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A Long View of South Asian History, from the Mughals to Partition &
Independence
Prof. Ned BertzDepartment of History, UHM
Infusing South Asian Studies into the Undergraduate CurriculumAsian Studies Development Program, East-West Center
July 19, 2010
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
•Daulatabad (1327) of Muhammad Tughluq
Vijayanagar, 1346-1565•Harihara (died 1357) & Bukka (died 1377)
•Shaivite monk Vidyaranya
The Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire (1526-1858)(1526-1858)
Babur, born 1483,ruled 1526-1530
(top right: portrait, top left: memoirs)
•Humayun (below), r. 1530-1556
•1539 forced into
exile
•1555 returns to
Delhi
The Great The Great MughalsMughals
•Akbar, r. 1556-1605
•Jahangir, r. 1605-1627
•Shah Jahan, r. 1627-1658
•Aurangzeb, r. 1658-1707
Akbar, r. 1556-1605
Jahangir, r. 1605-27
Shah Jahan, r. 1627-58
Red Fort,
Shahjahanab
ad, Delhi
Aurangzeb, r. 1658-
1707
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
Voyages of Vasco da Gama
The East Offering its Riches to Britannia (1778)
Collapse of the Portuguese
Maritime Empire in the 17th Century•Overextended in distance and
finances•Brutal methods •Religious interference•Rise of Dutch & English
–Better ships and credit–Less attention to religion–Uninterested in territorial control
The British East India CompanyFounded 1600
English Factories
1617 Surat
1640 Madras*
1661 Bombay*
1690 Calcutta*
*Presidencies
The “Battle” of Plassey, 1757
French East India Co. (1664)
Bengal
Nawab Siraj-ud-daula
Black Hole of Calcutta
Robert Clive
Mir Jafar
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
• 1768: 25,000 Sepoys in Bengal
• 1790: 115,000 total soldiers
• 1805: 155,000
E. I. Company’s Military
• Delhi/Mughals,
1803
• Marathas, 1818
• Sindh, 1842
• Punjab/Sikhs,
1849
• Subsidiary
alliances
• Princely states
• Indirect rule
Interior & Exterior of the
East India House, London
The British East India Company*Profits: ₤3 million to ₤22
million between 1765-1818
*Charter of 1813 ends Company monopoly
*Charter of 1833 ends Company trade entirely
•Lord Bentinck (Gov.-Gen., 1828-35)
•The Abolition of Sati Act, 1829
•Orientalists
•Anglicists
•Thomas Macaulay
•‘Macaulay’s Minute’
• The Sepoy Mutiny
• The Indian Mutiny
• The Revolt of 1857
• The Rebellion of 1857
• The Anglo-Indian War of 1857-58
• The Indian Mutiny & Civil Rebellion
of 1857
• The Indian Civil War of 1857-58
• The First War of Indian Independence
The What-cha-ma-call-it of 1857The What-cha-ma-call-it of 1857
(Some of) The (Some of) The Grievances of Grievances of
18571857• British cultural policies of intervention
• British insolence and contempt for Indians,
borne from a belief in European supremacy
• Severity of revenue assessment practices
• Degradation of landed and princely elites
• Sepoy complaints: pay, deployment, promotion
• Fears of forced conversion to Christianity
Meerut
Delhi
Bahadur Shah II
Mughal Emperor
Loyalists*Bombay & Madras Armies
*Many Punjabi Sikh Sepoys
*Large landowners
*Western-educated upper classes
*Most princely states
Capture of the Last Mughal: Capture of the Last Mughal: Humayun’s Tomb, DelhiHumayun’s Tomb, Delhi
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
18571857:: 40,000 British, 240,000 Sepoys
18631863:: 65,000 British, 140,000 Sepoys
Ratio GoalRatio Goal:: 1:2 or 1:3 (British: Sepoys)
Martial races: Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs, Rajputs, Gurkhas, Pathans
Non-martial races: Bengalis, Tamils, Maharashtrian Brahmins
(Selected) Famines:(Selected) Famines:1866-18671866-18673 m. affected, 800,000 dead1868-18701868-187021 m. affected, 400,000 dead1876-18781876-187836 m. affected, 3.5 million dead1896-18971896-189796 m. affected, 5+ million dead1899-19001899-190060 m. affected, 5 million dead
Indian RailIndian Rail1853: Construction begins1859: 432 miles1869: 5000 miles1900: 25,000 miles1910: 4th largest in world
Hill StationsHill Stations
Shimla, from Shimla, from 1865 Summer 1865 Summer Capital Capital (Viceregal Lodge below, (Viceregal Lodge below, ‘Mall’ right)‘Mall’ right) Civil Lines & Civil Lines &
Military Military CantonmentsCantonments
• Hindu & Hindu & Muslim civil Muslim civil law codes law codes (1860s)(1860s)
• The Peoples of The Peoples of IndiaIndia (1868) (1868)
• Census of Census of India (1871)India (1871)
• Survey of Survey of India (1878)India (1878)
1877: Queen Victoria declared 1877: Queen Victoria declared Empress of IndiaEmpress of India
M. G. Ranade
SOCIAL REFORMERS
Reform and Revival in Reform and Revival in Late Nineteenth-Late Nineteenth-
Century IndiaCentury India
[W]hat shall we revive? Shall we revive the old habits of our people?... With too many of us, a thing is true or
false, righteous or sinful, simply because somebody in the past has said that it is so. Now the new idea
which should take up the place of this helplessness and dependence is not the idea of a rebellious overthrow of
authority, but that of freedom responsible to the voice of God in us.
-M. G. Ranade (reformer), 1897
Cannot a revivalist…ask the reformers into what they wish to
reform us?... Whether they want to make men of our women by putting them into those avocations for which
nature never meant them?... Whether they want to reform us into
Sunday drinkers of brandy and promiscuous eaters of beef? In
short, whether they want to revolutionize our society by an
outlandish imitation of European customs…and an undiminished
adoption of European vice?
-Lala Lajpat Rai (revivalist), 1904
B. G. Tilak
Ganapati (Ganesh) Festival,1893
Shivaji Festival,1895
Officials Assassinated,1897
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
Indian National Indian National Congress (1885)Congress (1885)
Agitation: Partition of Bengal, 1905-8
Viceroy Curzon, 1899-1905
Bande Mataram (Hail the Motherland!)
Swadeshi (national self-reliance)
Muslim League, 1906
Enter the Mahatma (Great Soul), 1915:
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
•Rowlatt Acts, 1919•Ahimsa (non-violence) &
Satyagraha•Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar, 1919•General Dyer
“I can no longer retain affection for a Government so evilly manned as it is nowadays.” – Gandhi, 1920
Mass Nationalism is Launched• August 1, 1920:
Tilak dies, non-cooperation movement launched
Jawaharlal Nehru, INC (son of Motilal Nehru) & Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League
Eras in South Asian HistoryFriday• Indus Valley Civilizations, ~2600-1750 BCE• The Coming of the Aryans and the Age of the Epics, ~1500-400
BCE• India’s First Imperial Unification: The Mauryan Empire, 4th-2nd c.
BCE• Dark Age, or Age of Empires?: Mauryas to Guptas, 2nd c. BCE-5th
c. CE• Integration and Regionalization, North and South: 5th–10th c. CE• The Arrival of Islam and the Delhi Sultanate, 10th-16th c.
Today• The Mughal Empire and Collapse, 16th-18th c.• Europeans in India, 16th-18th c. • Company Raj and the ‘Mutiny’, 17th c. – 1857/8• High Colonialism and Reform & Revival Movements, 1858-late
19th c.• The Rise of Nationalism, late 19th c. – 1947• The Tragedy of Partition & the Achievement of Independence,
1947
A Devastating VictoryA Devastating Victory:: Independence and Partition in Independence and Partition in
South AsiaSouth Asia
• 1940 Lahore Resolution
• 1942 Quit India Movement
End of a United India, End of a United India, 1939-19471939-1947
1939 India forced into WWII
1940 Lahore Resolution
1942 Quit India movement
1945/6 Elections• Congress: 90% open seats• Muslim League: 30/30 seats in central legislature, 442/500 in provincial assemblies
1946 Bombay naval mutiny
1946 Last British proposal
1946 Great Calcutta Killing
1947 Mountbatten arrives
Partition of India, Partition of India, August 1947August 1947
Boundary Commission, Sir Radcliffe
Pakistan: August 14th, 1947 (Jinnah)
India: August 15th, 1947 (Nehru)
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