agriculture first agricultural revolution second agricultural revolution green revolution (third...
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AgricultureFirst Agricultural
Revolution
Second Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
(Third Agricultural Revolution)
Prehistoric Man
Hunter gather society
Nomadic
Temperate environment
Cyclic Movement
Migratory
FireDomesticated 500,000 ????
tools
First Ag RevPlant domestication
Animal domestication
Use of fire
Plant DomesticationGather seeds
Irrigation
Fertilizer
Cultivate
Clear land (fire)
12,000 years ago or less
Plant DomesticationSlash and Burn
Swidden
Grindstones
Pestle and Mortar
Storage
ProblemsNo crop rotation
Wear the land out
Move on to new land
Lack of permanent settlements
Plants
Animal Domestication
Young
Garbage
Fire
Protection
Cultural HearthsFood surplus
Social stratification
Specialization
Urban hierarchy
DevelopmentGovernmentsReligionArtsMusicArchitectureMedicine
Cultural HearthsMesopotamiaNile Valley Indus ValleyWei-Huang ValleyGanges ValleyMesoamericaWest AfricaAndean America
Cultural HearthsFresh waterTemperate areasLand was diverse
Different types of plantsSeasons allowed for different growth
Cultural HearthsBegan as egalitarian societiesHierarchy developedTrade within a functional regionSedentary societies
Cultural DiffusionGovernmentsReligionArtsMusicArchitectureMedicine
Independent Invention
Inventions in different places at different times without any knowledge of the other. No diffusion.
Independent Invention
Example - metallurgyFire heated rocks
Melted ores
Tools, weapons
Empire BuildingSome societies became so stratified, they could have military.
Control other lesser developed areas
Empire BuildingGrew in power by taking resources of others
Cultural diffusion
Second Ag RevDevelop machines that do the work of many people
Too many without ag work
Move to urban areas
Work in factories
Second Ag RevFactories make machines for farmers
Larger farms, fewer farmers
More to urban areas
More factories, larger machines
Second Ag RevFertilizers
Drainage
Irrigation
Fence
Breading
Agricultural/Industrial Spiral
Ag input increase
Fewer agricultural workers needed
More urban dwellers
Need jobs
Work in factories
Factories make better farm machines
Fewer Ag workers needed
Von ThunenGerman economist
Agricultural Concentric Circles
mid 1800’s
Wrote
The Isolated
State
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Von ThunenThunen’s model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable
Von Thunen made a model
Exceptions
Von Thunen made a model
Exceptions
Isotropic plainNo rivers
No mountains
All travel equal
No other settlements
All land the same
Government policies
What is the use?
The model could predict agricultural location.
Can it predict location today?
Have you read: Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food
If you have, read it again.If you have not read it twice.We will read it a third time after we end the Green Revolution.Read the Time Article
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1917726,00.html
Green RevolutionHistory
Aspects
Results
Future
History of Green Revolution
Mexico 1945
Need wheat for the rapidly growing population
India 1961 starvation
Rice
History of Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug began the ideas.
Term “Green Revolution” by Gaud of USAID in 1968.
History of Green Revolution
Philippines starvation
Rice
Africa 1980’s
Population growth and political instability
AspectsGenetically modified seedsShorter stems, chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizers, better irrigationTechniques
AspectsVery expensiveNeed government support
RoadsStorageWells
AspectsMust have government stabilitySoil ClimateMoney
AspectsFinance and research
Rockefeller FoundationFord Foundation
Results of the Green Revolution
Mexico
1943 imported 1/2 wheat
1956 self sufficient
1964 exported wheat
Results of the Green Revolution
India
IR8 semi-dwarf rice
Price of rice $550/ton in 1970
Price of rice $200/ton in 2001
Export 4.5 mil ton in 2006
Results of the Green Revolution
Philippines 1966IR8 rice like India
3.7 to 7.7 mil tons in 20 yr
Results of the Green Revolution
Africa experienced very little success 1970’s.
Insecurity, lack of infrastructure, corruption, lack of cooperation
Natural limits, water and soil
Future of the Green Revolution
Yield increases leveled off in mid 1980’sPetro chemicals costs increasesChemical fert, pest, and herb damage the ecosystem
Future of the Green Revolution
Fert - runoff makes algee grow, too much oxygen, choke out fishHerb - eliminate plant diversityPest - eliminate insect diversityAll exspensive
Future of the Green Revolution
Genetically altered plants mutate others (roundup ready corn)Loss of diversity of food
Future of the Green Revolution
Neo-Malthusian theorySustainabilityCarrying capacity
Time article
Future of the Green Revolution
Monocultures - lack of diversity in dietSocioeconomic - poor cannot afford to farm.
Future of the Green Revolution
GlobalizationLarger farms, fewer farmersPoor move to citiesWork in foreign owned factoriesRich richer, poor poorer
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