after perfection

After Perfection

Pressures for Change

The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483–1546)– 95 Theses– Lutheranism– Symphoniae jucundae (Pleasant

Polyphonic Pieces)• Tenorlied

The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483–1546)• John Calvin (1504–1564)– Calvinist (Huguenot) Church

• Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531)– Swiss German Reformed Church

The Lutheran Chorale

• Strophic unison German hymn• Translations of Latin hymns– Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland• From Veni redemptor genitum

– Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist• From Veni creator spiritus

The Lutheran Chorale

• Adaptations– O Welt, ich muss dich lassen• From Heinrich Isaac’s Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen

• Newly Composed– Ein’ feste Burg ist unser Gott

The Lutheran Chorale

• Polyphonic Settings• Johann Walther (1496–1570)– Geystliches gesangk Buchleyn• Christ lag in Todesbanden [Anthology 1-54]

The Catholic Response:The Counter-Reformation

• Mystical, enthusiastic, antirationalist character• Cori spezzati– “augmentation of the sheer sound medium”

Polychoral and “Concerted” Music

• Venice• St. Mark’s • Andrea Gabrieli (ca. 1532–

1585)– CONCERTI/continenti Musica

DI CHIESA/per voci, & stromenti Musicali; à 6.7.8.10.12. & 16

Polychoral and “Concerted” Music

• Venice• Lodovico Viadana (1560–1627)– Cento concerti ecclesiastici, a una, a due, a tre & a

quattro voci (1602)– Basso continuo

The Art of Orchestration Is Born

• Giovanni Gabrieli (ca. 1553–1612)– Sacrae Symphoniae (1597)– Sacrae Symphoniae (1615)• Exact specifications for instrumentation and dynamics• In ecclesiis benedicite Domino [Anthology 1-55]

– 15 parts, divided into 3 groups and an organ part

Music Printers and Their Audiences

• Ottaviano Petrucci– Odhecaton A (1501)– Frottole libro primo (1504)

• Andrea Antico– Canzoni nove (1510)

Vernacular Song in Italy

• Fottola (pl. frottole)– Marco Cara, Mal un muta per effecto

[Anthology 1-56]

The “Parisian” Chanson and the Music of Description

• Pierre Attaingnant• “Parisian” chanson• Claudin de Sermisy (ca. 1490–1562)– Tant que vivray [Anthology 1-57]– From Attaignant’s Chansons nouvelles en musique

(1528)

The “Parisian” Chanson and the Music of Description

• Clement Janequin (ca. 1485–1558)• Chansons de maistre Clement Janequin (1528)– La guerre (The War)– La chasse (The Chase)– L’alouette (The Lark)– Le chant des oyseux (The Song of the Birds)

Lasso: The Cosmopolite Supreme

• Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594)

Lasso: The Cosmopolite Supreme

• Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594)• Je l’ayme bien [Anthology 1-58a]– 1555– Parisian chanson style

Lasso: The Cosmopolite Supreme

• Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594)• Matona mia cara [Anthology 1-58b]– 1581– villanelle, Low-style Italian song– todesca (villanella with a ridiculous German accent)

Lasso: The Cosmopolite Supreme

• Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594)• Audite nova [Anthology 1-58c]– Style of a Latin motet

Lasso: The Cosmopolite Supreme

• Orlando di Lasso (1532–1594)• Prophetiae Sibyllarum [Anthology 1-58d]– Published in 1600– Serious Latin motet setting

The Literary Revolution and the Return of the Madrigal

• “Petrarchan movement”– Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374)

• Revival of the word “madrigal”• Pietro Bembo (1470–1547)– gravità– piacevolezza

The Literary Revolution and the Return of the Madrigal

• “Madrigalisms” “Word Painting”• Jacques Arcadelt (d. 1568)– First Book of Madrigals (1539)• Il bianco e dolce cigno [Anthology 1-59]

• Cipriano de Rore (1516–1565)– Da le belle contrade d’oriente [Anthology 1-60]

Paradox and Contradiction:Late Italian Madrigalists

• Luca Marenzio (1553/4–1599)– Ninth book of Madrigals (1599)• Solo e pensoso [Anthology 1-61]• Setting of a Petrarch poem

Paradox and Contradiction:Late Italian Madrigalists

• Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643)– Fifth book of Madrigals • Cruda Amarilli [Anthology 1-62]• Attacked by Giovanni Maria Artusi in L’Artusi, overo

Delle imperfettioni della moderna musica (1600)

Paradox and Contradiction:Late Italian Madrigalists

• Carlo Gesulado (1560–1613)– Prince of Venosa– Sixth book of Madrigals (1611)• Moro, lasso [Anthology 1-63]

Music for the Eyes

• Augenmusik• Marenzio, Già torna a rallegrar l’aria e la terra

Back over the Mountains:The English Madrigal

• Musica Transalpina (1588)– Italian madrigals translated into English by

Nicholas Yonge• The first sett of Italian madrigalls Englished

(1590)– Mainly works by Marenzio, translated by Thomas

Watson

Back over the Mountains:The English Madrigal

• John Dowland (1563–1626)– Virtuosic lutenist– Pavans and galliards– “Flow My Tears” (1600)• Ayre set to a pavan

Back over the Mountains:The English Madrigal

• Thomas Morley (1557–1602)– Composer, translator, arranger, publisher, literary

propagandist– The Triumphes of Oriana (1601)• As Vesta was from Latmos hill descending [Anthology 1-

64]– Composed by Thomas Weelkes– madrigalisms