acknowledging words, facts, or ideas from another source

PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATIO

N

CITATIONS

• Acknowledging words, facts, or ideas from another source.

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WHY DO WE NEED CITATIONS?It is important to give credit to the sources you use. When you copy words and ideas that are not yours and use them without giving credit, it is called plagiarism. People who plagiarize may receive a failing grade or even be expelled from school

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WHEN SHOULD I USE CITATIONS? Used when summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting.

EXACT SAME WORDS

If you use the exact words of an author, you need to include them in “quotation marks.”

SUMMARIZE FACTS AND

IDEAS FROM A SOURCE

Summarizing means taking ideas from a larger passage and condensing them into your own words.

PARAPHRASEIf you use the ideas or opinions from someone else and restate them in your own words, you still need to cite the source.

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF CREDIT (CITATION) LISTS THE AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND THE PAGE NUMBER IN PARENTHESES. IN 1900, THE WORST HURRICANE IN THE UNITED STATES HISTORY HIT GALVESTON, TEXAS. “A STORM SURGE ALMOST TWO STORIES HIGH BROKE OVER THE CITY, CAUSING 20- FOOT (6.1 METER) FLOODS AND MORE THAN 8,000 DEATHS” (SKELTON 4).

IF YOU ALREADY NAME THE AUTHOR IN YOUR REPORT, JUST INCLUDE THE PAGE NUMBER IN PARENTHESES. IN HURRICANE FORCE, MICHAEL MILES EXPLAINS THAT COOL AIR DRAWS HEAT AND MOISTURE FROM WARM BODIES OF WATER TO FORM A STORM (22).

MISSING INFORMATION

• No author? List the title and page number.

The winds of a hurricane are most violent around the eye (“Hurricane Season” 7).

• No page number? List the title only.

Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones (Nealy).

• No author or page number? List the title only.

In Southeast Asia, they are called typhoons (“Big Wind”).

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WHEN DO YOU NOT HAVE TO CITE A REFERENCE?

• If the information is well known

• If the information can be found in dictionaries

• Statistics and information that can be easily found in several sources and are not likely to vary from source to source

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A WORKS CITED WHAT? A works cited page is a list of every source that you make reference to in your essay. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

WHYWORKS CITED?

This provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your paper.

Book by 1 author: McCaffery, Anne. Freedom’s Landing. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995.

Article with an author:Faulk, James B. “Western Frontier Life.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 1993 ed.

Online Source:Oakley, John H. “The Achilles Painter.” The Perseus Project. Ed. Gregory Crane. Mar. 1997. Tufts U. 14 May 1998 <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu.html>

WORKS

CITED

SAMPLE

“You must tell your readers not only what works you

used but also exactly what you found and where you

found it in the text” (Gibaldi 238).

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLS Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6 ed. New York: Modern

Language Association, 2003.

Always check to see if your citations match your works cited list

MUST BE A DIRECT

RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN WHAT YOU

WRITE AND WHAT YOU PUT IN PARENTHE

SES

Gibaldi said you must tell your readers not only what

works you used but also exactly what you found and

where you found it in the text (238).

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLS Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6 ed. New York: Modern

Language Association, 2003.

“Parenthetical Documentation Time” (Brian, Family Guy)