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ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION: INVESTING IN ENVIRONMENT FOR
DEVELOPMENT
The Case of SEA and the MDGs Experiences in Ghana
Winfred NelsonGhana National Development Planning Commission
EU Green WeekBrussels Belgium June 12-15 2007
Environment and Development NexusGhana’s economy is heavily dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and forest sector etc.Local population depends directly on the immediate environment for their livelihoodGhana signatory to numerous environment conventionsCost of environmental degradation-renewable natural resources- 5.5% of GDP1000$ per capita income by 2015 Sustainable Process of Wealth Creation
Optimising the use of ENV. Resources in GROWTH and POVERTY REDUCTIONDealing efficiently with the effects of GROWTH on Environment
BOLE
WA
SENE
WEST GONJA
SISSALA
EAST GONJA
HO
YENDI
KINTAMPO
KRACHI
WENCHI
ATEBUBU
NANUMBA
ASSIN
AFRAM PLAINS
NKWANTA
WASSA-AMENFI
JUABESO-BIA ATWIMA
SEKYERE EAST
GUSHIEGU-KARAGA
WEST MAMPRUSI
GA
NADOWLI
BUILSA
DORMAA
NKORANZA
TANO
ASUNAFO
JAMAN
JASIKAN
HOHOE
ASUTUFI
WASSA WEST
EAST MAMPRUSI
KETU
SEFWI WIAWSO
SABOBA-CHEREPONI
AOWIN-SUAMAN
OFFINSO
BAWKU EAST
NZEMA EASTJOMORO
AKATSI
SEKYERE WEST
SUNYANI
EAST AKIM
ZABZUGU-TATALE
AMANSIE EAST
KADJEBI
KPANDOKWAHU SOUTH
TOLON-KUMBUNGU
KETA
NORTH TONGU
GOMOA
JIRAPA LAMBUSSIE
BOLGATANGA
TECHIMAN
ADANSI EAST
ASUOGYA
SAVELUGU-NANTON
DANGBE WEST
BEREKUM
FANTEAKWA
TEMA
BIRIM NORTH
MPOHOR WASSA
EAST
KASSENA NANKANI
AGONA
KWAEBIBREM
BIREM SOUTH
LAWRA
AMANSIE WEST
WEST AKIM
ASANTE AKIM NORTH
BAWKU WEST
BONGO
UPPER DENKYIRA
MANYA KROBO
ASANTE AKIM
SOUTH
ADANSI WEST
AHAFO ANO
SOUTH
EJURA-SEKYEDUMASI
EJISU-JUABEN
YILO KROBO
DANGBE EAST
AFIGYA SEKYERE
WEST DAGOMBA
AHANTA WEST
MFANTSIMAN
TWIFU HEMAN LOWER
DENKYIRA
AHAFO ANO
NORTHKWABRE
SUHUM KRABOA COALTAR
EWUTU AFUTU SENYA
SOUTH TONGU
AKWAPIM NORTH
BOSOMTWE KWANWOMA
ASIKUMA ODOBEN BRAKWA
BINHBIBIANI ANHWIASO
BEKWAI
AKWAPIM SOUTH
KUMASI METRO
AJUMAKO ENYAN ESSIEM
SHAMA AHANTA
EAST
NEW JUABEN
ACCRA METRO
KOMENDA EDINA EGUAFO
ABIREM
ABURA ASEIBU
KWAMANKESE
CAPE COAST
RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONESCOASTAL SAVANACOASTAL SAVANA/RAINFORESTCOASTAL SAVANNA/SEMI DECIDOUSGUINEA SAVANNAGUINEA SAVANNA/SUDAN SAVANNASEMI DECIDOUSSEMI DECIDOUS /RAINFORESTSEMI DECIDOUS/TRANSITIONALSUDAN SAVANNATRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL/GUINEA
RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONES BY DISTRICT
LEGEND
25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers
N
N
25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers
LEGEND
POVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS
BOLE
WA
SENE
WEST GONJA
SISSALA
EAST GONJA
HO
YENDI
KINTAMPO
KRACHI
WENCHI
ATEBUBU
NANUMBA
ASSIN
AFRAM PLAINS
NKWANTA
WASSA-AMENFI
JUABESO-BIA ATWIMA
SEKYERE EAST
GUSHIEGU-KARAGA
WEST MAMPRUSI
GA
NADOWLI
BUILSA
DORMAA
NKORANZA
TANO
ASUNAFO
JAMAN
JASIKAN
HOHOE
ASUTUFI
WASSA WEST
EAST MAMPRUSI
KETU
SEFWI WIAWSO
SABOBA-CHEREPONI
AOWIN-SUAMAN
OFFINSO
BAWKU EAST
NZEMA EASTJOMORO
AKATSI
SEKYERE WEST
SUNYANI
EAST AKIM
ZABZUGU-TATALE
AMANSIE EAST
KADJEBI
KPANDOKWAHU SOUTH
TOLON-KUMBUNGU
KETA
NORTH TONGU
GOMOA
JIRAPA LAMBUSSIE
BOLGATANGA
TECHIMAN
ADANSI EAST
ASUOGYA
SAVELUGU-NANTON
DANGBE WEST
BEREKUM
FANTEAKWA
TEMA
BIRIM NORTH
MPOHOR WASSA
EAST
KASSENA NANKANI
AGONA
KWAEBIBREM
BIREM SOUTH
LAWRA
AMANSIE WEST
WEST AKIM
ASANTE AKIM NORTH
BAWKU WEST
BONGO
UPPER DENKYIRA
MANYA KROBO
ASANTE AKIM
SOUTH
ADANSI WEST
AHAFO ANO
SOUTH
EJURA-SEKYEDUMASI
EJISU-JUABEN
YILO KROBO
DANGBE EAST
AFIGYA SEKYERE
WEST DAGOMBA
AHANTA WEST
MFANTSIMAN
TWIFU HEMAN LOWER
DENKYIRA
AHAFO ANO
NORTHKWABRE
SUHUM KRABOA COALTAR
EWUTU AFUTU SENYA
SOUTH TONGU
AKWAPIM NORTH
BOSOMTWE KWANWOMA
ASIKUMA ODOBEN BRAKWA
BINHBIBIANI ANHWIASO
BEKWAI
AKWAPIM SOUTH
KUMASI METRO
AJUMAKO ENYAN ESSIEM
SHAMA AHANTA
EAST
NEW JUABEN
ACCRA METRO
KOMENDA EDINA EGUAFO
ABIREM
ABURA ASEIBU
KWAMANKESE
CAPE COASTPOVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS
8 - 2526 - 4041 - 5556 - 7071 - 8586 - 100
Outline of Presentation
Environment-Development NexusExperiences of Environment Mainstreaming
Strategic Environment Assessment processesMillennium Development Goals
Observations of the processesSome recommendationsSummary and Conclusion
Environment Mainstreaming ProcessesNot just adding on environment themes in national policy frameworkAssessing the implications of the environment on any planned action legislation, policies. programmes etcA comprehensive integration and interweaving of environment and socio-economic issuesDealing with trade-offs in the complete planning cycle
Mainstream into what?Whole process of decision making and implementation includes(National Development Policy Frameworks-Ghana/Growth & Poverty Reduction ) Planning & BudgetingMonitoring and EvaluationAt National, Sector and District levels
Why SEA?Examination of the GPRS I (inter and intra conflicts and synergies) indicated environment and sustainable consequences of the policy interventions were not critically assessed.Purpose of SEA
Assess the environmental issues, risks and opportunities presented by the implementation of the policies of government and other stakeholders at national regional and local levelsMainstream environment within the five thematic areas of policy identified in the 2003 edition of the GPRS.Identify appropriate mechanisms to ensure that sound environmental management contributes to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in GhanaCreating institutional systems that allow broad participation in decision making processes.
What did SEA do? Incorporation of SEA principles within guidelines for sectoral and district development plans
Advisory Notes on relevant SEA findings
Development of individual products such as handbooks, training manuals, guidelines and reports, checklists etc.
Broad awareness raising Civil society, NGOsParliamentary representativesMinisters
Trained wide range of stakeholders -MDA level 27, District Assemblies 108 out of 110
SEA: Key Recommendations-updating the GPRS II
MACRO GOV HD VULN P & G
Accounting for NR depletion
Allocation of Budgetary Resources for Environment
Institutionalising the Mainstreaming of SD Principles by adopting SEA
Promote compliance and Enforcement
Protect All Basic Rights
Education in Environment at all levels for attitudinal change
Increase Access to safe water and sanitation for improved health outcomes
Sustainable management of WR –
Recognising and dealing with the effects of Climate Variability and change
Early Warning Systems for Disasters and Extreme Events
Restoration of degraded NR
Sustainable Management of NR
Sustainable Consumption –Waste, Energy, Chemicals
Other issues –Tourism, Renewable Energy, Mining
Some Key Lessons and ChallengesNew Concept-acceptability not easyLocal expertise and donor collaboration
o Low and lack of effectiveness of participation of NGOs, CSOs private sectorImplementation of some of the recommendations not easy e.g. green accountingMonitoring PlanPoor reflection of SEA in 2006-2009 District Medium Term Development Plan
Some Key Lessons and Challenges Cont’d
Remarkable improvements of mainstreaming environment largely due to SEA process
o Broad awareness raising of environmental and social issues (all ministries; all districts)
o Gradually policy makers are beginning to have a deep appreciation to consider environment as a priority for poverty reduction
o Selection and in-depth analysis of selective sectoral and districts SEA e.g water, Drylands,Transport, Energy, Tourism
B. Mainstreaming and MDGsHistorically MDGs are not new. Pursued in diverse ways over the last few decadesThe MDGs establish broad development agenda but they do not in themselves offer plans of action for a particular country to achieve the goals.Ensuring that national plans, programmes and policy frameworks are in harmony with each other and consistent with the MDGs. E.g. Integration of the MDGs into the GPRS II (2006-2009)-Sustainable Natural Resources MDGs are synergistic and mutually reinforcing
The Annual Progress Reports give status information on the achievement of the MDGs.
MDG7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme Poverty and Hunger
MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Poor women exposed to indoor air pollution, burden of collecting fuel wood and water, and unequal access to land and natural resources
MDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityEnvironmentally related diseases- indoor and local air pollution, unsafe water, poor sanitation
MDG 5: Improve Maternal HealthPhysical stresses associated with the gathering of environmental resources such as firewood, good drinking water poses greater risk during pregnancy Food availability, water quality, poor sanitation etc caused by environmental degradation tend to affect maternal health.
MDGS INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Continuous Degradation of natural resources such as food, medicinal plants, fuel wood etc. and land degradation might lead to poverty
MDG2: Achieve Universal Basic EducationAvailability of water and energy sources. Particularly girls spend more hours gatherring water and firewood
Burden of environmental health threats
MDG 8:Global Partnership For Growth and Dev’tIssues of unfair ToT, burden of debt, and overexploitation of environmental asset minimised thro’ mutual collaboration
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases
Environmental degradation might lead to poor local economic Mishaps, rural-urban migration and overcrowding. These may lead to HIV/AIDS etc.
Increase in temp associated with climate change,poor sanitation conducive for vector multiplication
STATUS OF MDGs IN GHANAGOAL/ TARGET INDICATORS 2003 2005 2006
GOAL1:TARGET 1- HALVE THE PROP. OF PPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE BY 2015
PROPORTION BELOW POVERTY LINE 1992---36.5%
1998--27%
- 18% -
TARGET 2- HALVE THE PROP OF PPLE WHO SUFFER FROM HUNGER
UNDER 5 CHILDREN WHO ARE MALNOURISHED
30% 18%
GOAL 2:TARGET 3- ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION BY 2015
NET PRIMARY ENROLMENT RATIO 55.9%
59.1%
68.8%
RATIO OF FEMALES TO MALES IN PRIMARY
.77% .95% .95%
JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL .88% .88% .88%
% OF FEMALE ENROLMENT IN SSS
- 43.5%
49.5%
RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE IN SENIOR SEC. SCH.
- - -
GOAL 4:TARGET 6- REDUCE UNDER 5 MORTALITY BY 2/3 BY 2015
UNDER 5 MORTALITY RATE 111 - -
TARGET 5: ACHIEVE EQUAL ACCESS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS TO SENIOR SEC. BY 2009
GOAL 3:TARGET 4: ELIMINATE GENDER DISPARITY IN PRIMARY/JUNIOR SEC. EDU. BY 2009
STATUS OF MDGs IN GHANAGOAL/ TARGET INDICATORS 2003 2005 2006
GOAL 5: TARGET 7- REDUCE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO BY ¾ BY 2015
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO 2.05 1.97 1.87
GOAL 6:TARGET 8- HALT AND REVERSE THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS BY 2015
HIV PREVALENCE RATE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN 3.6% 2.7% 3.2%
TARGET 9- HALT AND REVERSE THE INCIDENCE OF MALARIA
UNDER 5 MALARIA CASE FATALITY 2.8% 2.4% 2.1%
GOAL 7:TARGET 10- INTEGRATE THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEV’T INTO COUNTRY POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES AND REVERSE THE LOSS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES.
ANNUAL RATE OF DEFORESTATION 50,000
- -
PROPORTION OF POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER:
URBAN - 55% 56%
RURAL 46.4%
52% 53.2%
GOAL 8:TARGET 12- DEAL COMPREHENSIVELY WITH DEBT AND MAKE DEBT SUSTAINABLE IN THE LONG TERM
EXTERNAL DEBT SERVICE AS A PERCENTAGE OF EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES
5.2% 5.8% 3.2%
TARGET 11- HALF THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO SAFE WATER
ESTIMATED RESOURCES REQUIRED (2005-2015)
ITEM TOTAL ($m) AV. PER YR ($m)
Poverty and Hunger 3,743 374
Education 4,695 470
Gender Equality 565 57
Health 4,981 498
Environment 4,268 427
Water and Sanitation 1,963 196
Slum Upgrading 650 65
TOTAL 20,865 2,100
FINANCING GAPSome Assumptions:
that most of the resources needed will be for investment in schools, irrigation hospitals etc60% of our investment budget obtained from donor sources
We will need about $1.3 billion annually from ODA and other sources (locally and abroad)
Implication:Financing gap of $13 billion over the 10 year period (2005-2015)
Will the MDGs be one of the Global initiatives, normally ascribed to and yet benefit
little in the long run?
Key Observations Tendency that attention will be skewed towards the end (what should be achieved) rather than the means or the process (how to achieve).Attaining the goals is not the ultimate, the challenge is achieving them in a sustainable mannerInsufficient attention to the practical realities on the ground (local level)-The challenge is one of operationalising the MDGs at the Local levelEnvironment Triggers and Targets under the Multi-Donor Budget Support SystemBudget Ceilings set by Cabinet
Some Efforts- MDGs LocalisationSelection of Pilot districts Sensitisation Workshops-Media MDG Working Groups-Promoting Dialogue between District Assembles and otherStakeholdersAdoption of Adinkra symbols for each of the goals-advocqcy toolsSupport by Ministers of Local Government, Rural Devt and Environment, District ChiefExecutives
Budget and EnvironmentYear % Contribution by Donors % Contribution by GOG
2003 72.88 27.12 2004 58.10 41.90 2005 82 17.96 2006 81 19.43 2007 82 18.09
Total/Ave 75 25 Source: Ghana National Budget Statements Various years
Declining GOG funding to the environment sector in recent years
(from 10.4% in 2003 to 8.5% in 2006) Whiles the social sector has enjoyed comparative higher funding from 39% to 45% within the same period.
Recommendations Encourage the greening of Sector and district budgets to facilitate the greening of the National budgetIntensify capacity building and awareness creation and appreciation-Policy Makers Strengthen government and external partners collaboration-Capacity RetentionEstablish and Strengthen statutory environmental committees at decentralised levels
Summary & ConclusionsThough there may be several challenges, the structures for facilitating environment mainstreaming exist
Not automatic that environment issues in policy framework will trickle down
Effective mainstreaming of Environment issues calls for Financial CommitmentSkilled ManpowerPolitical and Local Commitment
Processes need to be normalized and strengthened at all phases of planning particularly budgeting
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