adaptive hypermedia: what is it and why are we doing it? dr. alexandra cristea...

Adaptive Hypermedia:What is it and why are we doing it?

Dr. Alexandra Cristeaa.i.cristea@warwick.ac.uk

http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

1. Adaptive Hypermedia of the Past, Present and Future

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

+ presentation m.

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

What is Adaptive Hypermedia?• Hypermedia

– different media types used in a single application (text, images, sound, video, …)

– non-linear structure with navigation through hyper-links

• Adaptive– application forms a model of the context in which it is used

(user, place, time, device, etc.)– application adapts to that context (can show different

information, different media, different links, etc.)– adaptation and user/ presentation modeling interact with

each other (or else we say the application is adaptable, not adaptive)

is more than the Web!!

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

The need for personalization

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Why AH?

• Problems with hypermedia applications:– information overload: no time or interest to process

all– excessive navigational freedom: “lost in

hyperspace” which links are relevant (for this user) ?

– comprehension: order (a.o.) may be relevant: what has the user seen before when reaching a certain node?

– presentation: what fits the user’s screen? how much network bandwidth and processing power is available?

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Application areas AH• Areas

– Education– Commerce– Government– others

• Adaptation types– Adaptive Help– Adaptive Search– Expert systems – AI– others

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

What can be adapted? – classical views

• Adaptive presentation:– change which information is shown– change how that information is shown

• Adaptive navigation support:– change which links are shown– change how these links are shown– change the link destinations

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adaptive Presentation

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adaptive Navigation Support

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Example from 2L690• Before reading about Xanadu the URL page shows:

– …In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…

• After reading about Xanadu this becomes:– …

In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

ISIS Tutor with Link Annotation

The wrong example:

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Example from Interbook

1. Concept role

2. Current concept state

3. Current section state4. Linked sections state

4

3

2

1

√

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

TV Scout: What’s on Tonight?

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

TV Scout: Forms and Graphical Interface

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?

• User user model (UM)

• Goals goal model (GM)

• Domain domain model (DM)

• Environment presentation model (PM)

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

User modelling is always about guessing …

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Classical User Model: Overlay UM• user’s knowledge = subset of expert’s

knowledge

• goal of tutoring: to enlarge this subset.

• This model is particularly appropriate when the (teaching) material can be represented as a prerequisite hierarchy.

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what (else)?• Knowledge about the subject domain (and

possibly also knowledge about the system)• Preferences• Interests • Learning or cognitive styles• Background: profession, language,

prospect, capabilities, experience, age• Navigation history

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?

• User user model (UM)

• Goals goal model (GM)

• Domain domain model (DM)

• Environment presentation model (PM)

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?• Goal• (initial) purpose of the hypermedia• answer to question

– “Why should the user use the hypermedia system and what could the user actually achieve?”

• Goals can be local or global. – Local goals may changed quite often. For example, the

problem-solving goal is a local one, which changes from one educational problem to another several times within a session.

– Global goal can be the pedagogical / commercial goal.

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?

• User user model (UM)

• Goals goal model (GM)

• Domain domain model (DM)

• Environment presentation model (PM)

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?

Adapt to

Domain model properties

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adapt to what?

• User user model (UM)

• Goals goal model (GM)

• Domain domain model (DM)

• Environment presentation model (PM)

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

• Context / environment– aspects of the user’s environment, like

browsing device, window size, network bandwidth, processing power, quality of service, etc.

Adapt to what?

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Classic loop (Brusilovsky, ‘01) ++

φιπθθθ

/ Presentation Model

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Adaptive vs. adaptable

adaptable adaptive

personalized

User-tuned System-tuned

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

A Comparison between Adaptive and Adaptable Systems

Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Index• Definitions• Why AH?• Application areas• What to adapt?• Adapt to what?• How to adapt - past?• Obstacles AH• New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

New, dynamic view of AH

text

link

Bits & piecesBit contains

text, MM or link

Generation: -only text

-only link

-text & link

text

text

link

link

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Solutions in short

• Standardization

• Authoring

• Openness

New theoretical frameworks needed!

New implementations!

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Demo

http://www.win.tue.nl/~acristea/Prolearn/

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Concluding

Adaptive Hypermedia of Past, Present & Future– Definitions– Why AH?– Application areas– What to adapt?– Adapt to what?– How to adapt - past?– (some) New solutions

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

New IAS projects on this

• ALS Minerva project

• Prolearn

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

ALS project in shortissimo• Adaptive Learning Spaces• Main aim: how to bring adaptivity at group

level?– What changes?– Group of learners– Group of authors

• 8 institutes• representing 7 countries• 2 years; started on the 1st of October 2006

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Prolearn project in shortissimo

• NoE: they bring birds of a feather together

• Warwick as new core partner from 1st January 2007

• http://www.prolearn-project.org/

• 21 core partners now

• Hundreds of associate partners (Warwick included)

IAS Seminar 7 November 2006

Any questions?