adjustment of-fire

USAFASTB34AK # TB34AK # 11

TB34AK

ADJUSTMENT OF FIRE

TO IDENTIFY

• You see a INF SQD I/O

KN PT 1DIR 0021DIS 2100ALT 500

DIR ????DIS 2500ALT 535

INF SQD I/O

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OP ALT 590

SEQUENCE OF SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS

OBSERVER-TARGET DIRECTIONDANGER CLOSETRAJECTORYMETHOD OF FIREDISTRIBUTIONPROJECTILEFUZE VOLUMEDEVIATION CORRECTIONRANGE CORRECTIONHEIGHT OF BURST CORRECTIONTARGET DESCRIPTIONMISSION TYPE AND/OR METHOD OF CONTROLSPLASHREPEAT

SPOTTINGSA spotting is the observer’s determination of the location of the burst with respect to the adjusting point as observed along the OT line.

SPOTTINGSSpottings must be made by the observer the

instant the bursts occur.

•Observers will make spottings for deviation, range, and height of burst.

• The observer should consider the most difficult spottings first. The sequence of

spottings is HOB (air or graze), range (over or short), and deviation (left or right).

SEQUENCE OF SPOTTINGS AND CORRECTIONS

SPOTTINGHEIGHT OF BURST (1m)

DEVIATION (5m)

CORRECTIONDEVIATION (10M)

HEIGHT OF BURST (5M)

Range spotting is where the observer determines whether the burst occurred beyond the target or short of the target.

RANGE SPOTTING

RANGE SPOTTINGS

A round that impacts at thecorrect range

RANGE CORRECT

A round that impacts on the target. This spotting is used only precision fire (registration or destruction missions)

TARGET

A round that impacts between the observerand the adjusting point

A round that impacts beyond the adjusting point

RANGE SPOTTINGS

A round not observed but known to have impacted over or short

UNOBSERVED OVER or SHORT

A round not observed but known to have impacted, usually heard

UNOBSERVED

A round whose location cannot be determinedby sight or sound

A round that can be observed but cannot be spotted as OVER or SHORT

DOUBTFUL

RANGE SPOTTINGS

Definite range spottings are required to make a proper range adjustment.

Any range spotting other than DOUBTFUL, LOST, or UNOBSERVED is definite. Normally, a round which

impacts on or near the OT line results in a definite range spotting.

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

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RANGE SPOTTINGS

LOST SPOTTINGSDud (nonfunctioning fuze)

Terrain

Enemy fire

FO failed to spot the round

Errors by the FDC or the firing piece

DEVIATION (5m)

DEVIATION

A deviation spotting is the angular measurement from the adjusting point to the burst as seen from the observer's position. During a fire mission, the observer measures the deviation, in mils, with his binoculars (or another angle-measuring instrument). Deviation spottings are measured to the nearest 5 mils for area fires and 1 mil for precision fires.

DEVIATION SPOTTING

Deviation spottings are taken from the center of a single burst or, in the case of platoon or battery fire, from the center of the group of bursts. Deviation spottings should be made as accurately as possible to help in obtaining definite range spottings.

DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

O-T LINE

LINE (LN)

RIGHT (R)

LEFT (L)

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DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

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DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

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DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

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DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

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DEVIATION SPOTTINGS

SPOTTING/CORRECTION

DEVIATION RANGE H.O.B.

H.O.BRANGE

DEVIATIONSPOTTINGS MADE IN MILS

CORRECTIONS MADE IN METERS

Deviation CorrectionsThe distance in meters that the burst is to be moved (right or left). It is determined by multiplying the observer’s deviation spotting in mils by the OT factor, then expressed to the nearest 10 meters. Corrections of less than 30 meters are considered as minor deviation corrections and should not be sent to the FDC except if conducting a destruction mission or as refinement data when ending an area fire mission.

CORRECTIONS

DETERMINING THE OT FACTORAn important element in making proper corrections is determining the OT factor. In determining the OT factor, the observer will express the observer target distance to the nearest thousands.

OT FACTOROT Distance = 2300

OT Distance Expressed tonearest thousand =2000

OT Factor = 2

Divide by 1000=OT factor of 2

OT FACTOROT Distance = 4500

OT Distance Expressed tonearest thousand =4000

OT Factor = 4Divide by 1000=OT factor of 4

OT FACTOR

OT Distance = 700

OT Factor = .7

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Deviation Corrections

OT DISTANCE 3400

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OT DISTANCE 3400

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OT DISTANCE 2300

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OT DISTANCE 1800

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OT DISTANCE 1400

RANGE CORRECTIONWhen making a range correction the observer attempts to “add" or “drop” the adjusting round. If his spotting

was SHORT, he will add; if his spotting was OVER, he will drop. When

conducting an adjustment onto a target, the observer may choose to

establish a range bracket

RANGE CORRECTIONHASTY BRACKETING

Hasty bracketing is best when fires are required and the observer is

experienced in the adjustment of fire. Success at hasty bracketing adjustment

requires the observer to conduct a thorough terrain analysis that gives the observer an accurate target location.

(An accurate target location would be within 250 meters of the target).

ADJUSTMENT OF FIRE FIRES

DROP 200, OVER.

ADD 100 FFE, OVER

ONE ROUND ADJUST

The observer spots the location of the first round, calculates and transmits to the FDC the corrections necessary to move the burst of the round to the adjusting point, and fires for effect. This technique requires either an experienced observer or one with accurate distance-measuring equipment such as a laser range finder. All missions conducted by using a G/VLLD should be FFE or one-round adjustments.

LEFT 60DROP 200 FFE, OVER

ONE ROUND ADJUST

CREEPING FIRE

Creeping fire is used mainly in danger close missions. The observer should make range

changes by creeping the rounds to the target, using

corrections of 100 meters or less, rather than making large

range corrections..

DROP 100, OVER

CREEPING FIRES

DROP 100, OVER

CREEPING FIRES

DROP 100, OVER

CREEPING FIRES

DROP 100 FFE, OVER

CREEPING FIRES

SUCCESSIVE BRACKETING

After the first definite range spotting is determined, the observer should send a range correction to the FDC to establish a range bracket of known distance (one round over and one round short). Once the bracket has been established, the observer successively splits the bracket until he is assured the rounds will be within 50 meters of the adjusting point when he fires for effect. Normally, range changes of 100, 200, 400, or 800 meters are used to make splitting the bracket easier. The observer enters FFE when he is sure of rounds impacting within 50 meters of the adjusting point.

RANGE CORRECTION

ADD 400, OVER

FIRST DEFINITE RANGE SPOTTING

RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 200, OVER

RANGE CORRECTION

ADD 100, OVER

RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 50, FFE OVER

RANGE CORRECTIONSUCCESSIVE BRACKETING

RANGE CORRECTIONS

ADD OR DROP 1600ADD OR DROP 800ADD OR DROP 400ADD OR DROP 200ADD OR DROP 100ADD OR DROP 50 (FFE)

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RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 400 OVER

RANGE CORRECTION

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ADD 200 OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

ADD 100 OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 50 FFE OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

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RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 400 OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

ADD 200 OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 100 OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

DROP 50 FFE OVER

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RANGE CORRECTION

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DEV & RNG CORRECTION

OT DISTANCE 2300

RIGHT 100DROP 400 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 2300

RIGHT 40ADD 200 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 2300

LEFT 40ADD 100 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 2300

LEFT 30DROP 50 FFE OVER

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OT DISTANCE 2300

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OT DISTANCE 4300

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OT DISTANCE 4300

LEFT 40ADD 200 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 4300

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OT DISTANCE 4300

DROP 50 FFE OVER

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OT DISTANCE 4300

MTO B TIME IN EFFECT 2 ROUNDS TGT NUMBER AA2001, OVER

OT DISTANCE 3300

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LEFT 100ADD 400 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

LEFT 30DROP 200 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

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OT DISTANCE 3300

TIME ADD 50, OVER

MTO B TIME IN EFFECT 2 ROUNDS TGT NUMBER AA2001, OVER.

HEIGHT OF BURST

Height of burst spottings are used when fuze time is fired. The observer must determine the number of mils in the air above the target, the round bursts.

HEIGHT OF BURST

AIR--a round or group of rounds that bursts in the air. The number of mils is determined. For example, a burst 10 mils above the target would be spotted as AIR 10.

GRAZE--a round or group of rounds that detonates on impact.

SPOTTINGS

HEIGHT OF BURSTSPOTTINGS

AIR__________(MILS)

DEVIATION (5m)

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HEIGHT OF BURST SPOTTINGS

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Adjust HOB to 20 meters.Graze burst without previous air Up 40, 0ver.Graze burst with previous air Up 20, 0ver.Never Fire For Effect from a graze burst.Fire For Effect if correction is 40 meters or less.

HEIGHT OF BURST CORRECTIONS

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OT DISTANCE 3300

UP 40 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

DOWN 70 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

UP 20 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

DOWN 40 FFE OVER

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OT DISTANCE 3300

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OT DISTANCE 2500

DOWN 40 FFE OVER

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OT DISTANCE 2500

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OT DISTANCE 1400

UP 40 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 1400

UP 40 OVER

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OT DISTANCE 1400

DOWN 10 FFE OVER

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OT DISTANCE 1400

At the completion of the FFE we must determine whateffects we had on the target and send an End of Mission(EOM) to the FDC. Tell FDC what happened.

REFINEMENT and SURVEILLENCE

RESULTS OF FFE

OBSERVER’S ACTIONS

OBSERVER’S TRANSMISSION

Accurate and sufficient

End mission and surveillance

End of mission RPG silenced estimate ____ causalities, over

RESULTS OF FFE

Inaccurate and sufficient

Refinement, end mission, and surveillance

Right 20 Add 20 end of mission RPG silencedestimate ____ causalities, over

RESULTS OF FFE

Inaccurate and Insufficient

Refinement and repeat or re-enter adjust fire

Right 10 Add 50 repeat or Right 50 Add 400 adjust fire over

RESULTS OF FFE

Accurate and Insufficient

REPEAT

Repeat over

R/L ___ +/- ____ U/D___ end of mission ______________ neutralized, estimate ____ causalities, over.

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