a study on different 32 and 16-bit processors for low-earth orbit space applications

2000-10-11 RYP-KS

A Study On Different 32 And 16-bit Processors

For Low-Earth Orbit Space Applications

Krister Sundström

Master’s Project

2000-10-11 RYP-KS

Background Data

Low-Earth Orbit: 400 - 600 km altitude

Short Lifetime: ~ 3 years

Small-Satellite Constellation: ~ 60 kg/satellite

>100 satellites

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Background Information

On-Board Computer Systems (OBC)

Real-Time Systems (RTS)

Single Event Effects (SEE)

Parasitic Silicon Controlled Rectifier

Interrupt Phillosophy

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Data Handling System

Central Part of The Satellite

• Mission Software

• Subsystem Master

• Shared Processing Power

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Availability

Error Tolerance And Recovery

•Error Detection And Correction (EDAC)

•Watchdog

Study Topics

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Peripheral Support

Serial & parallel ports / Bus controllers

Memory types

Multitask Support

Real-time system

Context switching

Processor Architectures

Study Topics

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What Is A Real-Time System? Correct functionality, at the right time

Soft RTS Instrument Data Collection Missed Soft Deadline

System still functional Some degradations

Hard RTS Attitude & Orbit Control System (AOCS) Missed Hard Deadline

Catastrophe may follow

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Single Event Effects (cont.)

A Simple Memory Cell Model

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Single Event Effects (cont.)

Spread Out Data Bits Less risk for multiple bit error

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Parasitic SCR

Can Cause Permanent Damage

•Single Event Latch-up

•Single Event Burn-out (SEB)

Current Limiter

Silicon On Insulator (SOI)

SCR - Silicon Controlled Rectifier

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EDAC (cont.)

Checkbit

Generator

=

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Interrupts

Masked Threshold

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Different Processors

RH Thor (32) Saab Ericsson

ERC32 (32) Temics

Leon (32) ESA

HS-RTX2010 RH (16) Harris

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RH Thor

32-bit, 4-Stage Pipelined RISC Processor

2 Giby Address Space

1 Giby = 230 bytes

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RH Thor (cont.)

Hardware Support For Task Switching

Exception Resume

SOI – Silicon On Insulator

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ERC32 Fully SPARC v7 Compatible

3 Main Blocks; IU, MC, FPU

IU

FPUMC

DMA

I/O

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ERC32

32 Miby Address Space

Multitask Support – Windows Register File

1 Miby = 220 bytes

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Leon

Open-sourced – Free VHDL Code

Small Design – 30 kGates (without FPU)

100% ERC32 Compatible

Fully SPARC v8 Compatible

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Leon (cont.)

Many On-Chip Peripheral Interfaces

1 Giby Address Space

Multitask Support

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HS-RTX2010 RH

Small, Well Used 16-bit Processor

High Radiation Tolerant (>300 kRAD)

1 Miby Address Space

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Why Leon?

Open-sourced architecture Free VHDL-code Optimisation On-chip add-on possibilities

Small design Only 27’000 gates + RAM

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Why Leon? (cont.)

Re-Configurable

Fully SPARC v8 Compatible

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Disadvantages With Leon?

No Support For Integer Division DIVU – unsigned division DIVS – signed division

New Design

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- The End -

www.acc.umu.se/~moschler/x2000

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OBC Tasks

•Processing of Uplink Telecommand (TC) Data Stream•Assemble, decode, and distribute incoming telecommands

•Generate Downlink Telemetry (TM) Data StreamCollect telemetry dataGenerate TM frames

•Provide General I/O for Command Distribution and Telemetry Data Collection

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OBC Tasks (cont.)

•Provide Processing Power for Various Tasks

Battery charging control

Calculations for non-intelligent payload

Antenna pointing (attitude controlling)

Payload and thermal control

•Provide With Timing Functionalities

On-Board Timer (OBT) counter

Time pulse synchronisation, by using GPS receivers

Queuing of internal spacecraft commands

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OBC Tasks (cont.)

•Provide With Autonomy Functionalities

System supervision and context switching (OS aspects)

Automatic system reconfiguration in case of system error(s)

Automatic spacecraft recovery (Sun & Earth)

•Bus Controlling and Peripheral Communications

Bus master

Instrument/ Payload interfacing

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Single Event Effects

Incoming Particles Single Event Upset (SEU) Single Event Latch-up (SEL) Other Single Event Phenomena (SEP)

Technology Dependent Silicon Wafers vs Silicon On Isolator (SOI)

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What Is A Real-Time System?

“The correctness of a real-time system depends not only on the logical result of the computation but also on the time at which the results are produced.” – [RTSAPL]

Correct functionality, at the right time

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EDAC

Error Detection And Correction

Scrubbing

Hamming Coded(min) = s + t + 1 (I)

d(min) = 2 t + 1 (II)

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A Typical Data Handling System

Data Flow

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ToDo

Förklara: SCR P/L egen intelligens som klarar sig självt, fristående från OBC. Bara busstrafik mellan Realtidssystem och deras hårda och mjuka tidskrav Att DHU och OBC är tätt sammanfogade i småsatelliter och att de här tituleras OBC Hur EDAC fungerar Förslag på EEPROM uppsättnigar och resten av ett OBDH. Kolla in WALT-projektet Olika interruptfilosofier, typ Masked, Threshold, etc Atomic Actions? Pipeline In 1950, a smart guy named Richard W. Hamming figured out a method of

implementing ECC memory using the theoretical minimum number of redundant bits (this is called the Hamming Code).

FPGA En bild på olika bitorganiseringar I minnen

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