above- and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon …cfcm/symposium/pdfs/pacaldo.pdf · 2011....
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Above- and Below-ground Biomass and Soil
Organic Carbon Inventories of Willow Biomass
Crops Across a 19-year Chronosequence
Renato S. Pacaldo1, Timothy A. Volk1, Lawrence P. Abrahamson1,
and Russell D. Briggs1
1Department of Forest and Natural Resource Management, SUNY College of
Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210
Overview
Introduction
Methods
site selection and lay-out of sampling plots
belowground biomass
aboveground biomass
soil organic carbon
Results and Discussion
biomass accumulation pattern across a 19-yr chronosequence
on below- and above-ground biomass
above- and below-ground biomass ratio
soil organic carbon
Conclusion
Introduction
Previous Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) (Heller et al. 2003):
Willow biomass crops: low carbon fuel source 3.7 Mg CO2eqv ha-1 emissions over 7 rotations
499 Mg CO2eqv ha-1 accumulated in above ground woody biomass over 22 years
In willow production system……
Aboveground stool
biomass
Belowground biomass
Heller et al. (2003) LCA’s used shoot-root (S:R) ratio of 1.75, derived from
Matthews (2001) and Volk (2002), to estimate belowground biomass.
Shoot biomass: 13.6 odt ha-1 yr-1 from 3rd rotation data
No data
available
Most data focused on
aboveground biomass
Stems (stool) biomass
Very limited
data available
(belowground stool)
(fine roots)
(coarse roots)
Objectives
Inventory on above- and below-ground biomass
and soil organic matter (SOM) across a 5-, 12-,
14-, and 19- year old willow (SV1 - Salix
dasyclados) chronosequence.
– Variables measured
Biomass:
leaves, stems, and aboveground stool
fine root, coarse root, and belowground stool
total aboveground and total belowground
SOM in 15 cm increments to 45 cm soil depth
Determine shoot-root (S:R) ratio
Importance
Information on belowground biomass is
essential in the determination of GHG balances
and C dynamics
Inform the ongoing debate: high /low carbon fuel
source? Or carbon neutral? Or carbon sink?
Planted
1995
Planted
1990
Planted
2004
Study Sites
3 sites at Tully and 1 site at Lafayette, NY
Planted
1997
6 plots/ site
Site characteristics for both sites
Soils
Tully: gravelly silt loam, well-drained; shallow bedrock
and fragipan
Lafayette: gravelly silt-loam; well-drained to moderately
poorly drained; shallow bedrock and fragipan
Topography
Tully: 0 % slope (flat)
Lafayette: 0-5 % slope (slightly rolling terrain
Climate: Both sites have mean annual precipitation of≈ 960 mm;
mean annual temperature ≈ 8 C
Study Sites
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4 m
5 m
Sampling Procedure
Taking samples for stem biomass
Leaf biomass, above- and below-ground stools biomasses
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Sampling Procedure
Take representative
plant within sampling
plot
Cut the
stool
Harvest leaves and stems
aboveground
stool
belowground
stool
same age across the four
willow fields because we cut
them at the same time
age: 6, 13, 15, and 20 years old
across four willow fields
Fine roots
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2 ft
2 ft
5 ft
3.5 ft
2 ft
sampling pit
Sampling Procedure
composite soil samples
for fine root biomass
hand pick the fine roots and
oven-dry at 65 C for 15 days
Fine roots
Sampling depth: 45 cm in 15
cm interval
Coarse roots (> 2 mm diameter)
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3.5 ft
2 ft
Sampling Procedure
Soil organic matter (SOM) in 15cm increments
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4 m
5 m
soil sample for total
SOM determination
by loss on ignition
(LOI)
measure coarse
fragment volume2 mm sieve
Sampling Procedure
Results and Discussion
Salix dasyclados relative distribution of fine roots, coarse roots, and belowground stool across a 19-year
chronosequence
Age of Willow Crop (year)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bio
mass P
roduction (
odt ha-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Belowground Stool
Fine Roots
Coarse Roots
Salix dasyclados relative biomass distribution of foliage, stem,and aboveground stool. Stem biomass includes
a two-year growth accumulation.
Age of Willow Crop (year)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bio
mass P
roduction (
odt
ha
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Stem
Aboveground Stool
Foliage
Salix dasyclados total above- and belowground biomass productions. Stem biomass includes a two-year
growth accumulation
Age of Willow Biomass Crop (year)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tota
l B
iom
ass P
roduction (
odt ha-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Total Aboveground
Total Belowground
Below- and above- ground biomass ratio
Age (yr) Total Belowground
Biomass(kg/plant)
Total
Aboveground
Biomass(kg/plant)
Above:Belowgrou
nd Ratio
(R:S Ratio)
5 1.54a 1.43 b 0.95 ( 0.14) b
12 2.79b 2.00b 0.72 ( 0.10) c
14 2.29a 2.71a 1.18 ( 0.10) ab
19 2.33a 2.77a 1.23 ( 0.18) a
P values
n=24
<0.0001 <0.0001
Consistent with other studies on SR ratio:
1.40 (Volk, 2002) – for young Salix
dasyclados (SV1) clone
Age (yr) Stem:
aboveground
stool + total
belowground
Stem:total
belowground
Stem+foliage
:total
belowground
5 0.43a 0.54 a 0.69 a
12 0.26b 0.34b 0.43 b
14 0.53a 0.70a 0.83 a
19 0.53a 0.70a 0.86 a
Different ratios between stems and belowground
biomass across the four willow ages
Salix dasyclados Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
100
120
140
160
180
200
Control 5 12 14 19
tota
l a
mo
un
t o
f S
OC
(M
g h
a-1
)
Age of Willow Crop (Year)
182 Mg ha-1
175 Mg ha-1
Previous reports on soil organic carbon (SOC):
Ulzen-Appiah (2002) reported no measurable
changes in soil C in willow coppice systems
production for 12 years.
SOC in hybrid poplar declined at early stage
(Hansen, 1993) and then increased after 5
years (Grigal and Berguson, 1998; Coleman et.
al., 2004).
Stand
Age
Above- and
Belowground
Stool Biomass
(Mg ha-1)
CO2 Eq.
Sequestration
(Mg ha-1)
5 6.81 ( 0.74) 12.48
12 15.09 ( 1.47) 27.66
14 20.71 ( 1.34) 37.97
19 20.99 ( 1.91) 38.48
Aboveground
Stool
Belowground
Stool
LCA results from Heller et al. (2003)
CO2
(Mg CO2
ha-1)
Other GHG
(Mg CO2
eq ha-1)
Total
(Mg CO2
eq ha-1)
Emissions
Diesel fuel 3.1 0.1 3.2
Agr Inputs 2.9 0.4 3.4
N2O from N fertilizer 3.9 3.9
N2O from foliage 7.3 7.2
C Sequestration
Below ground -14.1 -14.1
Soil C 0 0
Net Total -8.0 11.7 3.7
Harvested Biomass -499.2 -499.2
3.2
7.2
3.4
3.9
Current Study
CO2
(Mg CO2 eq
ha-1)
38.5
0
-20.8
Adjustment of previous life cycle analysis….
ConclusionsTotal belowground biomass:
No statistically significant differences were detected
among 12-, 14-, and 19- year old stands
Biomass increases from 5 to12 years; stabilize onward
with slight variations.
Biomass production: 11 to 22 Mg ha-1 for 12- and 19-
year old stands, respectively.
Total aboveground biomass:
No statistically significant differences were detected
between stands: 14- and 19- yr old and 5- and 12-yr old
Biomass production: 10 to 21 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for 5- and 19-
year old stands.
total above:belowground (S:R) ratio increases
with age. S:R ratio of 0.53 could be used to
predict belowground biomass for mature willow
crop using the harvested shoots (stem) biomass
data
Steady state SOC across a19-year
chronosequence.
Our data suggest that SRC willow is not only a
source of renewable energy, but also a carbon
sequestration production system
Acknowledgment
This study was carried out with the funding support
from USDA Rural Development through Timothy A.
Volk and Lawrence P. Abrahamson.
We wish to thank the following for their help and support during
the data collection
Project Staff:
Rebecca Allmond, Eric Fabio, Philip Castellano, and Ken Burns
Student Assistants:
Jacob Bakowski, Tyler Harvey, Gabe Kellman, Jason Maurer,
Ryan Newby, and Devin Mc Bride
And above all to our Almighty God!
Thank You!
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