a presentation cardiovascular,respiratory, and digestive systems chapter 15

A Presentation

CARDIOVASCULAR,RESPIRATORY, AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 15• FOCUSES ON THE

CARDIOVASCULAR,LYMPHATIC,RESPIRATORY,

DIGESTIVE,AND THE EXCRETORY SYSTEMS.• ALSO,DISCUSSED IS HOW TO

MAINTAIN EACH SYSTEM AND THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH SYSTEM.

LESSON 1 THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPATHIC SYSTEM

• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WHICH INCLUDES THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS,CIRCULATES BLOOD,ANF THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM CIRCULATES LYMPH THROUGHOUT THE BODY.

• BELLRINGER-WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE HEART?

WHY THE BLOOD CIRCULATES

• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROVIDES NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN, CARRIES AWAY WASTES AND HELPS FIGHT DISEASE.

• YOUR HEART PUMPS BLOOD TO YOUR BODY’S CELLS 24 HOURS A DAY, EVEN WHEN YOU’RE ASLEEP.

IMPORTANT TASKS

1. CARRYING OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS TO BODY CELLS.

2. ABSORBING NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD AND DELIVERING THEM TO THE CELLS.

3. CARRYING BACK CARBON DIOXIDE,A WASTE GAS, FROM YOUR CELLS BACK TO THE LUNGS TO BE EXHALE.

• 4.DELIVERING WASTE PRODUCTS TO THE KIDNEYS FOR REMOVAL FROM THE BODY.

• 5.HELPING THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS FIGHT DISEASE BY ATTACKING INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS.

HOW BLOOD CIRCULATION WORKS

• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE HEART, BLOOD , AND BLOOD VESSELS.

• THIS SYSTEM DELIVERS BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY

• IF BLOOD VESSELS WERE LAID END TO END, THEY WOULD STRETCH OVER 60,000 MILES. ENOUGH TO CIRCLE THE EARTH 2 ½ TIMES.

THE HEARTYOUR HEART IS THE MUSCLE THAT MAKES THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM WORK.

4 CHAMBERS

2 TOP CHAMBERS ARE CALLED THA ATRIA.

2 LOWER CHAMBERS ARE CALLED VENTRICLES.

A WALL OF TISSUE, THE SEPTUM, SEPARATES THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART.

VALVES BETWEEN THE ATRIA AND VENTRICLES ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW THROUGH THE CHAMBERS.

• PACEMAKER-IS AN AREA OF MUSCLE LOCATED IN THE TOP RIGHT ATRIUM.

• ELECTRICAL IMPULSES STIMULATES THE ATRIA TO CONTRACT, FOR THE BLOOD INTO THE VENTRICLES.

• MUSCLES OF THE VENTRICLES TO CONTRACT, PUMPING BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART.

HOW BLOOD CIRCULATES• PULMONARY CIRCULATION-IS THE

PROCESS BY WHICH BLOOD MOVES BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE LUNGS.

• DURING THIS PROCESS, BLOOD THAT LAST LOST OXYGEN PICKS UP CARBON DIOXIDE. THE O RICH BLOOD THEN IS CIRCULATED AGAIN THROUGH THE BODY.

BLOOD

BLOOD• IS THE FLUID THAT DELIVERS

OXYGEN,HORMONES,AND NUTRIENTS TO THE CELLS AND CARRIES AWAY WASTES.

• BLOOD IS MADE UP OF THESE COMPONENTS:

1. PLASMA-ABOUT 55% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME CONSISTS OF PLASMA.

• PLASMA IS MAINLY WATER,BUT ALSO CONTAINS NUTRIENTS,PROTEINS,SALTS,AND HORMONES.

• 2. RED BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS MAKE UP ABOUT 40% OF NORMAL BLOOD.

• THEY CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, THE OXYGEN CARRYING PROTEIN IN BLOOD.

• HEMPGLOBIN CONTAINS IRON BINDS • WITH O IN THE LUNGS AND RELEASES

THE O IN THE TISSUES. ALSO, COMBINES WITH CD, WHICH IS CARRIED FROM THE CELLS TO THE LUNGS.

• 3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST INFECTION.

• 4. PLATELETS-ARE TYPES OF CELLS IN THE BLOOD THAT CAUSE CLOTS TO FORM. PLATELETS COLLECTS AT A TEAR. THE CLOT BLOCKS THE FLOW OF BLOOD AND DIRES TO FORM A SCAB.

TYPES OF BLOOD• ALL HUMANS HAVE 4 TYPES OF

BLOOD.• A,B,AB,AND O• EACH BLOOD TYPE IS DETERMINED

BY THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES CALLED ANTIGENS.

• TYPE O BLOOD IS CALLED THE UNIVERSAL DONOR. BECAUSE ANYONE CAN RECEIVE THEIR BLOOD.

• MOST BLOOD ALSO CARRIES SNOTHER SUBSTANCE CALLED THE RH FACTOR.

• IF YOUR BLOOD CONTAINS THE RH FACTOR-IT IS RH POSITIVE

• IF YOUR BLOOD DOES NOT CONTAIN THE RH FACTOR-IT IS RH NEGATIVE.

BLOOD VESSELS• 3 MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD

VESSELS:ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, AND VEINS

• ARTERIES-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART.

• ARTERIES ARE VESSELS THAT BRANCH INTO PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER VESSELS CALLED ARTERIOLES.

• THE ARTERIOLES DELIVER BLOOD TO THE CAPILLARIES.

• CAPILLARIES-ARE SMALL VESSELS THAT CARRY BLOOD FROM THE ARTERIOLES AND TO SMALL VESSELS, WHICH EMPTY INTO VEINS.

• THEY ARE NEAR THE SKIN SURFACE

• VEINS-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART.

• WALLS OF THE VEINS ARE THINNER AND LESS ELASTIC THAT TOSE OF THE ARTERIES.

• VENA CAVA-IS A LARGE VEIN THAT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM OF THE HEART.

• PULMONARY VEINS CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LEFT ATRIUM.

• VALVES HELP PREVENT A BACK FLOW OF BLOOD AS IT IS PUMPED BACK TO THE HEART.

HOW LYMPH CIRCULATION WORKS• THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM HELPS

FIGHT INFECTION AND PROVIDES IMMUNITY TO DISEASE.

• LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 412.• THE NETWORK CONSISTS OF

VESSELS AND TISSUES THAT MOVE AND FILTER LYMPH-THE CLEAR FLUID THAT FILLS THE SPACES AROUND THE BODY CELLS.

• LYMPH CONTAINS WATER AND PROTEINS ALSO CONTAINS FATS AND SPECIALIZED WHITE BLOOD CELLS CALLED LYMPHOCYTES. THESE CELLS FIGHT AGAINST PATHOGENS.

• PATHOGENS-IS A MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES DISEASES.

• 2 TYPES- B CELLS T CELLS

• THE B CELLS MULTIPLY WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH A PATHOGEN.

• 2 MAIN TYPES OF T CELLS• KILLER CELLS HELPER CELLS• THESE MULTIPLY AND ENLARGE

WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH A PATHOGEN.

• THE KILLER T CELLS RELEASE TOXINS THAT PREVENT INFECTIONS FROM SPREADING.

• THE HELPER T CELL ACTIVATES BOTH THE B CELLS AND THE KILLER T CELLS.

• LYMPH IS FILTERED BY LYMPH NODES-SMALL BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS FOUND IN LYMPH VESSELS.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM• INCLUDES CERTAIN ORGANS AND

TISSUES- SUCH AS SPLEEN,THYMUS GLAND,TONSILS,ADENOIDS AND APPENDIX– THAT HEKP PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION.

MAINTAINING YOUR CIRCULATORY HEALTH

• HEALTHY HABITS CAN HELP PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS.

1. EAT A WELL-BALANCED DIET

2. MAINTAIN A HEALTHY WEIGHT

3. EXERCISE FOR AT LEAST 30 MINUTES 3 TO 4 TIMES A WEEK

• 4.AVOID SECONDHAND SMOKE AND USING TOBACCO PRODUCTS.

• 5.AVOID ILLEGAL DRUGS• 6. GET REGULAR MEDICAL

CHECKUPS.

BLOOD PRESSURE• BLOOD PRESSURE-IS A MEASURE OF

THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THAT THE BLOOD PLACES ON THE WALLS OF THE WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS,PARTICULARLY LARGE ARTERIES, AS IT PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE BODY.

• A PRESSURE READING INCLUDES 2 NUMBERS

• THE FIRST NUMBER MEASURES YOUR SYSTOLIC PRESSURE-THE MAXIMUM PRESSURE YOUR HEART CONTRACTS TO PUSH BLOOD INTO THE

ARTERIES.• THE SECOND NUMBER MEASURES YOUR

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- THE PRESSURE AT ITS LOWEST POINT WHEN YOUR VENTRICLES RELAX.

• NORMAL RANGE IS 120/80• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IS 140/90• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE PLACES

STRESS ON THE HEART AND CAN LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• SOME CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS ARE INHERITED;OTHERS RESULT FROM ILLNESS,DIET, OR AGING.

• CONGENTIAL HEART DEFECTS-ARE CONDITIONS OF THE HEART THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH.

• HEART MURMURS-ARE ABNORMAL SOUNDS THAT ARE MADE AS BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE HEART.

• VARICOSE VEINS ARE FORMED AS RESULT OF THE VALUES IN VEINS NOT CLOSING TIGHTLY ENOUGH TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD.

• ANEMIA IS A CONDITION IN WHICH THE ABILITY OF THE BLOOD TO CARRY OXYGEN IS REDUCED.

• LOW IRON

• HEMOPHILIA IS AN INHERITED DISORDER. THE BLOOD DOES NOT CLOT PROPERLY.

• LEUKEMIA IS A FORM OF CANCER IN WHICH ANY ONE OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IS PRODUCED EXCESSIVELY AND ABNORMALLY.

LYMPATHIC SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• PROBLEMS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CAN RANGE FROM MILD TO LIFE-TREATHENING.

• TONSILLITIS-YOUR TONSILS HELP REDUCE THE NUMBER OF PATHOGENS ENTERING THE BODY THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

• IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IS A RESULT OF A WEAKENED IMMMUNE SYSTEM AND CAN NO LONGER PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION.

• HODGKIN’S DISEASE –HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA, THIS TYPE OF CANCER AFFECTS THE LYMPH TISSUE FOUNF IN LYMPH NODES AND SPLEEN

LESSON 2THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• BIG IDEA- THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY.

• BELLRINGER-WHAT ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

WHAT HAPPENS DURING RESPIRATION

• THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY.

• MAIN FUNCTION IS RESPIRATION, THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE BODY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

• YOUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY AND PROVIDES IT WITH FRESH OXYGEN.

• THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS.

• EXTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM THE LUNGS INTO THE BLOOD, AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE LUNGS.

• INTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CELLS, AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE CELLS INTO THE BLOOD.

• OXYGEN FUELS THE BRAIN AND ALLOWS YOUR BODY TO METABOLIZE FOOD FOR THE ENERGY TO MOVE MUSCLES.

HOW RESPIRATION WORKS• THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS, TRACHEA, AND DIAPHRAM.

• YOUR LUNGS AUTOMATICALLY FILL WITH AIR AND EMPTIED IN A RHYTHMIC WAY.

• BREATHING IS REGULATED BY THE BRAIN,WHICH SENDS IMPULSES TO STIMULATE THE MUSCLES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATION.

• THE LUNGS ARE FOUND WITHIN THE CHEST CAVITY AND ARE PROTECTED BY THE RIBS.

• IN THE BASE OF THE CHEST CAVITY IS THE DIAPHRAM-A MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE CHEST FROM THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

THE LUNGS• AIR MOVES INTO THE LUNGS

THROUGH THE TRACHEA-OR WINDPIPE.

• THE TRACHEA BRANCHES OUT INTO 2 BRONCHI-THE MAIN AIRWAYS THAT REACH INTO EACH LUNG.

• BRONCIOLES-A NETWORK OF TUBES WHICH BRING AIR CLOSER TO THE SITE OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION.

• ALVEOLI-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES AT THE END OF EACH BRONCHIOLE.

• THEY ARE THIN-WALLED AIR SACS COVERED WITH CAPILLARIES.

• OTHER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES• CILIA-HAIARLIKE STRUCTURES THAT

LINE THE MEMBRANE OF THE NOSE.• CILIA AND MUCUS HELP TO PREVENT

FOREIGN PARTICLES FROM MOVING DEEPER INTO THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM.

• PHARYNX-THROAT• TRACHEA-WINDPIPE• LARYNX-VOICE BOX CONNECTS THE

THROAT TO THE TRACHEA. THE LARYNX CONTAINS THE VOCAL CORDS,TWO BANDS OF TISSUE THAT PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR IS FORCED BETWEEN THEM CAUSES THEM TO VIBRATE.

• EPIGLOTTIS-IS A FLAP OF TISSUE LOCATED ABOVE THE LARYNX. IT FOLDS DOWN TO CLOSE OFF THE ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA WHEN YOU SWALLOW.

• IT KEEPS FOOD AND DRINK FROM ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. “ GOING DOWN THE WRONG PIPE”.

MAINTAINING YOUR RESPIRATORY HEALTH

• CARING FOR YOUR LUNGS CAN PREVENT MANY RESPIRATORY DISORDERS.

• RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS CAN AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS AND,IN TURN,MANY ASPECTS OF YOUR DAILY LIFE.

• MOST IMPORTANT DECISION IS DON’T SMOKE

• SMOKING DAMAGES ALL PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER.

• TOBACCO USE ALSO REDUCES THE RATE OF LUNG GROWTH IN TEENS.

• AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASES THE RISK OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH PROBLEMS AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER.

• REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

• WASHING YOUR HANDS REGULARLY CAN HELP PREVENT INFECTIONS.

• LIMIT YOUR EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CAN BE MILD, SUCH AS A COLD,OR SERIOUS AND EVEN LIFE THREATENING.

• SINUSITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE TISSUES THAT LINE THE SINUSES, AIR-FILLED CAVITIES ABOVE THE NASAL PASSAGES AND THROAT.

• BRONCHITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI CAUSED BY INFECTION OR EXPOSURE TO IRRITANTS SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE OR AIR POLLUTION.

• ASTHMA-IS AN INFLAMMATORY CONDITION IN WHICH THE TRACHEA,BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES BECOME NARROWED,CAUSING DIFFFICULTY BREATHING

• PNEUMONIA-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS COMMONLY CAUSED BY A BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION.

• TUBERCULOSIS-IS A CONTAGIOUS BACTERIAL INFECTION THAT USUSALLY AFFECTS THE LUNGS.

• EMPHYSEMA-IA A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE WALLS OF THE ALVEOLI.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LESSON 3• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROVIDES NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY FOR YOUR BODY THROUGH THE DIGESTION OF FOOD.

• BELLRINGER-WHAT ARE THE MAIN PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

WHAT HAPPENS DURING DIGESTION

• IN DIGESTION, FOODS ARE BROKEN DOWN AND ABSORBED AS NOURISHMENT OR ELIMINATED AS WASTE.

• THE FOODS YOU EAT PROVIDE NOURISHMENT.

3 MAIN PROCESSES• DIGESTION-IS THE MECHANICAL AND

CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOODS WITHIN THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES FOR USE BY THE BODY’S CELLS.

• ABSORPTION-IS THE PASSAGE OF DIGESTED FOOD FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT INTO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

• ELIMINATION-is the body’s expulsion of undigested food or body wastes.

• HOW DIGESTION WORKS• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS

OF THE MOUTH,ESOPHAGUS,STOMACH, AND INTESTINES.

• MECHANICAL PROCESS-INVOLVES CHEWING,MASHING,AND BREAKING FOOD DOWN.

• CHEMICAL PROCESS-INVOLVES SECRETIONS PRODUCED BY THE DIGESTIVE

• TEETH-BREAK THE FOOD YOU EAT INTO SMALLER PIECES.

• MASTICATION-THE PROCESS OF CHEWING WHICH PREPARES THE FOOD TO BE SWALLOWED.

• SALIVARY GLANDS-PRODUCE DIGESTIVE JUICES.

• SALIVA-CONTAINS AN ENZYME THAT BEGINS TO BREAK DOWN STARCHES AND SUGARS I FOOD.

• TONGUE-PREPARES CHEWED FOOD FOR SWALLOWING BY SHAPING IT.

• UVULA-THE SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE AT THE BACK OF THE MOUTH,THAT PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING THE NASAL PASSAGES.

• EPIGLOTTIS-TISSUE COVERING THE THROAT, PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM.

THE ESOPHAGUS• WHEN FOOD IS SWALLOWED, IT

ENTERS THE ESOPHAGUS, THE MUSCULAR TUBE ABOUT 10 INCHES LONG THAT CONNECTS THE PHARYNX WITH THE STOMACH.

• PERISTALSIS-A SERIES OF INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS THAT MOVES FOOD THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACK.

• SPHINCTER MUSCLE-A CIRCULAR MUSCLE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE STOMACH-ALLOWS FOOD TO MOVE FROM THE ESOPHAGUS INTO THE STOMACH.

• STOMACH-IS A HOLLOW, SAC-LIKE ORGAN ENCLOSED IN A WALL OF MUSCLE.

STOMACH HAS 3 TASKS• MIXING FOODS WITH GASTRIC

JUICES.• GASTRIC JUICES-ARE SECRETIONS

FROM THE STOMACH LINING THAT CONTAIN HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND PEPSIN, AN ENZYME THAT DIGEST PROTEIN.

• H. ACID-KILLS BACTERIA---MUCUS PROTECTS THE STOMACH LINING.

• STORING PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD AND LIQUID. THE STOMACH HOLDS THE FOOD FOR FURTHER DIGESTION

• BEFORE IT MOVES TO THE SMALL INTESTINES.

• MOVING FOOD INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE.AS FOOD IS DIGESTED IN THE STOMACH, IT IS CONVERTED TO CHYME.

• CHYME-IS A CREAMY, FLUID MIXTURE OF FOOD AND GASTRIC JUICES.

• THE CHYME IS MOVED INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH AN OPENING CONTROLLED BY ANOTHER SPHINCTER MUSCLE.

THE PANCREAS,LIVER,AND GALLBLADDER

• THE PANCREAS PRODUCES ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN THE CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, AND PROTEINS IN FOOD.

• BILE- A DIGESTIVE JUICE PRODUCED BY THE LIVER-IT IS A YELLOW-GREEN,BITTER FLUID IMPORTANT IN THE BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION OF FATS. STORED IN THE GALLBLADDER BETWEEN MEALS.

• BILE ACIDS DISSOLVE THE FATS INTO THE WATERY CONTENTS OF THE INTESTINES.• THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES

• SMALL INTESTINES-20 TO 23 FEET IN LENGTH AND 1 INCH IN DIAMETER.

• CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS: DUODENUM-THE JEJUNUM, AND THE ILEUM.

• DUODENUM-THE CHYME IS DISSOLVED BY DIGESTIVE JUICES SECRETED FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE,LIVER, AND PANCREAS.

• 90% OF ALL NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED THROUGH THE SMALL INTESTINES.

• VILLI-FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS THAT LINE THE INNER WALL.

• UNABSORBED MATERIAL LEAVES THE SMALL INTESTINE IN THE FORM OF LIQUID AND FIBER AND MOVES BY PERISTALSIS INTO THE LARGE INTESTINE.

• UNDIGESTED PARTS OF THE FOOD-FIBER, OR ROUGHAGE-PASS INTO THE COLON, OR LARGE INTESTINE.

• LARGE INTESTINE-IS 2.5 INCHES IN DIAMETER AND 5 TO 6 FEET IN LENGTH.

• FUNCTION IS TO ABSORB WATER,VITAMINS,AND SALTS, AND TO ELIMINATE WASTE.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS RANGE FROM INDIGESTION TO ACUTE CONDITIONS THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.

• TAKING CARE OF YOUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BEGINS WITH THE FOODS YOU EAT AND HOW YOU EAT THEM.

FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS• THE FUNCTIONING OF THE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM MAY BE AFFECTED BY ILLNESS,STRESS,OR EATING A PARTICULAR FOOD.

• INDIGESTION-IS A FEELING OF DISCOMFORT IN THE UPPER ABDONMEN,SOMETIMES WITH GAS AND NAUSEA. CAUSED BY EATING TOO FAST, TOO MUCH,SPICY , AND HIGH FAT FOOD;STRESS

• CONSTIPATION-CAUSES THE FECES

TO BECOME DRY AND HARD MAKING BOWEL MOVEMENTS DIFFICULT. CAN BE CAUSED BY NOT DRINKING ENOUGH WATER OR CONSUMING ENOUGH FIBER TO MOVE WASTES THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

• HEARTBURN-IS A BURNING SENSATION IN THE CENTER OF THE CHEST THAT MAY RISE UP THE THROAT. ACID REFLUX,SPICY FOODS,ALCOHOL,TOBACCO,AND GREASY FOODS MAY CAUSE HEARTBURN.

• GAS-PRODUCED FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD IS NORMAL.EXCESSIVE GAS CAN RESULT IN CRAMPS OR AN UNCOMFORTABLE FEELING OF FULLNESS IN THE ABODOMEN.

• NAUSEA-IS THE FEELING OF DISCOMFORT THAT SOMETIMES PRECEDES VOMITING.

• DIARRHEA-IS THE FREQUENT PASSAGE OF WATERY FECES.CAN BE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTIONS,SOME MEDS,OVEREATING,EMOTIONAL,AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCES.

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS• TOOTH DECAY-MAY MAKE IT

DIFFICULT TO CHEW FOODS THOROUGHLY. BRUSHING AND FLOSSSING TEETH DAILY CAN PREVENT TOOTH DECAY,ALONG WITH REGULAR DENTAL CHECKUPS.

• GASTRITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES THE STOMACH.

• PEPTIC ULCER-IS A SORE IN THE LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.

• CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTION OR THE OVERUSE OF ASPIRIN.

• ULCERS CAN CAUSE STOMACH BLEEDING.

• GALLSTONES-FORM WHEN CHOLESTEROL IN BILE CRYSTALLIZES.

• LACTOSE INTOLERANCE RESULTS FROM AN INABILITY TO DIGEST LACTOSE, A TYPE OF SUGAR FOUND IN MILK AND OTHER DAIRY PRODUCTS.PEOPLE THAT HAVE THIS DO NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH LASTASE.

• SOY PRODUCTS ARE A GOOD REPLACEMENT FOR MILK OR DAIRY PRODUCTS.

• APPENDICITIS-IS INFLAMMATION OF THE APPENDIX,THE 3-TO4 INCH TUBE AT THE TIP OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.

• COLITIS-IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES, OR COLON.

• COLON CANCER-IS THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES.

• HEMORRHOIDS-ARE VEINS IN THE RECTUM AND ANUS THAT MAY BECOME SWOLLEN AND INFLAMMED. CAN BE CAUSED BY CONSTIPATION.

• CROHON’S DISEASE CAUSES INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. IMMUNE SYSTEM PROBLEMS.

• CIRRHOSIS-OR SCARRING OF THE LIVER TISSUE, IS CAUSED BY PROLONGED HEAVY ALCOHOL USE.

• CAN LEAD TO LIVER FAILURE AND MAY CAUSE DEATH.

LESSON 4 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM• STUDENTS WILL LEARN ABOUT HOW

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM REMOVES WASTES FROM THE BODY.

• BELLRINGER-WHAT PART OF THE FOODS WE EAT NEED TO BE REMOVED FROM THE BODY?

HOW EXCRETION WORKS• THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM USES

SEVERAL ORGANS TO REMOVE ALL TYPES OF WASTES FROM THE BODY.

• EXCRETION IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING WASTES FROM THE BODY.

• SOLIDS• LIQUIDS• GASES

THE LUNGS, SKIN,AND LARGE INTESTINES

• THE LUNGS EXPEL CARBON DIOXIDE WHEN YOU EXHALE.

• SWEATING IS A FORM OF EXCRETION.• REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE.• SOLID WASTES PRODUCED BY THE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ARE ELIMINATED THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINES.

• FECES-IS THE UNDIGESTED FOOD MATERIAL INTO THIS SOLID MASS.

• THE LIVER• PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, AND REMOVES CERTAIN TOXINS FROM THE BLOOD.

• THE LIVER DETOXIFIES THE BODY BY PROCESSING AND EXCRETING INTO BILE SUCH THINGS AS DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND SOME CELLULAR WASTES PRODUCTS.

THE URINARY SYSTEM• THE URINARY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

THE KIDNEYS,BLADDER,URETERS, AND URETHRA.

• THE MAIN FUNCTION IS TO FILTER WASTE AND EXTRA FLUID FROM THE BLOOD.

• URINE-IS LIQUID WASTE MATERIAL EXCRETED FROM THE BODY. CONSISTS OF WATER AND BODY WASTES.

• THE KIDNEYS- ARE BEAN SHAPED ORGANS ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FIST.

• LOCATED NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE BACK,JUST BELOW THE RIB CAGE, ONE ON EACH SIDE.

• THEY REMOVE WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD THROUGH TINY FILTERING UNITS.

• NEPHRONS-THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE KIDNEYS.

• KIDNEYS MONITOR AND MAINTAIN THE BODY’S ACID-BASE AND WATER BALANCES.

• THE URETERS-FROM THE KIDNEYS, URINE TRAVELS TO THE BLADDER THROUGH THE URETERS.

• ARE TUBES THAT CONNECT THE KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER.MUSCLES IN THE URETER WALLS TIGHTEN AND RELAX TO FORCE URINE DOWN.

• URINE IS PASSED FROM THE URETERS TO THE BLADDER ABOUT EVERY 15 SECONDS.

• THE BLADDER AND THE URETHRA• THE BLADDER IS A HOLLOW

MUSCULAR ORGAN LOCATED IN THE PELVIC CAVITY. IT STORES 2 CUPS OF URINE COMFORTABLY FOR 2 TO 5 HRS.

• SPHINTER MUSCLES HELP KEEP THE URINE FROM LEAKING.

• URETHRA-THE TUBE THAT LEADS FROM THE BLADDER TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY.

MAINTAINING YOUR EXCRETORY HEALTH

• HEALTHFUL BEHAVIORS WILL HELP KEEP YOUR EXCRETORY SYSTEM HEALTHY.

• REMOVES WASTES THAT CAN BECOME TOXIC TO THE BODY.

• THINGS YOU SHOULD DO:• DRINK AT LEAST 8 GLASSES OF

WATER EACH DAY.

• LIMIT YOUR INTAKE OF CAFFEINE AND SOFT DRINKS

• WELL BALANCED EATING PLAN• PRACTICE GOOD HYGIENE• GET REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK-UPS

EXCRETORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• EXCRETORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS COMMONLY RESULT FROM INFECTION OR BLOCKAGE.

• 2 COMMON DISORDERS:• CYSTITIS-IS INFLAMMATION OF THE

BLADDER.• URTHRITIS-INFLAMMATION OF THE

URETHRA

KIDNEY PROBLEMS• KIDNEY DISORDERS CAN BE LIFE

THREATENING.• NEPHRITIS-IS THE INFLAMMATION OF

THE NEPHRONS.• KIDNEY STONES-FORM WHEN SALTS

IN THE URINE CRYSTALLIZE INTO SOLID STONES. PAINFUL!!!!

• UREMIA-IS A SERIOUS CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASE BLOOD

• FILTRATION BY THE KIDNEYS.

• THIS LEADS TO AN ABNORMALLY HIGH LEVELS OF NITROGEN WASTE PRODUCTS REMAINING IN THE BLOOD.

• THESE WASTES ARE POSIONOUS TO BODY CELLS AND CAN CAUSE TISSUE DAMAGE, OR DEATH,IF ALLOWED TO ACCUMULATE.

KIDNEY FAILURE• KIDNEY FAILURE OCCURS WHEN THE

KIDNEYS LOSE THEIR ABILITY TO FUNCTION. IT CAN BE CAUSED BY INFECTION, DECREASE IN BLOOD FLOW, OR DISEASE THAT DAMAGE KIDNEY TISSUE.

• TREATMENTS:• HEMODIALYSIS-IS A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH AN

ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY MACHINE REMOVES WASTES PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD.

• A MACHINE FILTERS BLOOD. IT TAKES ABOUT 3 TO 5 HOURS AND IS DONE 3 OR 4 TIMES A WEEK.

• PERITONEAL DIALYSIS-USES THE PERITONEUM A THIN MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS, TO FILTER BLOOD

• KIDNEY TRANSPLANT-IS ANOTHER TREATMENT OPTION FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE.

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