a quantitative analysis of the economic situation of …1 a quantitative analysis of the economic...

1

A Quantitative Analysis of the Economic Situation of Those Who

Have Undergone Divorce

The Gender Gap in Equivalent Household Income, 1998-2008, in Japan

TANAKA Sigeto (Tohoku University)http://www.sal.tohoku.ac.jp/~tsigeto/11x.html

ISA/RC06(CFR) Kyoto Seminar2011-09-12 Kyoto University (京都)

Background

Tohoku University Global COE:

Gender Equality and Multicultural Conviviality in the Age of Globalization

With law/politics researchers, 2008-2012http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/gcoe/

2

Micro-Macro Problem

Macro-level justice = Impact on total system

Forecast

Micro-level justice = norm / law controlling actors

3

Question

Gender equality

Look before leap

Equitable divorce

4

5

Japanese divorce system

Traditional: Unilateral no-ground

Modern: Bilateral no-ground+ Unilateral ground-based

6

Debate for divorce reform

Currently:90% ...... by mutual consent

(no legal intervention)9% …… mediated by court1% …… judgement by court

→ anti-liberal, equity-oriented debates

7

Equitable Divorce

・Restore any change

・Otherwise, monetary transfer

・Fifty-fifty rule

8

Typical cases

・Earning capacity due to specialization

・ Burden to bring up legitimate child

・Disease caused/worsened by marital life (Motozawa 1998)

→ Coverage by these cases?

Trend in marital status

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

200520001995199019851980197519701965196019551950

Population Census 1950-2005, Women aged 25-69

Unmarried Married Widow Divorced

Decomposition of gender inequality

U: gender inequality

D: among divorced

E: Coverage by equitable reform

DE

UD

UE

×=

Two sub-questionsProportion covered by equitable divorce

(= E/U)

SQ1: Contribution of divorced people to overall gender inequality (= D/U)

SQ2: Impact of equity-oriented reform on post-divorce gender gap (= E/D)

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National Family Research of Japan (NFRJ)

By Japan Society of Family Sociology

★ Detailed information on kinship and life events

★ National representative samples: 1998, 2003, 2008

★ Huge number: 473, 494, 463 divorced

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NFRJ98: on page 5/25問15 去年１年間のお宅の収入（生計をともにしている家族

全員の収入の合計） は、税込みでは次の中のどれに近いでしょうか。

1 収入はなかった 6 600～799万円台

2 100万円未満 7 800～999万円台

3 100～199万円台 8 1000～1199万円台

4 200～399万円台 9 1200万円以上

5 400～599万円台 10 わからない

Annual Household Income

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NFRJ03: on page 5/18問8 去年１年間のお宅 （生計をともにしている家族） の収入は、税込みで

は次の中のどれに近いでしょうか。他の家族の方の収入も含めてお答えください。（○は１つだけ）

１ 収入はなかった ７ 500～ 599 万円台 13 1100～1199 万円台

２ 100 万円未満 ８ 600～ 699 万円台 14 1200～1299 万円台

３ 100～199 万円台 ９ 700～ 799 万円台 15 1300～1399 万円台

４ 200～299 万円台 10 800～ 899 万円台 16 1400～1499 万円台

５ 300～399 万円台 11 900～ 999 万円台 17 1500～1599 万円台

６ 400～499 万円台 12 1000～1099 万円台 18 1600 万円以上

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NFRJ08: on page 23/24 問18 去年１年間のお宅 （生計をともにしている家族） の収入は、税込み

では次の中のどれに近いでしょうか。他の家族の方の収入も含めてお答えください。（○は１つだけ）

１ 収入はなかった ８ 500～ 599 万円台 15 1200～1299 万円台

２ 100 万円未満 ９ 600～ 699 万円台 16 1300～1399 万円台

３ 100～129 万円台 10 700～ 799 万円台 17 1400～1499 万円台

４ 130～199 万円台 11 800～ 899 万円台 18 1500～1599 万円台

５ 200～299 万円台 12 900～ 999 万円台 19 1600 万円以上

６ 300～399 万円台 13 1000～1099 万円台

７ 400～499 万円台 14 1100～1199 万円台

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Midpoint= 4,500,000

H.Inc. in the previous year

4,000,000 5,000,000

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Equivalent Household Income

Size

Income

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Gender Gap in EHI

2

3

4

NFRJ98 NFRJ03 NFRJ08

1,00

0,00

0 ye

n

MaleFemale

F/M = 0.897 0.925 0.932

19

0

1

2

3

4

5

1st M

ar.

Wid

ow

Div.

Sp

Div.

noS

p

Unm

arrie

d

1,00

0,00

0 ye

n

MaleFemale

Marital history and EHI: NFRJ98

20

0

1

2

3

4

5

1st M

ar.

Wid

ow

Div.

Sp

Div.

noS

p

Unm

arrie

d

MaleFemale

Marital history and EHI: NFRJ03

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0

1

2

3

4

5

1st M

ar.

Wid

ow

Div.

Sp

Div.

noS

p

Unm

arrie

d

1,00

0,00

0 ye

n

MaleFemale

Marital history and EHI: NFRJ08

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

NFRJ98 NFRJ03 NFRJ08

1st marriageM unmarriedF unmarriedM div. noSpF div. noSp

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F/M(div. noSp) = 0.572 0.668 0.752

Summary1,000

yen/year

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・Unmarried / Married…….. No gap

・Divorced / Widowed…….. Great gap

Marital History and Gender Gap

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Regression (divorced)

Independent variables：・Age ・Education ・Spouse・One-parson household・Co-residing parent・Co-residing child under 13・Continuous regular employment

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In Table 7 Model 1Direct negative effect of “female”

after controlling age composition

0.683 - 0.748 - 0.819

Model 2The effect is not significant

0.890 - 0.995 - 1.110

2626

Result (Model 2)

Education

EmploymentEHI

Age

GenderChild

＋

Parent

Remarriage/Household

ー

＋

2727

Model 3: Effect of remarriage/household (female)

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

NFRJ98 NFRJ03 NFRJ08

Remarried

Other

Co-res. ParentOne-person

2828

Model 3: Effect of remarriage/household (male)

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

NFRJ98 NFRJ03 NFRJ08

Remarried

Other

Co-res. ParentOne-person

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Findings

Female EHI is 10% lower than male

Mainly caused by widowed/divorced

4 factors of gender gap after divorce

Factors of post-divorce gap

Gender

Education

Custody

Specialization

Remarriage

Livingstandard

Marriage Divorce

Post-divorce lifeMarital lifePre-marriage

investment

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Conclusion・Effect of employment / child→ Coverage of the reform (E/D)

・Remarriage effect for women→ ?

・Great gender gap for divorced→ Impact on macro-level inequality (D/U)