space heater
Solvent usage
Candles or incense
Dryclean(7 d. prior)
Benzene Indoor -27Personal -36
Toluene Indoor 38 -30Personal -38
Ethylbenzene Indoor 64 -30Personal 118 -32
m,p-Xylenes Indoor 65Personal 10
Perchloroethylene Indoor 376Personal 645
NO2 Personal 114EC Indoor 121
8Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory Concentration (μg m-3)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
o-Xylene
1,3-Butadiene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Ethyltoluene
Styrene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Perchloroethylene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Freon-11
Freon-113
NO2
EC
PersonalIndoorOutdoorAmbient
9Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Benz
ene
Tolu
ene
Ethy
lben
zene
m,p
-Xyl
enes
o-Xy
lene
1,3-
Buta
dien
e
1,3,
5-Tr
imet
hylb
enze
nep-
Ethy
ltolu
ene
Styr
ene
Carb
on te
trach
lorid
e
1,1,
1-Tr
ichl
oroe
than
e
Perc
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
p-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
eFr
eon-
11Fr
eon-
113
NO2
EC
Indo
or/O
utdo
or R
atio
0.1
1
10
SummerWinter
10Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Benz
ene
Tolu
ene
Ethy
lben
zene
m,p
-Xyle
neo-
Xyle
ne1,
3-Bu
tadi
ene
1,3,
5-Tr
imet
hylb
enze
ne4-
Ethy
ltolu
ene
Styr
ene
Carb
on te
trach
lorid
e
1,1,
1-Tr
ichlo
roet
hane
Perc
hlor
oeth
ylene
p-Di
chlo
robe
nzen
eFr
eon-
11Fr
eon-
113
NO2
EC
Mix
ed m
odel
slo
pe o
r R2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2IndoorOutdoorAmbientIndoor R2 Outdoor R2
Ambient R2
•
Mixed models – account for repeated measures
•
Exposures related to indoor, outdoor and sometimes ambient
•
Slopes (agreement): I > O > A
Personal Exposure RelationshipsPersonal Exposure Relationships Log Transformed DataLog Transformed Data
11Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Effective Distance from RoadwayEffective Distance from Roadway
Perpendicular Distance
12Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Effective Distance from RoadwayEffective Distance from Roadway
Nor
mal
ized
Con
cent
ratio
n(R
atio
of o
utdo
or:c
entr
alsi
te)
Ethylbenzene
Effective Distance (m)
m,p-Xylenes m,p-Xylenes
Ethylbenzene
Perpendicular Distance (m)
13Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
ConclusionsConclusions
•
Carbopack-X passive tubes – robust and reliable method to measure VOCs
•
ETS found in 21% of indoor air and 34% of personal exposure samples
•
Residential characteristics and personal activities affect indoor and personal exposures
•
Significant spatial and temporal variability in MSATs– Impact of sources (EMA) and locations (I, O, A)
•
Personal exposures to MSATs– Indoor > Outdoor > Ambient
14Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research Laboratory
Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and conducted the research described here through contract 68-D-00-012 with RTI International, EP-D-04-068 to Battelle Columbus Laboratory, 68-D-00-206 and EP-05-D-065 to Alion Science and Technology.
DisclaimerDisclaimer
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