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University of Kansas
Agile Radio SystemsAgile Radio Systemsandand
A National Radio NetworkingA National Radio NetworkingResearch Research TestbedTestbed
Gary J. MindenJoseph B. EvansJames A. Rober ts
Electr ical Engineer ing & Computer Science
Information & Telecommunication Technology Center
University of Kansas
Mobile Networking ResearchMobile Networking Research
• Agile Radios
• Flexible Wireless Systems for Rapid Network Evolution
• A National Radio Networking ResearchTestbed
University of Kansas
Agile RadiosAgile Radios
• Flexible in RF carr ier frequency (~0 - 3 GHz)
• Flexible in bandwidth (several 10’s MHz)
• Flexible in waveform• Generally A/D and D/A dr iven• Generated/Processed by programmable DSP and/or FPGAs
• Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and 3G cellular phones are pr ime examples
University of Kansas
Agile Radios EnableAgile Radios Enable
• Dynamic service access• WiFi, AMPS, CDMA, GSM, FM radio, TV, land-mobile, …
• Dynamic spectrum access• Sense use of the spectrum, use if unused• Spectrum markets
• Innovative Radio System architectures• Current: Broadcast, point-to-point, cellular• Future: Mesh relays…
• Rapid service creation
University of Kansas
Agile Radio ChallengesAgile Radio Challenges
• U.S. Government policy• FCC, NTIA, State, and international forums• National defense and national economic needs
• Broker ing protocols• Secured and robust• ‘Contract’ enforcement
• Community rules• Challenged by UWB, DSS, FH• Var ious levels of inter ference impact
– RF level, combinations, and throughput• Robust communications
• Urban environments, coordination, covert, anti-jam• Traditional defense requirements
• Exploitation of signal processing power• BLAST, STEP, STORM, …• Push toward Shannon limit
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Agile Radio Investment DirectionAgile Radio Investment Direction
• Radio technology, signal processing, protocols, mesh networks, self-organization, adaptability, disconnected operation, management structures, enforcement…
• New policies to allow agile radio deployment
• Development, exper imental, and evaluation testbed
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Flexible Wireless Systems for Flexible Wireless Systems for Rapid Network EvolutionRapid Network Evolution
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Flexible Wireless ObjectivesFlexible Wireless Objectives
• Develop and demonstrate high-per formance digital signal processing (DSP) algor ithms and components to generate and detect H-OFDM signals
• Develop and demonstrate ultra-wideband radio frequency transmitters and receivers
• Develop and demonstrate ultra-wideband antennas, power amplifiers, and low-noise receivers to suppor t the H-OFDM system
• Analyze, implement, and evaluate H-OFDM for communication systems
• Determine how to recognize and organize H-OFDM systems into communications networks
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Typical Agile RadioTypical Agile Radio
I llustrates digitally controlled agile radio
RFLow Noise Amp
RFPower Amp
Oscillator
Oscillator
IF A/D
A/D
Hyper-OFDMDSP
Rx
Tx
ReceiveData
TransmitData
University of Kansas
Technical ApproachTechnical Approach
• Analyze Hyper-Or thogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Adapt existing transmitter and receiver designs to wideband operation
• Implement high per formance A/D and D/A conver ters
• Inter face RF/digital sections to FPGAs and general purpose computers
• Implement protocols for resource allocation and coordination
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National Radio NetworkingNational Radio NetworkingResearchResearch TestbedTestbed
University of Kansas
A National Radio Networking ResearchA National Radio Networking ResearchTestbed Testbed (NRNRT)(NRNRT)
• A field deployed measurement and evaluation system• Long term radio frequency data collection• Facility for testing and evaluating new radios,
• An accurate emulation/simulation system• Incorporate long-term field measurements for evaluating
new wireless network architectures, policies, and network protocols, and
• Exper iments• Innovative wireless networks• Integrated analysis, emulation/simulation, and field
measurements.
University of Kansas
NRNRT Research QuestionsNRNRT Research Questions
• What are the character istics of the wireless environment over a long time per iod and broad range of frequencies?
• How should sensor networks be built and deployed to best measure the wireless environment?
• How can the RF environment be sounded over a wide range of frequencies without inter ference and remaining within the constraints of government regulations?
• How can the wireless measurements be mapped to accurate network-level simulation models?
• How can the character ized RF environment be used for testing and evaluation of novel wireless systems?
University of Kansas
NRNRT RF Data CollectionNRNRT RF Data Collection
• Long-term measurement of RF utilization• Noise floor levels (‘ Inter ference Temperature’ )• ~2 MHz - 6 GHz
• Channel Sounding• Develop ‘quiet sounding’ using long, low-power density
signals and signal processing techniques
• Test and evaluation range• Measure behavior of actual prototype radios
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University of Kansas
NRNRT Accurate AnalysisNRNRT Accurate Analysis
• Integrate RF measurements into emulation/simulation systems• Better then simple power levels and BER• Simpler than detailed propagation effects
• Build on RDRN and SBI emulation systems
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NRNRT Exper imentsNRNRT Exper iments
• Spectrum broker ing radio network
• Mesh Multi-Relay
• Innovative services• Today: Broadcast, point-to-point, cellular• Future: Integrated Wired/Radio services, e.g. Wireless to
access point, wired long-haul, re-transmit at remote access point
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The The ElectroSpaceElectroSpace
• ElectroSpace consists of• Frequency – the radio
frequencies used to carry a signal
• Time – the time duration a signal is transmitted
• Space – the volume over which the signal transmission is effectively communicated or causes inter ference
• Signal format – the manner in which information is encoded on the radio frequency signal ElectroSpace illustrating a few signals
in time, frequency, and space.
Fre
quen
cyTime
Space
TDMA
CDMA
TV
FM
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RF Mesh NetworksRF Mesh Networks
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Integrated Wired/Radio servicesIntegrated Wired/Radio services
Wired
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Agile Radio SystemsAgile Radio Systems
• Exciting confluence of technology, policy, economics, and management organization…
• Significant oppor tunity to influence future radio systems at the national level…
• Lead to innovative wireless services.
University of Kansas
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Backup SlidesBackup Slides
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Typical Narrowband/OFDMTypical Narrowband/OFDM
Freq.
Amp
Freq.
Amp
I llustrates typical narrow-band signal and‘compacted’ OFDM signal
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Proposed HyperProposed Hyper --OFDMOFDM
Freq.
Amp
Freq.
Amp
OFDM Signal Adjacent SignalAdjacent Signals
Hyper-OFDM Signal Other Signals
I llustrates typical OFDM carr ier placement and our proposed Hyper-OFDM carr ier placement
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Why HyperWhy Hyper --OFDMOFDM
• OFDM offers rapid equalization of RF channel
• OFDM allows approaching band limits and utilization of narrow available spectrum
• Signals are easy to generate (a sine-wave generator), combine, and detect
• OFDM enables flexible frequency selection and utilization
University of Kansas
Emulation/Simulation TradeoffsEmulation/Simulation TradeoffsMathematicalAnaly sis
Simu latio n Emu latio n Field Trials
Match top hy sicalsy stem
Weak Weak Very Go o d The realMcC o y
Scalab ility Dif f icu lt Very g o o d Go o d withreaso nab le co st
Go o d withhig h co st
R ep eatab ility Ex cellent Very g o o d Very g o o d Po o rS y stem time toreal time
Mu ch slo werthan real time
B etter than realtime to mu chp o o rer thanreal time
R eal time R eal time
Su p p o rt f o ractu alap p licatio ns
Po o r Po o r Very g o o d Very g o o d
C o st R elativ ely L o w R elativ ely L o w R elativ ely L o w Ex p ensiv eTime toimp lement
Mediu m R elativ elysho rt
R elativ elysho rt
L o ng
Insig ht Hig h L o w L o w Mediu m
University of Kansas
Emulation SystemEmulation System
• Module contains• 16 SBI nodes (Max 28) and one
Emulation Manager processor• Linux OS on all nodes• Two Ethernet switched
networks (management and data)
• Two external 1 Gbps Ethernet por ts
• KVM switch• Por table Emulation System
• Features• Spatial models (ter rain, space)• Communications models
(CBR, delay, BER)• Emulation management
University of Kansas
Wireless Research Institute IdeaWireless Research Institute Idea
• Intersection of communities• Federal, Commercial, Services, Academic
• Intersection of technologies• RF, DSP, Networks, Secur ity, Protocols…
• Exper iments and Instrumentation
• Policy Forum• Organization: FCC, NTIA, State• Policy: National defense, Law enforcement, Federal
operations, Commercial/Economic innovation and development
• Management: Organizing allocations, allowing innovation, …
University of Kansas
Implementing Flexible RadiosImplementing Flexible Radios
• Adapt DARPA sponsored RDRN-I I Tx/Rx modules to wideband use
• Adapt DARPA sponsored Adaptive Computational Systems results to OFDM
• Build and test
University of Kansas
I llustrates RDRN-I I Tx/Rx Module
RDRN I I 5.3 GHz Tx/Rx RadioRDRN I I 5.3 GHz Tx/Rx Radio
University of Kansas
RDRN Receiver Patch is an integrated antenna with a low noise amplifier - the patch provides a 6dBi gain and the LNA provides 18 dB gain
Example Tx/Rx Antenna PatchExample Tx/Rx Antenna Patch
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Proposed OFDM ModulatorProposed OFDM Modulator
Block diagram for the proposed Hyper-OFDM waveform modulator
WaveformGenerator
WaveformMemory
D/A FilterSynchronousSymbolStream
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Proposed OFDM ReceiverProposed OFDM Receiver
Block diagram for the proposed Hyper-OFDM receiver
ADC
DigitalOscillator
DecimatingLPF
OutputFormat
Microcontroller
DSP
RAM ROM
RAM
AnalogInput
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
ReceivedSymbols
Programmingof
Components
Programmingof DSP
Holds Tables ofDifferent RadioConfigurations
cos ωct sin ωct
University of Kansas
Statement of WorkStatement of Work
• Task 1 – Ultra-wideband Radios
• Task 2 – Ultra-wideband Antenna
• Task 3 – Ultra-wideband DSP
• Task 4 – Evaluation of Flexible Ultra-wideband Systems
• Task 5 – Network Control & Management for Flexible Ultra-wideband Systems
• Task 6 – Development of Flexible Ultra-wideband System Exper iment K its
University of Kansas
Tentative ScheduleTentative Schedule
Network Control
H-OFDM Radio v.1
Projectend
H-OFDM Radio v.2
Projectstar t
CY04 CY05CY03
Exper imental Kits
Test & Evaluation
Wideband Ant. v.1
Wideband Ant. v.2
OFDM DSP v.2OFDM DSP v.1
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