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A RECONNAISSANCE OF GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION
AT SELECTED LANDFILLS IN COLORADO
By Paul A. Schneider, Jr., and John T. Turk
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 83~^021
Prepared in cooperation with the
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Lakewood, Colorado 1983
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
JAMES G. WATT, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
For additional write to:
information
Colorado District Chief U.S. Geological Survey, MS 415 Box 25046, Denver Federal Center Lakewood, CO 80225
For sale by:
Open-File Services Section Western Distribution Branch U.S. Geological Survey, MS 306 Box 25425, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225
Telephone: (303) 234-5888
CONTENTS
Abstract----------------------------Introduct jon------------------------Data collection---------------------Results and discussion--------------
Hydrology of the landfills---- 1Boulder County------------City and County of Denver- El Paso County------------La Plata County-----------Larimer County------------Weld County---------------
Water quality of the landfills-Summary----------- 1References cited-- 1 Water-quality data-
Page 1 1 3
6111118182323282829
LLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Map showing location of study sites----------------------'2. Generalized section showing types of landfill and ground-
water intefaction---------------------------------------
3. Map showing location of test wells and sump at the Golden Rubble si te---------------------------------------------
4-10. Maps showing location of test wells at the:4. Marshall site---------------------------------------5. Cherry Creek site-----------------------------------6. Place Junior High School site-----------------------7. Hancock Road and Academy Boulevard site-------------8. Bodo Industrial Park site-------------- -------- 9. Fort Coll ins site-------------------- -- -------
10. Brighton-Fort Lupton site---------------------------
Page 2
1213 16 19 21 2k
i i i
Table 1,
2-8,
TABLES
Physical data for wells and sump sampled at the Golden Rubble site- - -- --- -- - -- ---
Physical data for wells sampled at the:2. Marshall site- ~ 3. Cherry Creek site---------- ---- --------- __________k. Place Junior High School site------------------- --- 5. Hancock Road and Academy Boulevard site-----------------6. Bodo Industrial Park site------- ----------------------7. Fort Coll ins site--------------- ------------ ---_ -.8. Brighton-Fort Lupton site------- ---------------- ----
Water-quality rank of samples from sump or wells at eachlandf i 11 si te- --- - - - -- -- -
Page
10 Ik 15 17 20 2225
26
METRIC CONVERSIONS
The inch-pound units used in this report may be converted to SI national System of Units) by use of the following conversion factors:
(Inter-
Multiply inch-pound unit By
inch 25.40foot 0.3048mile 1.609foot per mile 0.1894micromho per centimeter at 1.0
25° Celsius
To obtain SI unit
mi 11imeter meter ki lometermeter per kilometer microsiemen per centimeter
at 25° Celsius
National Geodetie Vertical Datum of 2929: A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, and formerly called mean sea level, is referred to as sea level in this report.
IV
A RECONNAISSANCE OF GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION AT SELECTED LANDFILLS IN COLORADO
By Paul A. Schneider, Jr., and John T. Turk
ABSTRACT
A reconnaissance study of eight landfills in Colorado shows that they have contaminated the shallow ground-water system. Contamination is indi cated by values of specific conductance and concentrations of major ions and trace elements. Because only shallow ground water was sampled, it was not possible to determine whether deeper ground-water systems also are contami nated.
The major effects on water quality caused by contaminants in the land fills were increased salinity, nitrogen, iron, manganese, and phenols in the shallow ground-water system.
INTRODUCTION
The location of landfills in the past commonly was based on proximity to population centers and transportation costs rather than on possible effects on the ground water. Disposal of domestic and industrial wastes directly into the ground water by pit excavation or in areas of rapid infiltration has resulted in hazards, including methane-gas generation and ground-water con- tami nation.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Health, conducted a reconnaissance of landfills in Colorado, seven of which are within the urbanized Front Range area between Fort Coll ins and Colorado Springs. The remaining landfill is in Durango (fig. 1). This study, the first such study in Colorado, has documented the presence and the nature of chemical changes in water quality in the vicinity of the landfills. The results are presented both on maps and in tables to facilitate rapid assess ment of the relative hazards in various directions from the landfills.
Landfill studies have been conducted in many parts of the country in recent years. In humid climates, contamination by infiltration of rain and snowmelt through the waste is common; typical examples of such contamination are well documented for two Long Island, N.Y., landfills (Kimmel and Braids,
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1975; 1977). In these studies the authors found detectable leachate plumes following the general ground-water movement at least 10,600 feet downgradient from the sites studied. The plumes were observed to extend vertically beneath the landfills to the first relatively impermeable layer, mixing and traveling with ground water in the downgradient direction until dilution and interac tion with the aquifer matrix made the plume indistinguishable from the ambi ent ground water.
In arid and semiarid climates, landfills may not contaminate ground water as extensively as in humid climates. The great depth to water in many areas of Colorado can prevent direct contact between waste and the water table, while the small ratio of precipitation to evaporation can limit the effective infiltration of water into the waste. In such cases, landfills in arid or semiarid locales may be effectively isolated from the ground water, and the leachates from these landfills react primarily with the oxygen in the unsaturated soil to release carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia to the soil atmosphere.
To determine the nature of landfill and ground-water interactions in Colorado requires consideration of the likely geochemical reactions between the waste, the soil atmosphere, the soil itself, and water. Discussion with landfill operators revealed the landfill material to be primarily paper, con struction debris, and food waste. Incomplete oxidation of organic matter in such material produces reducing conditions in the immediate vicinity of these wastes. While some major ions can be expected to be leached from construction debris, such as wallboard, and from bleached paper, the principal contribu tions are likely to be carbon and nitrogen species liberated by the incom plete oxidation of organic material and soil constituents dissolved under the reducing, carbon dioxide-rich conditions resulting from waste decomposition. Thus, iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium from the soil and bicarbonate, ammonia, organic nitrogen, and organic carbon from the waste might be expect ed to increase in ground water contaminated by landfills. Such contamination, if it occurs, will be most severe at the waste site, and its transport will be controlled by the ground-water movement near the site.
DATA COLLECTION
Wells were installed in and around the landfill sites by drilling with an auger, installing 3" or 4-inch diameter perforated polyvinyl-chloride casing, and sealing the hole with material from the auger cuttings. Caps were installed immediately, and perforations above ground level were sealed with tape. Full-length perforation was necessary to allow the wells to be used for the sampling of methane, as well as for the collection of water samples. The presence of impermeable surficial materials minimized any possible effect from infiltration around the casing; in addition, samples were not collected during or immediately after periods of rain or snowmelt.
In many cases the wells from which the water samples were drawn had filled with sand and some fine gravel to within the upper foot or so of the zone of saturation, so only the uppermost part could be sampled. Therefore, samples of water exclusively from the upper part may not represent the entire saturated zone. Samples from the upper part might, for example, contain lesser dissolved-solids and transition-metal concentrations than might be found in deeper samples because of changes caused by density stratification and oxidation in the upper samples.
The holes were drilled and cased by contractors under the direction of the individual health departments in whose jurisdiction the particular land fills were situated. The wells were constructed primarily for methane sampling.
Well locations were selected based upon an assumed direction of ground- water flow and the landfill extent, when known. Wells could not be completed successfully in every case, primarily because of slumping of the unconsoli- dated sand and gravel in the saturated zone. Although all wells yielding sufficient water were sampled for specific conductance, detailed chemical analyses were performed on only three wells at each landfill. These wells were selected, based on specific-conductance data, to represent the most dilute, intermediate, and most concentrated water at each landfill.
After completion, the wells were bailed to remove water; normally, three well volumes were removed before sample collection. Immediately after collection, the unfiltered samples were tested for temperature, specific conductance, and pH by methods described by Skougstad and others (1979). The large concentration of suspended material made it necessary to fill plastic containers with the sample and allow the sealed container to stand for approximately one-half hour prior to filtration to allow sufficient settling of suspended solids. No discoloration was observed. The samples then were analyzed by the methods described by Skougstad and others (1979).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hydrology of the Landfills
Those landfills chosen for the study were constructed on three different types of geologic terrain (fig. 2). Five landfills were constructed on sand and gravel deposits, one was constructed on permeable bedrock, and two were constructed on relatively impermeable bedrock. In all the landfills the water table was either intercepted during the excavation phase, or a perched water table formed during the filling and compaction phase.
Are
a o
f w
ate
r perc
ola
tion
thro
ugh
un
satu
rate
d l
an
d
fill t
o u
nd
erlyi
ng
ro
cks
LA
ND
FIL
L
CO
VE
R-
Loc
ally
de
rive
d m
ater
ial
LA
ND
FIL
L-
Mos
tly
soli
d w
aste
SAN
D A
ND
GR
AV
EL
- A
lluv
ial
depo
sits
of
near
by s
trea
ms
and
rive
rs
EXPLANATION
WEATHERED SHALE
UNWEATHERED SHALE
WEATHERED SANDSTONE
.UNWEATHERED SANDSTONE
DIR
EC
TIO
N O
F G
RO
UN
D-
WA
TE
R F
LO
W-
Lar
ge
arro
ws
indi
cate
gre
ater
fl
ow.
Smal
l ar
row
s in
di
cate
les
s fl
ow
Fig
ure
2.-
Gen
eral
ized
sec
tion
sho
win
g ty
pes
of l
andf
ill
and
grou
nd-w
ater
int
erac
tion
.
Boulder County
The Golden Rubble and Marshall landfills in Boulder County (figs. 3 and A and tables 1 and 2) each had drains constructed to lessen the impact of potential leachate plumes on the shallow ground water. Both drains were constructed on the upgradient side of each landfill to intercept the shallow water table. The drains along the south and west side of the Golden Rubble site made the gradient of the water in that landfill so flat the direction of movement was indeterminate. The water from the Golden Rubble site was pumped from a collection sump into a concrete ditch which conveyed the water from the site to St. Vrain Creek, whereas water intercepted by the drain at the Marshall site flowed into a natural drainage north of the Community Ditch.
Water levels measured in wells constructed for the study showed the activity associated with the landfills has little or no effect on the config uration of the regional water table. The flatness of the shallow water table within the Golden Rubble landfill is due to the presence of the drains. Out side the area of this site the regional water table has a gradient of about 25 feet per mile, mostly to the east (unpublished data on file at the Colo rado District Office, U.S. Geological Survey). This site, a gravel pit exca vated in the alluvium of St. Vrain Creek, now is covered and inactive. The thickness of the fill was not determined.
The Marshall landfill (fig. k) is excavated through a veneer of alluvium into the underlying sandstone and shale. The alluvium is about 25 feet thick at the south side of the site and thins toward the Community Ditch on the north. A gravity drain, constructed from near the southwest corner of the landfill at the alluvium-bedrock contact, extends northward along the west side of the fill area. Test holes drilled and cased into the bedrock, where possible, were used to collect water samples and monitor water levels.-Water- level measurements indicate there is hydraulic connection between the allu- vium and the underlying bedrock. The gradient of the potentiometric surface, therefore, is continuous from near the south boundary of the landfill north ward to Cowdrey Reservoir No. 2, and northeast out of the site area. Between Marshall Lake and test wells 2 and 3» the direction of the ground-water move ment is inferred from the topographic relief and the eroded bedrock surface. The erosion surface of the bedrock has been mapped from test holes which pen etrate it, a prelandfill stream which was incised into it, and several con tact springs which seep along the cut of the current Tnanmade drainage course. This gradient indicates some water is leaving the area by flowing across the subcrop and outcrop and entering the surface drainage and some is entering the deeper aquifer. Test drilling at this landfill did not fully penetrate the thickest parts of the fill.
40
°09
'32
"
T.2
N.
Sec
. Li
ne
(Sum
p)
\
Sec
. 4
Sec
. 9
R.6
9W
.
Gra
vel
Pit
X
Sha
llow
wat
er-t
able
gra
die
nt
acro
ss
landfil
l si
te I
s to
o flat
to d
eter
min
e d
ire
ctio
n o
f gr
ound
-wat
er f
low
.
* *
K
x ~
-"- :
App
roxi
mat
e lo
catio
n of
burie
d d
rain
X
X
X
"X
X
X
- -X
X
X
- *-
200 i
400
600 I
800
Feet
I 20
0 M
eter
s
EX
PL
AN
AT
ION
2
TE
ST
WE
LL
OR
SU
MP
AN
D
NU
MB
ER
^H
A
PPR
OX
IMA
TE
LIM
IT O
F ^^
LA
ND
FIL
L
Fig
ure
3.--
Loc
atio
n of
tes
t w
ells
and
sum
p at
the
Gol
den
Rub
ble
site
.
39°57'30"
T.1S.
105°12'30" R.70W.
EXPLANATION
> 2 TEST WELL AND NUMBER
APPROXIMATE LIMIT OF LANDFILL
To *- National Center forAtmospheric Research
400i
800 1200 1600 FEET_]____I____)
400 METERS
Figure 4.-- Location of test wells at the Marshall site.
Table
].--
Phys
ical
dat
a fo
r we
lls
and
sump sa
mple
d at
th
e Golden Rubble
site
Wel
1
Lat
i tud
e sump No.
Wate
r elevation
Long
itud
e (feet
above
sea
leve
l)
Bedrock
elev
atio
n (f
eet
above
sea
leve
l)
Land
-
surf
ace
elev
atio
n (f
eet
abov
e sea
leve
l)
Wate
r tempera
ture
(degrees
Cels
ius)
Spec
i fie
cond
ucta
nce
(micromhos
per
centimeter
at 25
°C)
Wate
r-
qual i
ty
data
1 2 3"
4--
5
*6
40°09'30"
40°09'23"
40°09'27"
40°09'24"
40°0
9'28
"40°09'32"
105°07
I11"
105°07'10"
105°07'07"
105°07'03"
105°07'01n
105°07'06M
^,951.9
^,95
1.9
^,95
1.8
^,951.6
^,951.9
**, 950
.0
^,9^
8.3
^,95
0.6
^,9^
7.6
^,9^
5.9
^,9^
3.7
^,9^3-2
4,96
0.8
4,959.6
4,958.8
4,95
4.9
4,955.7
13-5
13.0
13.0
11.0
12.5 9.0
4,50
02,
400
4,25
02,
600
3,10
01,
050
No.
No.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
*Sump
for
inte
rcep
tor
ditc
h.
Table
2.--
Phys
ical
data fo
r we
lls
sampled at t
he M
arshall
site
Well
No
.
1
2 3~
4--
5
6
7"
8
9
10--
11
--
Latitude
39°57'12"
39°5
7'22
" 39°57'18"
39°57'02"
39°57'04"
39°56'59"
39°5
6'51
" 39
°56'
43"
39°56'36"
39°56'36"
39°5
6'57
"
Long
itud
e
105°
12I00"
105
011'
53"
105
e11'50"
105
012'
12"
105°12'14"
105
012'12"
105
012'
21"
105°
12'2
3"
105°12'12"
105°
11'5
5"
105e1
1'5V'
Wate
r elevation
(feet
abov
e sea
level)
5,6*18.8
5,60
7.**
5,623.1
5,67
6.5
5,65
7.3
5,679.5
5, 698
. *i
5,69
5.^
5,70
3.1
5,71
8.2
5,68*1.8
Bedrock
elevation
(fee
t ab
ove
sea
level)
5,60
4.5
5,62
0.3
5,65
8.5
5,65
7.4
5,69
7.2
5,69
2.4
5,71
1.5
Land
- su
rfac
e elevation
(fee
t ab
ove
sea
level)
5,67
0.2
5,612.5
5,62
7.3
5,681.5
5,660.4
5,702.5
5,713.2
5,715.4
5,723.5
5,73
2.7
5,71
6.5
Wate
r te
mper
a
ture
(d
egre
es
Cels
ius)
10.5
13
.0
9.5
9.0
14.0
12.0
13.5
13.0
13
.5
12.5
Specific
conductance
(micromhos
per
cent
imet
er
at 25°C)
4,25
0 1,
100
850
1,250
750
330
450
200
310
380
Wate
r-
qual ? ty
data Yes.
No
. Yes.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Yes.
No
.
City and County of Denver
The landfill sites investigated in the city and county of Denver at Cherry Creek and Place Junior High School (figs. 5 and 6 and tables 3 and k) were formerly sand and gravel pits. After the mining was discontinued, the city and county refilled them with rubbish. The full extent of the areas occupied by the landfills during their active phase is not known. After they were filled, compacted, and covered, the landfills were converted to con struction sites by developers. The Cherry Creek site has had differential settling, resulting in damage to some of the structures. Water-level meas urements showed that the fill was partly saturated. They also showed that the landfills had little effect on the regional water-table gradient. The thickness of the fill material is as much as 10 feet at the Cherry Creek site and as much as 15.5 feet at the Place Junior High School site.
El Paso County
The landfill site near the intersection of Hancock Road and Academy Bou levard in Colorado Springs (fig. 7 and table 5) was excavated in the alluvium of a tributary to Fountain Creek. The converted gravel pit, used as a land fill for several years, now is inactive. The extent of the area occupied by this landfill during its active phase is not known. Exploratory drill holes were located in and adjacent to the site, and fill penetrated was as much as 20.5 feet thick.
The shallow water table slopes more at this landfill than at others studied which also were located in alluvium. This slope and the beds of well- sorted coarse sand and fine gravel in the saturated zone give the site the most potential for transport of contaminants away from the landfill. Logs of holes 1, 2, k, and 8 show thicknesses up to 21 feet of coarse sand to fine gravel interbedded below the water table and adjacent to the landfill. These permeable beds are expected here because the site was originally excavated to mine the sand and gravel for construction products.
The eastern part of the landfill between holes 5 and 8 has an ellipti- cally shaped dry area about 100 feet long. Four holes drilled to a maximum of 32 feet within this area encountered no saturated material above the bedrock. This drained area is topographically high, and the shallow ground water on the north and west drain toward the East Fork Sand Creek, which is a losing stream. During the study the creek had water flowing continually in the chan nel. This created a ground-water mound which expanded from directly beneath the creek out to an indeterminate distance and caused the shallow ground water to flow, in part, downstream parallel to the mound.
11
ALAMEDA AVE R.68W.
EXPLANATION
2 TEST WELL AND NUMBER
LIMIT OF LANDFILL NOT KNOWN
104°56*30"
39°42'30"
T.4S.
EXPOSITION AVE
500i
1000I
1500 2000 FEET _I
500 METERS
Figure 5. Location of test wells at the Cherry Creek site.
12
104°54'30'' R.67W.
EXPLANATION
2 TEST WELL AND NUMBERLIMIT OF LANDFILL
NOT KNOWN
39°41'30"-
T.4S.
500 1000t
1500 >
2000 FEET
500 METERS
Figure 6. Location of test wells at the Place Junior High School site.
13
Tab
le
3-~
-Ph
ysic
al
data
for
wel
ls
sam
pled
at
the
Che
wy
Cre
ek s
ite
Well
No.
1
2 3 4
5~
6 7"
8--
Lati
tude
Longitude
39°42'19"
104°56'30"
39°4
2'18
" 104°56'34"
39042'20"
104056'
36"
39°4
2'19
" 10
4056
'39"
39°4
2'23
" 104°56'39"
39°42'28"
104056'
46"
39042'32"
104°56'49"
39°4
2'33
" 104°56'45"
Water
elev
at ion
(feet
abov
e sea
level)
5,320.8
5,32
6.7
5,319.6
5,322.4
5,316.6
5,312.4
5,30
8.9
5,30
9.9
Bedr
ock
elev
atio
n (feet
above
sea
leve
l)
5,298.0
5,32
6.3
5,288.9
Land-
surf
ace
elevation
(fee
t above
sea
level)
5,335.0
5,340.3
5,33
3.6
5,33
1.7
5,32
7.6
5,32
6.9
5,32
3.9
5,32
0.8
Water
temp
era
tu
re
(deg
rees
Ce
lsiu
s)
15.0
10.0
13-5
14.5
11.0
14.0
10.5
Specific
cond
ucta
nce
(micromhos
per
centimeter
at 25°C)
1,15
0 85
0 75
0
1 ,100
900
880
1,700
Wate
r-
qual i ty
da
ta Yes.
No.
No.
No.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
No.
Tabl
e 4. Ph
ysic
al da
ta f
or wel
ls sa
mple
d at th
e Pl
ace
Junior
Hig
h Sc
hool
site
\r\
Well
No.
2
3"
4
5~
6--
7~
8
Latitude
39°4
1 '24"
39°4
1 '25"
39°41 '27"
3904T24"
39°4
1 '26"
39°41
I23"
39°4
1 '11"
39°41 '12"
Long
itud
e
104°
54I29"
104°54'26"
104054'11"
104°54'07"
104°
54'2
0"
104°54'28"
104°54'10"
104°54'05"
Water
elevation
(fee
t above
sea
level)
5,377.0
5,386.1
5,389.1
5,392.9
5,38
9.2
5,375.1
5,395.9
5,398.0
Bedr
ock
elev
atio
n (feet
above
sea
level)
5,367.6
5,382.3
5,36
3.2
Land
- surface
elev
atio
n (feet
above
sea
level)
5,387.6
5,400.9
5,403.0
5,40
4.2
5,403.1
5,387.2
5,40
7.2
5,407.0
Water
temp
era
ture
(degrees
Cels
ius
)
12.0
13
.5
12.0
12.0
13.0
14.5
10.5
11.0
Speci fi
e conductance
(mic
romh
os
per
cent
imet
er
at 25
°C)
1,30
0 1,230
900
900
1,900
1,500
1,250
980
Water-
qual
i ty
data No.
No.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
R.66W. 104°45'30"
EXPLANATION 2 TEST WELL AND NUMBER
LIMIT OF LANDFILL NOT KNOWN
T.14S.
38°37'30" -
500 1000I
1500I
.2000 FEET _I
I 500 METERS
Figure 7.-- Location of test wells at the Hancock Road and Academy Boulevard site.
16
Tabl
e 5.
--Ph
ysic
al data
for
wells
sampled
at the Hancock Rood and Aca
demy
Boulevard
site
Well
No
.
1--
2 3
4--
5
6 7"
8-
Lat
i tude
38°47'32"
38°47'29"
38°47'37"
38°4
7'32
"
38°4
7'32
"38°47'42"
38°4
7'46
"38°47'46"
Wate
r el
evat
ion
Long
itud
e (f
eet
above
sea
level
)
104°45'49"
5,86
5.0
104°45'42"
5,85
9.2
104°45'43"
5,87
7-3
104°45'41"
5,870.4
104°45'34"
5,87
8.5
104°45'39"
5,88
1.2
104°45'35"
5,888.4
104°45'28"
5,887.1
Bedr
ock
elev
at ion
(fee
t above
sea
level)
5,83
3.1
5,81
4.1
5,86
6.4
5,84
1.7
5,86
9-5
5,87
0.7
5,885.1
5,88
1.6
Land
- surface
elev
atio
n (f
eet
above
sea
level)
5,879.1
5,87
5.6
5,88
2.4
5,88
5.7
5,893-5
5,88
6.7
5,89
9-1
5,92
2.6
Wate
r tempera
ture
(degrees
Cel
s i us)
13-0
11.0
12.0
13-0
12.0
11.5
12.0
11.5
Specific
cond
ucta
nce
(mi cromhos
per
centimeter
at 25°C)
1 ,0
00 700
650
1 ,0
00
5,50
056
080
062
5
Wate
r-
qua
1 i ty
data No.
Yes.
No.
No.
Yes.
No.
No.
Yes.
La Plata County
The Bodo Industrial Park site (fig. 8 and table 6) is approximately 1 mile south of the city of Durango and about 1 mile west of the Animas River. The site was excavated in colluvium overlying shale. The colluvium was derived from the surrounding steep sandstone cliffs, and the base of the excavation is in the underlying shale. The surface topography slopes steeply towards the Animas River from the cliffs bordering the site. The grade from the middle of the site to the river alluvium is approximately 10 percent.
Several wells not shown in figure 8 completed in the shale bedrock out side of the limits of the landfill were dry--both upgradient and downgradient from the fill. Saturated material was penetrated in wells completed within the landfill limits. The water table is maintained by recharge entering the colluvium and fill material at the site.
Larimer County
The Fort Coll ins landfill (fig. 9 and table 7) is on relatively imperme able bedrock. The north side is truncated by Fossil Creek, which is an intermittent stream until it receives irrigation-return flow from areas down stream from the landfill. The shallow water table within the site probably has no hydraulic connection with ground water in the surrounding areas. Because most of the landfill is not excavated into the shale but is on the graded surface and is buried by locally derived material, the fill is slowly increasing in height above the original natural land surface. Water levels in test wells 8, 7, 6, and 5 which cross the landfill from west to east showed less than 3 feet of saturated material at the base of the fill when the wells were first measured.
Water levels, measured regularly in the test wells from July through October 1979» showed that during this time the landfill was only intermit tently saturated. Water from precipitation and water applied for dust sup pression moves down through the fill material and then east along the top of the bedrock. Because of the fill material, shale filler, compaction, and cover, water movement through the fill is very slow. This is also indicated by a relatively steep gradient of approximately 90 feet per mile along the north side near Fossil Creek. The top of the water table here generally is below the bed of Fossil Creek, but during wet seasons water from the landfill may contribute to the flow of the creek.
The gradient across the south part of the site is less steep because the ground-water table is intercepted by a ditch which is normal to the ground- water flow but causes a shift in direction. Most of the water from this part of the landfill leaves the area as a surface stream.
All test holes drilled at the Fort Coll ins landfill were within the lim its of the site, and only test well 2 did not penetrate fill. The 38.5 feet of fill in test well 8 was the thickest penetrated.
18
EXPLANATION
2 TEST WELL AND NUMBER
APPROXIMATE LIMIT OF LANDFILL
R.9W. 107°52'30'
37°15' -
T.34V4N.
10001
2000i
3000 4000 FEET
1000 METERS
Figure 8. Location of test wells at the Bodo Industrial Park site.
19
Tabl
e &.
--Ph
ysic
al data f
or w
ells sa
mple
d at
the
Bodo In
dust
rial
Par
k si
te
S3 o
Well
No
.
2--
3"
5"
Lat
i tude
37°1
4'20
" 37
°14'
19"
37
°14'
18"
37°1
4'22
" 37
°14'
25"
Long
i tu
de
107
053'
01"
107
052'56"
107
053'07"
107°
53'0
4"
107
052'
52"
11 ^
D j
. La
nd-
Wate
r Be
droc
k ,.
.. ,
, su
rfac
e Water
elevation
elevation
, / £
f j
- el
evat
ion
tempera-
(feet
(fee
t /,
^ J
, u
(fee
t ture
above
above
, /
, ,
. ,
. ab
ove
(deg
rees
arbitrary
arbi
trar
y ,
. .:
, .
N ,
\ j
4. \
arbitrary
Cels
ius)
datum)
datu
m)
, \
896.
0850.0
jj^' f-
914.
7ICC. 1
__.
/:>:> 2
963
937
959
919
766
.8
12.0
.7
5.0
.6
12.5
.9
9.0
.5
10.5
Spec! fi
eco
nduc
tanc
e ..
/ .
, Wa
ter-
(mi cr
omho
s qu
al i ty
Per
j «.
. ^
data
cent i me
ter
at 25
°C)
5,000
No.
2,50
0 Yes.
2,100
Yes.
1,75
0 Ye
s.
2,400
No.
105°07'30" R.69W.
EXPLANATION
2 TEST WELL AND NUMBER
APPROXIMATE LIMIT OF LANDFILL
T.6N.
40°30'
400 800 1200 1600 FEET
400 METERS
Figure 9. Location of test wells at the Fort Collins site.
21
Tab
le
1.-
-Ph
ysic
al
data
for
wel
ls
sam
pled
at
the
For
t C
oll
ins
site
ro
ro
Well
No.
1--
2~3-
4
5
6--
7"
8 9
Lati
tude
4003
0'06
"40
030'12"
40°30
I09"
40°30
I12"
40°30
I30"
40°3
0'31
"^0°30'31"
^0°30
I28"
40030'
12"
Longitude
105°
06I57"
105°
06I57"
105°07
I10"
105
007'
08"
105°06'56"
105°
07I09"
105°
07I21"
105007'
30"
105°07
I18"
Wate
r elevation
(feet
abov
e sea
level)
5,07
2.'*
5,07
^.2
5,080.1
5,08
2.8
5,08
7.7
5,096.8
5,117.9
5,15
2.5
5,12
0.6
Bedrock
elevation
(fee
t ab
ove
sea
leve
l)
5,058.1
5,06
2.1
5,07
6.1
5,07
2.2
5,08^.0
5,07
3-1
5,10
4.2
5,1*
5.1
5,111.4
Land
- surface
elev
atio
n (f
eet
abov
e se
a le
vel)
5,080.1
5,082.1
5,089.1
5,08
6.2
5,12
0.0
5,12
0.6
5,14
4.2
5,185.1
5,12
6.4
Wate
r tempera
ture
(degrees
Cel si
us)
22.0
22.0
20.0
16.0
17.5
17-0
23.0
18.5
25.5
Spec
i fi
e co
nduc
tanc
e (m
icro
mhos
per
cent
imet
er
at 25
°C)
8,000
11 ,100
8,000
4,250
9,90
0
3,000
3,100
7,000
6,00
0
Water-
qual
i ty
data No.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Weld County
The towns of Brighton and Fort Lupton converted a gravel pit into a landfill (fig. 10 and table 8). The excavation was completed below the top of the water table in the alluvium of the South Platte River.
The regional water table slopes north-northwest at 10 feet per mile (unpublished data, on file at the Colorado District Office, U.S. Geological Survey) and is affected by both surface-water application and ground-water pumpage for large-scale irrigation. The presence of large-capacity irrigation wells and the proximity of the South Platte River also preclude any effects of the landfill site on the major ground-water features. None of the test holes fully penetrated the fill material.
Water Quality of the Landfills
The results of the analyses of all water samples collected during this study are tabulated in the "Water-Quality Data" section of this report. The data are useful not only in determining whether the water quality is suitable for specific uses but also for indicating the extent and nature of interac tion between the wastes and the ground-water system.
To facilitate the investigation of waste and ground-water interactions, selected data have been ranked in table 9- Three wells at each landfill were selected for water-quality analysis. One sample was collected from each well. Six indicators (specific conductance, iron, manganese, nitrogen, chemical- oxygen demand, and phenols) of chemical interaction between the waste and ground water in the landfills were selected to compare the relative well- water quali ty.
A ranking of the wells by each indicator is shown in table 9« For a given landfill site in table 9, the top row lists the well number having the smallest value for an indicator. The middle or second row lists the well number having the intermediate value. The third or bottom row lists the well number having the largest value for an indicator.
To rank the wells for a combined score, count the number of occurrences of the well number in row 1. Each occurrence is given the value of 1. Next, count the number of occurrences of the well number in row 2 and then in row 3. Each occurrence in row 3 is given the value of 3-
For example: Well No. 10 at the Marshall landfill occurs
321
timestimestime
ininin
rowrowrow
123
3x1=(3)2x2= (M1x3=(3)
For a combined score of (10)
23
40°02'30" -
T.1N
EXPLANATIONTEST WELL AND NUMBER
APPROXIMATE LIMIT OF LANDFILL
R.66W. 104°49'
1000I
2000 i
3000 4000 FEET_I
1000 METERS
Figure 10.-- Location of test wells at the Brighton-Fort Lupton site.
Tab
le
8.--
Phys
ica
l da
ta fo
r w
ells
sa
mpl
ed a
t th
e B
rig
hto
n-F
ort
L
upto
n si
te
Well
No
.
1--
2
3"
4--
5
Lat
i tude
40°02'08"
40°02'04"
40°01 '59"
40°02'06"
40°02' 14"
Long
! tude
104
049'00"
104
049'00"
104°49'02"
104°
49'0
8"
104°49'09"
Water
elevation
(fee
t above
sea
level)
A, 921
. 7
M21.8
A, 923
. 5
*t, 921
.14,919-6
Bedrock
elevat ion
(fee
t ab
ove
sea
level)
Land-
surface
elevation
(fee
t above
sea
1 evel
)
4,9^
0.9
4,94
2.8
4,94
1.8
4,933.9
4,92
5.1
Water
tempera
ture
(d
egre
es
Celsius)
13.0
15
.0
13.0
10.0
Speci fie
conductance
(mi cr
omho
s pe
r cent ime
ter
at 25°C)
2,02
5 1,275
1,30
0 1,
250
Water-
qua
1 i t
y da
ta Yes.
Ye
s.
No.
No.
Yes.
ro
Table 9- --Wat&r-quality rank of samples from sump or wellsat each landfill site
[For each landfill site, the sump or the number of the well with the smallestval uenumbernumberue ofrow 2,
for each 1 iof the welof the wel
1 for each
sted1 wi1 wi
water-qua 1 i tyth theth the
occurrenceand a value of 3 for
and recorded in parentheses
Row *«*"'<:conductance
1--2 3
Sump53
1 ron
Sump35
characteristicintermediate valuelargestin row
value is 11, a value
each occurrence inbeside
Manganese
Golden
the
Ni
isis 1 i sted in
listed in rowisted inof 2row
wel 1 number
trogen
for3,in
Chemical oxygen demand
row 3 G i
row 1 , the2, and theving a val-
each occurrence inthe values are summedthe last column]
Phenols Combi ned score
Rubble siteSump
35
Marshal1--2 3
1--2 3"
1031
751
310
1
715
1031
Cherry175
Place Junior1--2 3"
465
645
465
Hancock Road and1--2 3"
825
( )0)5
825
Sump53
1 site31
10
Sump53
1031
Sump53
310
1
Sump(6)5(14)3(16)
3(9)10(10)1(17)
Creek site175
High School si645
175te645
Academy Boulevard s
Bodo Industri1 2 3"
432
432
342
Fort Col 11 2--3
452
245
245
Brighton-Fort1 2--3"
521
(i)( ! )
1
215
528
al Park432
ins site542
Lupton521
(((
si te
si te
i)M!)
432
524
125
177
465
ite825
432
245
0)0)5
1(9)7(13)5(14)
4,6(9)4,6(9)5(18)
8(6)2(8)5(13)
4(7)3(11)2(18)
2(11)4(12)5(13)
2(7)5(11)1(18)
^Analysis was performed, but constituent was not present at concentra tions above the detection limit.
26
The sum of all scores for a sample is in parentheses next to the sample number. It should be emphasized that these scores have only relative values in determining which samples are most likely to represent the degradation of water quality caused by the interaction with wastes. A score of 10, for exam ple, does not necessarily imply a water quality twice as degraded as a score of 5« Neither are the scores transferable from site to site; they are valid only within a given site. Also, the arbitrary choice of the indicators of chemical interaction can affect the score for a given sample and perhaps its rank relative to the other samples.
In selecting wells for sampling, an attempt was made to obtain wells suspected of intercepting water representing no interaction with wastes, the most interaction, and an intermediate level of interaction or mixing between leachate and unaffected water typical of the aquifer. Thus, if it is desired to estimate the worst-case water quality which is likely to move downgradient from a given site, the analysis of the sample with the largest combined score shown in table 9 can be used as a guide. In some instances, such as the samples from the Marshall or Hancock Road and Academy Boulevard sites, this water quality may be unsuitable for many uses. Recommended and mandatory standards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977) are available to judge the suitability of water for various uses. On the basis of these standards for the more restrictive uses, such as for drinking supplies or as a source of water to stream or lake systems containing aquatic life, concentrations commonly exceeded standards with respect to iron (300 micrograms per liter, recommended), manganese (50 micrograms per liter, recommended), phenols (l microgram per liter), nitrate as nitrogen (10 milligrams per liter, manda tory), and salinity (250 milligrams per liter, recommended, of chloride or sulfate). Constituents in some water samples representing the least contami nated perhaps uncontaminated water at a site may exceed these standards because of the quality of water in the surrounding deposits or bedrock or the use of land for purposes other than landfill. The presence of reducing condi tions within or beneath a landfill may even cause a decrease in sulfate con centrations by the reduction of sulfate to sulfide followed by precipitation of the sulfide. Similarly, the nitrogen standard is 10 milligrams per liter of nitrate plus nitrite expressed as nitrogen, whereas reducing conditions favorable to nitrogen generation in landfills typically produce ammonia or organic nitrogen. Oxidation of these reduced nitrogen species to nitrate may occur if contaminated ground water moves away from the landfill and mixes with oxygenated ground water or interacts with oxygen in the soil atmosphere.
The data collected in this study are useful in estimating the direction from the landfill that ground-water deterioration may occur, the probable chemical nature, and the magnitude of the degradation. For sites with many wells intercepting the water table, variations in the specific-conductance values (tables 1-8) may be used as a guide in delineating the areal extent of present degradation.
27
SUMMARY
The eight landfills sampled in this study all have interacted with the shallow ground water to some extent, as exemplified by the variation in specific conductance and the analytical data for major and trace chemical species. This study of the contamination of the ground water generally was restricted to the geographical limits of the original landfills, although a few nearby wells have been sampled; however, data are not sufficient to rule out the contamination of nearby surface-water systems at some sites. Similar ly, data are not sufficient to rule out the contamination of deeper ground- water systems at some sites.
Water-quality degradation at the sites was similar in nature to the deg radation at other sites in other studies. Decomposition products of organic matter (ammonia, organic nitrogen, and phenols), increased salinity caused by leaching debris or increased weathering of soil materials, and dissolution of metals from the soil materials caused by reducing conditions (iron and manga nese) occur to some extent at all of the sites. Some samples thought to represent water uncontaminated by the landfills exceeded standards for drink ing-water supplies or water used by aquatic life, as did all samples thought to represent contaminated well water.
Data from this study are useful in predicting the direction of possible ground-water degradation now or in the future. The data also are useful in estimating the chemical nature and possibly the worst-case magnitude of ground-water degradation shown at each site.
REFERENCES CITED
Kimrnel, G. E., and Braids, 0. C., 1975, Preliminary findings of leachate study on two landfills in Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 3, no. 3» P« 273'280.
___1977, Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77~583, 72 p.
Skougstad, M. W., Fishman, M. J., Friedman, L. C., Erdmann, D. E., and Duncan, S. S., 1979, Methods of analysis of water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigation, Book 5, Chapter A-l, 626 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977, Quality criteria for water: Wash ington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 256 p.
28
WATER-QUALITY DATA
29
» O O O O
2 co co co o| O O O VO
V co t-> t-* co a o ro ro ro
a. _*-*-*-o o oo 3 en en en en
X 0000j* en «»4 en «»4= en o en o 3 en oo *>j en
H- H- H- ro i i i i ro ro ro oT4 T4 T4 1vo vcivo vo*
H- H- O O H- O VO vo O O O Oo o o o
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 VO
1 1 1 O
§00 00 00 o oo
o o oo ro ro ro ro o o o o
*->VO 4k t-> (-*vo en H- o 4k -»4 o en o en o o
(-*0 1 » 1 -v(
3 1 1 1 VO
en 4k 4^ roH- 4k O » o o o o
en en4k *W CO CO
4k CD
ro roco o en 4k
o en
oo o o o
So o o o vo ro ro roro ro H- o o00 -«J 4k CD 4k
oo oo o en en 4k 4k 4k
«xl «»4 VO VO VO
o o o o o t-> <«4 vo O O
ro ro ro ro ro i i i i i O O t-* t-* t-*
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(-*(-*(-*(-* O ( - O O t-* VO OO O Q Oo o o o o
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ro co o co enen o o o o
§00 00 00 CO o o o o
ro ro ro ro ro
co 4k H- ro H- - ro ro o ro o en en ro «»4 o o o en en
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MULTIPLE STATION
LIST
ING
DATE OF
SAMP
LE
03-2
0-80
03-2
0-80
03-2
0-80
11-2
8-79
11-2
8-79
11-2
8-79
11-0
9-79
11-0
9-79
11-09-79
12-0
3-79
12-0
3-79
12-0
3-79
11-2
9-79
11-2
9-79
11-2
9-79
12-1
7-79
12-17-79
12-1
7-79
12-0
4-79
12-0
4-79
12-0
4-79
11-2
7-79
11-2
7-79
11-27-79
NITRO
GEN,
AMMONIA
DIS
SOLV
ED(MG/L
AS N
)
1.1
14 14.10
.20
.05
.03
.13
3.5 .14
13.4
0.04
.34
.10
.09
.12
4.4
24 17
.04
.09
1.9
NITRO-
GEN,
AM
MONI
A +
ORGANIC
DIS.
(MG/L
AS N
)
1.4
25 46.66
.97
.73
.94
.89
39.77
14 2.1 .44
3.6 .49
1.3
2.4
8.7
28 19
.49
2.7
4.2
NITRO
GEN,
N02+
N03
DIS
SOLV
ED(MG/L
AS N
)
.51
.02
.07
2.3 .03
2.4
4.3
2.1 .10
10* .1
04.
89.6 .03
.21
30; 65* 4.9 .04
.08
3.3
60* .1
5
PHOS
PHORUS,
DIS
SOLV
ED(M
G/L
AS P
)
.010
.010
.010
.000
.010
.020
.000
.040
.000
.080
.010
.120
.180
.020
.010
.050
.020
.060
.380
.030
.020
.000
.000
CARBON,
ORGANIC
TOTAL
(MG/
LAS
C)
15 32 9.0
92 23 37 28 160 19 52 22 4.6 .0 5.1
7.6
9.3
24 130
110 26 31 28
HARD
NESS
(MG/L
ASCA
C03)
1100
1300
1400 270
3100 310
370
360
590
310
370
310
110
3900 430
460
810
440
2300
2500 570
3700
3300
HARD
NESS,
NONC
AR-
BONA
TE(MG/L
CAC0
3)
580
300
220
110
2400 16 90 100 0 0 0 0 59
1400 110
260
510 0
1500
1700 360
3300
2700
CALCIUM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(M
G/L
AS C
A)
230
280
310 78 790 91 120
120
170
100
110
100 35
1200 91 130
230
120
450
500
140
1200 110
MAGN
ESI
UM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(M
G/L
AS M
G)
130
140
140 18 280 19 17 15 39 14 23 14 4.
522
0 50 33 58 34 280
300 54 160
730
SODI
UM,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/
LAS
NA
)
110
110
160 46 38 19 64 220
110
180
110 99 5.
113
0 90 120
230
110
390
160 55
1300
1700
SODI
UMAD
SO
RP
TION
RATIO
1.4
1.3
1.9
1.2 .3 .5 1.4
5.0
2.0
4.5
2.5
2.5 .2 .9 1.9
2.4
3.5
2.3
3.6
1.4
1.0
9.4
13
SODIUM
PERC
ENT
18 15 20 33 4 15 27 56 27 56 36 40 9 7 31 44 46 42 26 12 17 43 93
10
MULT
IPLE
STATION
LIST
ING
DATE OF
SAMP
LE
03-2
0-80
03-20-80
03-20-80
11-2
8-79
11-2
8-79
11-2
8-79
11-0
9-79
11-09-79
11-0
9-79
12-03-79
12-03-79
12-03-79
11-29-79
11-29-79
11-29-79
12-17-79
12-17-79
12-17-79
12-0
4-79
12-04-79
12-0
4-79
11-2
7-79
11-2
7-79
11-27-79
SODIUM+
POTAS
SIUM
,DI
SSO
LVED
(MG/L
AS NA)
120
140
190 51 43 21 71 230
170
180
150
110 5.
913
0 90 130
240
130
510
280 58
1300 480
1700
POTAS
SIUM
,DI
SSO
LVED
(MG/L
AS K)
6.2
29 28 5.0
5.1
1.9
7.1
7.1
59 4.3
42 9.8 .8 1.2 .4
10 12 20 120
120 3.
132 79 19
CHLO
RIDE,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS C
L)
15 36 220 25
1800*
14 39 250
190 73 48 47 4.
9470* 32 140
220
160*
350 64 9.
7130.
310
150
1
SULF
ATE,
DIS
SOLV
ED(M
G/L
AS S04)
740*
430*
190
170 15 31 140
190 80 220
110
140 34 I5*
260
210.
410 54 80 17 450*
6200*
1100*
6100
1
FLUO
-RIDE,
DIS
SOLV
ED(MG/L
AS F) .3 .2 .4 .3 .1 .1 .5 .6 .6
1.3
1.2
1.2 .9 .5 3.5 .6 .6 .8 .9 .4 1.4 .1 .3 .2
SILI
CA,
DIS
SOLV
ED(M
G/L
ASSI02)
14 19 22 17 26 35 30 34 39 26 29 24 17 18 17 26 27 21 23 33 8.3
11 17 15
ARSENIC,
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS A
S) 1 3 3 1 9 1 2 2 1 6 5 1 8 2 1 1 2 8 3 1 1 6 31
BORO
N,DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS B
)
260
500
800 80 200 40 80 110 250
550
230 20 210 50 380
500
310*
1800*
1300 140
490*
1200
*78
0
7cn
CADMIUM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS C
D)
0 0 0 <1 0
<10 0 -- 3 2 2 3 0 2
<!1
<1^ 10* 10 2 1 0 0
2m
CHRO
MIUM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS C
R)
0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 1
COPP
ER,
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/
LAS C
U)
2 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 -- 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01
IRON,
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS FE
)
40*
9800*
23000 20*
65000 20 20 10*
17000 20 80
<10*
570*
5000
0<io
<10 40 <10*
5900*
8000 20 80
*5200*
9800
lonn
MU
LTIP
LE
STA
TIO
N
LIS
TIN
G
VjO
V
jO
DATE OF
SAM
PLE
03-2
0-80
03
-20-
80
03-2
0-80
11
-28-
79
11-2
8-79
11-2
8-79
11
-09-
79
11-0
9-79
11-0
9-79
12-0
3-79
12-0
3-79
12
-03-
79
11-2
9-79
11
-29-
7911
-29-
79
12-1
7-79
12
-17-
79
12-1
7-79
12
-04-
79
12-0
4-79
12-0
4-79
11
-27-
79
11-2
7-79
11
-27-
79
LEAD
,DI
SSOLVED
(UG/L
AS PB)
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Un
MANGA
NESE,
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS M
N)
1200*
noo*
1600
.1200*
7000 110 10*
1300*
2900 230 *
1400*
550 20*
22000*
360
100
310*
3700*
990*
1300 2*51
0*58
0*3100 l«;n
ZINC,
DIS
SOLV
ED(UG/L
AS Z
N)
10 10 10 <3 20 <30 0 <3 8 <3 <3 30 <3 8 40 6 80 20 <3 200 0 0
1 nn
n
LITH
IUM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS L
I)
180 70 40 20 70 40 20 30 ~ 40 30 40 10 40 40 40 30 30 60 40 40
2500 230
1300
SELE
NIUM,
DIS
SOLV
ED(UG/L
AS SE)
0 0 1 3 0 0 4 6 Is* 0 3 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 3*
180 1 1
1m
PHEN
OLS
(UG/L)
2* 8* 20* 1* 35 0 1* 8* 19* 2 * 3* 5 6
1000* 5 0 3* 20*
13 3* o* 7* 11 1
SOLI
DS,
SUM
OFCO
NSTI
TU
ENTS
,DIS
SOLV
ED
(MG/L)
1570
1650
1780 467
3450 396
605
1000
1060 866
782
649
174
3620 738
923
1660 810
2050
1650 863
9540
3340
9210
SOLIDS,
DIS
SOLV
ED(TONS
PER
AC- FT)
2.14
2.24
2.42 .64
4.69 .54
.82
1.36
1.44
1.18
1.06 .88
.24
4.92
1.00
1.26
2.26
1.10
2.79
2.24
1.17
13.0 4.54
12.5
NITRO
GEN,
AMMONIA,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N
H4)
1.4
18 18.1
3.2
6
.06
.04
.17
4.5 .18
17.5
2.0
5.4
4.1
3
.12
.15
5.7
31 22
.05
.12
73 2.4
MERCURY,
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS H
G)
.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1,
1 U
.S.
En
viro
nm
en
tal
Pro
tectio
n
Age
ncy,
19
76,
Drin
kin
g-w
ate
r crite
rio
n.
2 U
.S.
Envi
ronm
enta
l P
rote
ctio
n
Age
ncy,
19
76,
Irrig
atio
n-w
ate
r crite
rio
n.
Equ
als
or
exce
eds
U.S
. E
nvi
ron
me
nta
lP
rote
ction
Age
ncy,
19
76,
Wa
ter-
qu
alit
y
crite
rion.
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