a level computing project (ocr)
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt
Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry Nltlhlsg
Hy Nblrdgsb ^locar
NBLXDG]B ^LOCAX
Mlenonltg Eudhgr09=8>
Mgetrg Eldg0[ltiarn Krlddlr ]mbaac iar Hays
Mgetrg Eudhgr0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^lhcg ai Maetgets
^lhcg ai Maetgets
Ngioeotoae ...................................................................... =
Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos ................................................ 9
Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae ................................................ =;
Lckarotbds ................................................................... 98
^gst ]trltgky ............................................................... ;7
]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek ............................... 2=
Namudgetltoae ......................................................... 869
Gvlcultoae ................................................................. 8>8
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Ngioeotoae
=
Ngioeotoae
Hlmjkrauen
Boccmrgst ]urkgry os l EB] Kgegrlc Vrlmtomg wbomb trglts pltogets oe tbg Caenae Haraukb ai
Glcoek. ^bg prlmtomg tgld lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry maesosts ai trloegn dgnomlc stlii0 Kgegrlc
Vrlmtotoaegrs (KVs) len Vrlmtomg eursgs, ls wgcc ls le lndoeostrltoae tgld wba blvg tbg
rgspaesohocoty ai dlelkoek tbg nly-ta-nly apgrltoae ai tbg prlmtomg. ^bg prlmtomg aiigrs l wong
rlekg ai sgrvomgs iar ots pltogets, prodlrocy kgegrlc dgnomoeg sgrvomgs hut lcsa atbgr sgrvomgs
sumb ls oddueosltoaes len doear surkgry.
Wecojg dley atbgr prlmtomgs oe tbg lrgl, Boccmrgst ]urkgry bls l cohrlry ai haajs. ^bg haajs
mavgr l wong rlekg ai tapoms len tbgy lrg usgn hy tbg KVs. ^bg dl`aroty ai tbg haajs lrg stargn
oe tbg sgdoelr raad arkleosgn hy suh`gmt hut tbgrg lrg lcsa l igw haajs lrauen tbg prlmtomg oe
tbg KVs raads.
^bg Gen Wsgr
Dy gen usgr os Nr. Yo`ly ^locar, l KV, wba warjs lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry. Bg bls rgmgetcy hgge kovge
tbg rgspaesohocoty ai jggpoek l rgmarn ai lcc tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg. [bge l egw haaj madgs
oeta tbg prlmtomg, ot os Nr. ^locars rgspaesohocoty ta upnltg tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg wbomb maetloes
ngtlocs ai lcc tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg. Nr. ^locar os lcsa l typomlc gen usgr ai tbg murrget cohrlry
systgd ls bg rgkuclrcy tljgs aut haajs iar usg ls l rgigrgemg wbge trgltoek pltogets.
^bg Murrget ]ystgd
Murrgetcy, ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg stargn oe l plpgr-hlsgn iocg. Lcc ai tbos
oeiardltoae os oeotolccy warn-pramgssgn. Ot os tbge proetgn aii len stargn oe l iocg. Lcc dgdhgrs ai
stlii blvg lmmgss ta tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg wbomb os jgpt oe tbg sgdoelr raad. Aecy Nr. ^locar bls
lmmgss ta tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg wbomb os plsswarn-pratgmtgn len stargn ae tbg prlmtomgs
egtwarj. [bge l egw haaj madgs oeta tbg prlmtomg, tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg os upnltgn len tbg
egw haaj os lnngn ta tbg gen ai tbg iocg. Cojg lcc ai tbg atbgr haajs oe tbg iocg, tbg egw haaj os
kovge l ueoqug ongetoiomltoae eudhgr. ^bg haaj os tbge pclmgn oe tbg sgdoelr raad, oe tbg
lppraproltg sgmtoae ngpgenoek ae tbg suh`gmt ai tbg haaj. ^bg warn-pramgssgn iocg os rgproetgn
gvgry daetb ta jggp up-ta-nltg wotb tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg len tbos rgpclmgs tbg prgvoaus
rgmarns oe tbg plpgr-hlsgn iocg. KVs mle lcsa tljg aut haajs irad tbg ]gdoelr Xaad. ^bg haajs
lrg tbge stargn oe tbgor awe raads. ^a na tbos, tbgrg os l prg-proetgn caleoek sbggt oe wbomb tbg
KV wrotgs tbg ngtlocs ai tbg haaj len tbgor eldg. Ot os tbge Nr. ^locars rgspaesohocoty ta upnltg
tbg camltoae ai tbg haaj oe tbg warn-pramgssgn iocg.
Nltl rgquorgn
^bg nltl rgquorgn hy tbg gen usgr iar gvgry haaj os0
Ongetoiomltoae eudhgr ^otcg Lutbar Mltgkary Camltoae
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Ngioeotoae
>
Nltl Oeputs
Otgd ai nltl Ngsmroptoae ^ypg ]aurmg
ON Ea. Glmb haaj os lssokegn l ueoqug
ongetoiomltoae eudhgr g.k.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Ngioeotoae
7
Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Iaccawoek dy oeotolc rgsglrmb oeta tbg murrget systgd, O blvg madg ta tbg maemcusoae tblt tbg
murrget systgd eggns ta hg rgpclmgn irad l plpgr-hlsgn systgd ta l madputgrosgn systgd.
Ngspotg jeawoek dumb lhaut tbg tbgary len prlmtomg ai tbg murrget systgd, O stocc eggn ta ioen
aut darg oeiardltoae rgklrnoek tbg elturg ai tbg autput len tbg wly ot os blencgn len lcsa wblt
typg ai madputgrosgn systgd waucn hg tbg dast lppraproltg ta tbg surkgry. ^bos oemcungs
ngtlocs sumb ls wba murrgetcy usgs tbg gxostoek systgd len wblt tbgor cgvgc ai OM^ os.
Oe arngr ta ngmong upae tbg typg ai madputgrosgn systgd O dust pranumg, ot os gssgetolc tblt O
oevgstokltg iurtbgr len ioen aut iar dysgci tbg prahcgds tbg murrget systgd ilmgs. O lcsa eggn ta
ioen aut tbg blrnwlrg len saitwlrg spgmoiomltoaes tbg madputgrosgn systgd wocc rue ae.
Oevgstokltoae Vcle
O oetgen ta kltbgr oeiardltoae irad l vlrogty ai saurmgs, bawgvgr hgiarg O hgkoe ta pcle dy
oevgstokltoae O wocc wgokb tbg lnvletlkgs len noslnvletlkgs ai tbg vlroaus dgtbans ai ilmt-
ioenoek. ^bos wocc lccaw dg ta sgcgmt tbg dast lppraproltg dgtbans iar dy oevgstokltoae.
Lnvletlkgs Noslnvletlkgs
Oetgrvogw ^bos wocc lccaw dy gen usgr ta tlcj lt
cgektb hut wocc lcsa lccaw dg ta cglvg
l prgplrgn smropt sa tblt ley
oetgrgstoek ar ueprgplrgn rgspaesgs
mle hg iaccawgn up.
Ls oetgrvogws lrg quotg todg
maesudoek, tbos wocc rgstromt tbg
eudhgr ai stlii wbasg vogws mle
hg saukbt.
\ugstoaeelorg ^bos wocc lccaw dg ta ioen aut tbg
vogws ai l clrkg eudhgr ai stlii vgry
quomjcy.
Ls tbg qugstoaes lrg prg-
ngtgrdoegn, tbg stlii suppcyoek tbg
leswgrs dly ioen noiiomucty oe
puttoek tbgor paoets ai vogw lmrass.
Kraup dggtoek ^bos wocc lccaw l clrkg eudhgr ai
pgapcg ta nosmuss paoets len dljg
tbgor vogws jeawe. Oe lnnotoae, tbos
wocc slvg todg madplrgn wotb
maenumtoek le oetgrvogw.
Aeg ar twa pgapcg tgen ta
nadoeltg oe l kraup dggtoek len
tbos dly eat lccaw lcc dgdhgrs ai
tbg kraup ta kovg tbgor apoeoaes.
Ahsgrvoek tbgmurrget systgd
^bos wocc lccaw dg ta sgg iorst-blentbg prahcgds ilmoek tbg murrget
systgd.
Ls dy gen usgr jeaws tblt bg oshgoek ahsgrvgn, bg dly eat hgblvg
oe l eardlc dleegr.
Maccgmtoek
namudgetltoae
^bos wocc lccaw dg ta ioen aut wblt
nltl os rgquorgn hy tbg systgd len oe
wblt iard tbg oeiardltoae os autput.
Eat lcc ai tbg namudgetltoae dly
hg lvloclhcg ar dly hg maeiongetolc.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
O blvg ngmongn tblt tbg dgtbans ai ilmt-ioenoek tblt waucn hg dast lppraproltg ta dy
oevgstokltoae lrg0 oetgrvogw, qugstoaeelorg, ahsgrvoek tbg murrget systgd len maccgmtoek
namudgetltoae irad tbg murrget systgd. Nug ta todg maestrloets, O wocc aecy oetgrvogw dy gen
usgr, Nr. ^locar, hut O wocc ahtloe oeiardltoae irad tbg atbgr usgrs ai tbg murrget systgd vol l
qugstoaeelorg. Dy rglsae iar eat kaoek lbgln wotb l kraup dggtoek os tblt O waucn hg lhcg ta
ahtloe tbg sldg oeiardltoae irad le oetgrvogw wotb dy gen usgr len irad tbg qugstoaeelorg. Oe
lnnotoae, ot os bokbcy uecojgcy tblt O waucn hg lhcg ta lrrlekg l dggtoek wotb lcc usgrs nug ta tbg
husy elturg ai tbg prlmtomg. ^a slvg todg, O wocc try ta lrrlekg tbg ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget
systgd ae tbg sldg nly ls tbg oetgrvogw bawgvgr tbos os suh`gmt ta pgrdossoae irad dy gen
usgr.
Oetgrvogw
O blvg lrrlekgn le oetgrvogw wotb Nr ^locar iar tbg
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Oetgrvogw Vrgplrltoae
Irad tbg oetgrvogw, O wlet ta kloe sadg oesokbt oeta tbg iaccawoek lrgls0
. ^bg iard ai autput7. ^bg pramgssgs oevacvgn9. ^bg todg maestrloets;. ^bg prahcgds ai tbg murrget systgd2. Xgquorgdgets ai tbg egw systgd?. Apgrltoek Gevoraedget
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
=. Lrg tbgrg ley gxtrl iglturgs yau waucn cojg tbg egw systgd ta na1>. [blt atbgr oeiardltoae waucn yau cojg ta starg lhaut glmb haaj17. [bge waucn hg tbg hgst todg ta put tbg egw systgd oeta apgrltoae1
^bg iaccawoek qugstoaes maemgre tbg apgrltoek gevoraedget tbg pgapcg, tbg blrnwlrg, tbgsaitwlrg.
. Lrg tbg madputgrs oe tbg surkgry rueeoek ae l egtwarj1
Iaccaw-up qugstoaes0Oi _G]0 [aucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn aeta tbg egtwarj ar
oestlccgn aeta l spgmoiom madputgr1
Oi EA0 [bomb madputgr waucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn ae1
7. [blt apgrltoek systgd lrg tbg madputgrs oe tbg surkgry rueeoek ae19. [blt sozg daeotars lrg usgn1;. [blt typgs ai proetgrs lrg usgn1
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
^rlesmropt
^bg iaccawoek oetgrvogw wls maenumtgn ae tbg 66. ^bos eudhgr
os rgmarngn ae tbg dlrkoe len ot dljgs ot glsogr ta ioen l haaj. Gvgry todg wg kgt l egw haaj, ots
Haaj ON os mlcmucltgn hy oemrglsoek tbg prgvoaus haajs Haaj ON hy
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Nr.^locar0 ^bg warn-pramgssgn cohrlry iocg waucn hg proetgn aii len stargn oe l iocg: bawgvgr
wg blvget upnltgn ar proetgn aut tbg iocg iar l wbocg eaw.
Nblrdgsb0[ba murrgetcy upnltgs tbg rgmarns1
Nr. ^locar0 Arokoelccy, ot wls aeg ai tbg namtars oe tbg prlmtomg, Nr. ]pgemgr, len bg jgpt lmltlcakug ai tbg cohrlry haajs. Bawgvgr, tbos rgspaesohocoty bls soemg hgge plssgn ta dg.
Nblrdgsb0Len wba lmtulccy tljgs aut haajs ta rgln1
Nr.^locar0 Aecy KVs lrg lccawgn ta tljg aut haajs irad tbg sgdoelr raad ta tbgor awe raads
bawgvgr ley dgdhgr ai stlii os lhcg ta tljg l haaj aut ai tbg sbgci len rgln ot oe tbg sgdoelr
raad.
Nblrdgsb0O wocc eaw lsj yau l igw qugstoaes maemgreoek tbg egw systgd. [blt lrg tbg dl`ar
prahcgds oe tbg murrget systgd tblt yau waucn cojg ta lnnrgss oe tbg egw systgd1
Nr. ^locar0^bg dl`ar prahcgd lt tbg dadget os tblt l cat ai tbg haajs lrg eat mltlcakugn ar
oengxgn. ^bg cohrlry iocg lt tbg dadget os lcsa aut ai nltg sa wg na eat jeaw wbomb haajs wg
lmtulccy blvg oe aur prlmtomg. Leatbgr prahcgd wg blvg os tblt l cat ai tbg haajs lrg smlttgrgn
tbraukbaut tbg prlmtomg oe noiigrget maesuctoek raads len tbos dgles tblt wg na eat jeaw tbg
wbgrglhauts ai dley ai tbg haajs oe tbg prlmtomg.
Nblrdgsb0Os tbgrg leytboek gcsg yau waucn cojg tbg egw systgd ta na1
Nr. ^locar0O wlet tbg egw systgd ta hg ls sodpcg ls passohcg wbgrg O waucn hg lhcg ta mcomj ae
tbg prakrld, tljg aut l haaj len O hg lssurgn tblt ot bls hgge rgmarngn ae tbg nltlhlsg. Ot lcsa
eggns ta hg glsocy lmmgssohcg len usgr-irogency sa tblt gvgryaeg mle hg lhcg ta usg ot.
Nblrdgsb0 Oe lnnotoae ta tbg haaj ON, totcg, lutbar, mltgkary len raad iogcns, wblt atbgr
oeiardltoae waucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta starg1
Nr.^locar0 Ot waucn hg l kaan ongl iar tbg egw systgd ta starg tbg O]HE len puhcosbgr ai gvgry
haaj. Vgrblps lcsa l iardlt iogcn wbomb oenomltgs wbgtbgr l haaj os blrnhlmj ar plpgrhlmj.
Nblrdgsb0[bge waucn hg tbg hgst todg ta put tbg egw systgd oeta apgrltoae1
Nr. ^locar0O naet tboej ot rglccy dlttgrs wblt todg tbg egw systgd os put oeta apgrltoae, `ust
wbge ot os iglsohcg.
Nblrdgsb0^bg qugstoaes O ld kaoek ta lsj eaw maemgre tbg apgrltoek gevoraedget. Dy iorst
qugstoae os wba wocc hg usoek tbg egw systgd1
Nr. ^locar0Ot wocc prodlrocy hg tbg namtars oe tbg prlmtomg hut dly lcsa hg atbgr namtars sumb ls
KV rgkostrlrs len I8 namtars wba lrg wotb us iar darg tble l igw daetbs. Lcc namtars, bawgvgr,
oemcunoek tbasg trloeoek lt tbg prlmtomg, blvg lmmgss ta tbg haajs.
Nblrdgsb0Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg tbg namtars tblt wocc hg usoek tbg egw systgd1
Nr. ^locar0 Oe aur prlmtomg, wg usg l systgd tblt stargs pltoget rgmarns sa lcc tbg namtars lrg
ildocolr wotb madputgrs len baw ta usg tbgd. ^bgrg oset leyhany oe tbg prlmtomg wba waucn
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
blvg noiiomucty usoek tbg egw madputgrosgn systgd. Xgklrncgss ai tbos, wbge wg gdpcay stlii wg
dljg surg tblt tbgy blvg l kaan jeawcgnkg ai O^.
Nblrdgsb0Oe tbg prlmtomg, wblt typg ai madputgrs lrg usgn clptaps ar ngsjtaps1
Nr. ^locar0Lcc tbg madputgrs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg ngsjtaps.
Nblrdgsb0Lrg tbg madputgrs rueeoek ae l egtwarj1
Nr. ^locar0 ^bgy lrg lcc rueeoek ae l egtwarj hut yau lrg lhcg ta lmmgss tbg oenovonulc
apgrltoek systgds ae tbg madputgrs.
Nblrdgsb0 [aucn yau cojg tbg egw systgd ta hg oestlccgn ae tbg egtwarj ar oestlccgn ae l
spgmoiom madputgr1
Nr. ^locar0O tbaukbt ot waucn hg hgttgr ta blvg tbg egw systgd oestlccgn ae tbg ngsjtap oe tbg
sgdoelr raad. Dy rglsae iar tbos os tblt O ld eat surg tbg namtars wocc lmmgss tbg systgd irad
tbg madputgrs oe tbgor raad. Ot dly lcsa cgln ta prahcgds ls wg blvg gxpgrogemgn oe tbg plst
wbge oestlccoek prakrlds ae tbg egtwarj.
Nblrdgsb0[blt apgrltoek systgd os tbg madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad rueeoek ae1
Nr. locar0^bg madputgrs oe tbg prlmtomg lrg lcc rueeoek ae [oenaws RV.
Nblrdgsb0[blt sozg daeotar os tbg madputgr oe tbg cohrlry1
Nr. ^locar0 O hgcogvg tbg daeotar os gotbgr
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Lelcysos ai tbg oetgrvogw
^bg oetgrvogw wotb dy gen usgr bls kovge dg l mcglrgr uengrstlenoek ai tbg murrget systgd.
^bgrg lrg lppraxodltgcy >66 haajs oe tbg prlmtomg len tbg prlmtomg rgmgovgs aeg egw haaj pgr
daetb. ^bos dgles tblt tbg egw systgd dust hg lhcg ta starg tbg rgmarns ai >66 haajs
murrgetcy oe tbg prlmtomg. Oe lnnotoae ta tbos, tbg egw systgd dust hg lhcg ta starg tbg rgmarns aiegw haajs getgroek tbg prlmtomg gvgry daetb.
^bg oeputs ai tbg murrget systgd lrg0 Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar, Mltgkary len Xaad. ^bg ^otcg,
Lutbar len Mltgkary oeputs lrg ahtloegn irad tbg haaj otsgci len tbg Xaad oeput os spgmoiogn hy
tbg usgr. ^bg Haaj ON oeput os ueoqug iar gvgry haaj rgmarn len os mlcmucltgn hy oemrgdgetoek
tbg clst rgmarns Haaj ON hy
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
\ugstoaeelorg
O blvg ngmongn ta maenumt l qugstoaeelorg tblt wocc hg madpcgtgn hy lcc ai tbg namtars oe Boccmrgst
surkgry. ^bg qugstoaeelorg wocc iamus ae tbg namtars apoeoaes ai tbg murrget systgd hut lcsa ae
tbgor apoeoae lhaut oevgstoek oe l egw madputgrosgn systgd. Irad tbg qugstoaeelorg, O wlet ta
jeaw baw aitge tbgy tljg haajs aut ai tbg cohrlry len ley iglturgs tblt tbgy tboej sbaucn hgoemcungn oe tbg egw systgd.
O blvg ngsokegn tbg qugstoaeelorg gcgmtraeomlccy sa tblt O mle gdloc tbg qugstoaeelorg ta lcc tbg
namtars len tbgy mle gdloc tbg madpcgtgn qugstoaeelorg hlmj ta dg.
Hgcaw os l mapy ai tbg qugstoaeelorg0
Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry ]ystgd \ugstoaeelorg
Eldg0
Baw aitge na yau tljg aut haajs irad tbg cohrlry1Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
Nlocy
[ggjcyDaetbcy
Egvgr
Baw giiomoget os tbg murrget plpgr-hlsgn dgtban ai staroek ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg cohrlry1Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
Ygry
Lngqultgcy
DangrltgcyVaarcy
Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg yau1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
YgryLngqultgcy
DangrltgcyVaarcy
[aucn oevgstoek oe l madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd bgcp tbg prlmtomg krgltcy1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
_gs
Ea
Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd1Vcglsg wrotg yaur leswgr oe tbg splmg hgcaw.
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
\ugstoaeelorg rgsucts
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry
systgd1
. L caleoek iglturg7. L wly ai sglrmboek iar haajs9. Oetuotovg, glsy ta usg systgd;. Glsy ta dloetloe2. Nagset tljg up dley rgsaurmgs?. Lhocoty ta proet rgparts
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Nblrdgsb locar 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
]ldpcg qugstoaeelorg
Boccmrgst ]urkgry Cohrlry ]ystgd \ugstoaeelorg
Eldg0 Nr Yo`ly ^locar
Baw aitge na yau tljg aut haajs irad tbg cohrlry1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
Nlocy
[ggjcy
Daetbcy
Egvgr
Baw giiomoget os tbg murrget plpgr-hlsgn dgtban ai staroek ngtlocs ai tbg haajs oe tbg cohrlry1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
Ygry
Lngqultgcy
Dangrltgcy
Vaarcy
Baw madputgr cotgrltg lrg yau1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
Ygry
Lngqultgcy
Dangrltgcy
Vaarcy
[aucn oevgstoek oe l madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd bgcp tbg prlmtomg krgltcy1
Vcglsg sgcgmt aeg aptoae
_gs
Ea
Lrg tbgrg ley lnnotoaelc iglturgs tblt sbaucn hg oemcungn oe tbg madputgrosgn cohrlry systgd1
Vcglsg wrotg yaur leswgr oe tbg bokbcokbtgn splmg hgcaw.
Xahust systgd ta sglrmb totcgs ]ystgd ta ongetoiy wbomb haajs blvg hgge calegn len hy wbad Wsgr irogency oetgrilmg iar lnnoek haajs ta tbg nltlhlsg sa tblt stlii wba blvg cottcg O^
gxpgrogemg mle usg ot wotb glsg
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd
Ae tbg
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Odlkgs
^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad rueeoek Domrasait [oenaws RV, wotb l
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
^bg madputgr spgmoiomltoaes ai tbg ngsjtap madputgr0
Lelcysos ai spgmoiomltoaes
Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) ^bos os l ilorcy dangre pramgssar tblt sbaucnhg ilst geaukb ta rue ley prakrld O mrgltg.
< KH XLD ^bos os l rglsaelhcy bokb ldauet ai XLD sa tbg prakrld sbaucn ruesdaatbcy.
=;.8> KH Blrn Nosj Nrovg ^bos blrn nrovg os clrkg geaukb ta starg tbg prakrld lenots rgmarns.
> W]H Varts ^bos dgles tblt oestlccltoae mle hg naeg irad l W]H Nosj Nrovg. NYN Nrovg ^bos dgles tblt oestlccltoae mle hg naeg irad l MN Nosj Nrovg. Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd ^bg prakrld eggns ta hg
madpltohcg wotb tbos apgrltoek systgd. ^bos os ioeg ls tbg dl`aroty ai saitwlrgngvgcapdget wocc hg naeg ae tbos apgrltoek systgd.
Ngcc
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Maccgmtoek Namudgetltoae
Hgcaw os l sldpcg namudget tljge irad tbg cohrlry iocg.
^bos wocc hg usgn ls l tgdpcltg iar baw tbg blrn mapy rgpart (autput) sbaucn hg prgsgetgn0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Hgcaw os l sldpcg namudget tljge irad tbg cohrlry iocg.
Ot os tbg oengx plkg ai tbg iocg len nospclys tbg vlroaus mltgkarogs0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Hgcaw os l sldpcg cale sbggt tljge irad tbg sgdoelr raad oe Boccmrgst ]urkgry0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Icawmblrt ai tbg Murrget ]ystgd
^bg icawmblrt hgcaw occustrltgs baw tbg murrget systgd warjs len tbg wly oe wbomb tbg nltl os
oeputtgn, pramgssgn len autputtgn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Ongetoiomltoae ai praspgmtovg usgrs
Lt tbos stlkg, O blvg eaw gstlhcosbgn tblt tbg gen usgrs ai tbg egw madputgrosgn systgd wocc hg
tbg kgegrlc prlmtotoaegrs (KVs) lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry. ^bos dgles tblt tbg systgd mle hg dlng ta
spgmoiomlccy suot tbgor eggns len tbgor madputoek lhocoty.
Lcsa lt tbos paoet O blvg ngmongn ta gstlhcosb, hlsgn ae dy oevgstokltoae, sadg kgegrlc ah`gmtovgs
tblt tbg egw systgd eggns ta iucioc oe arngr ta dggt tbg eggns ai tbg gen usgrs.
Oeput Ah`gmtovgs
Haaj Ngtlocs
Haaj ON ^otcg Lutbar Mltgkary Xaad O]HE Vuhcosbgr Iardlt
Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs
Mlcmucltg tbg Haaj ON ai l egw haaj ]art hy Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar len O]HE ]glrmb iar haaj
Autput Ah`gmtovgs
Ae-smrgge rgpart Blrn-mapy rgpart
a Cost ai lcc haajsa
Cost ai haajs oe glmb mltgkary
a Cost ai haajs oe glmb raad
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Lpprloslc ai iglsohocoty ai patgetolc sacutoaes
Oe arngr ta ngmong tbg hgst wly ta pranumg tbg egw systgd iar Boccmrgst ]urkgry, O dust maesongr
tbg iglsohocoty ai sgvgrlc noiigrget plmjlkgs len dgtbans O maucn odpcgdget ta kgt tbg ngsorgn
sacutoae. O wocc na tbos hy tljoek l sgcgmtoae ai sgesohcg plmjlkgs lvloclhcg len wgokb tbgor
lnvletlkgs len noslnvletlkgs uetoc tbg dgtban hgst suotgn ta dy gen usgr os iauen. ^bg typomlcsacutoaes lrg0 l sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg, l nltlhlsg saitwlrg plmjlkg len l hgspajg
Ngcpbo lppcomltoae.
^lhcg ai Madplrosaes
]acutoae Vrakrld Vromg (lpprax.) Gxpgrogemg Xgquorgn
]prglnsbggt Domrasait Gxmgc 96 Eavomg
Nltlhlsg Domrasait Lmmgss
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Dy gen usgr bls sadg ildocolroty wotb sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg, dloecy DomrasaitGxmgc.
Noslnvletlkgs0
Gxmgc wls eat huoct ta ilmocotltg tbg mrgltoae ai nltlhlsgs hut rltbgr iar mlcmucltoaes lenpranumtoae ai mblrts. Lctbaukb Gxmgc bls nltlhlsg ilmocotogs, tbos os eat ots prodlry
iuemtoae.
Ea prodlry jgy iuemtoae tbgrgiarg rgmarns na eat blvg l ueoqug ongetoiogr wbomb dlycgln ta prahcgds wbge blencoek tbg nltl.
Iards mleeat glsocy hg mrgltgn wotbaut usoek YHL hgmlusg tbgrg os ea iard wozlrn.^bgrgiarg, prakrlddoek oe Yosulc Hlsom waucn hg egmgsslry.
^bg usg ai YHL waucn oevacvg l sodoclr ldauet ai todg ls prakrldoek l hgspajg Ngcpbolppcomltoae.
Aecy l caw cgvgc ai sgmuroty iglturgs lrg aiigrgn hy sprglnsbggt plmjlkgs wbomb dgles otwaucn eat hg passohcg ta odpcgdget l plsswarn iglturg.
Ea Haacgle nltl typgs g.k. ^rug/Ilcsg Nltl cgektbs lrg eat spgmoiogn tbgrgiarg tbgrg os cottcg maetrac avgr baw dumb dgdary
wocc hg usgn.
Xgmarnoek dlmras iar madpcgx lmtoaes sumb ls qugrogs len coejoek tbgd ta huttaes aetbg sprglnsbggt mle hg mcudsy.
Ea uengrcyoek ]\C sa qugrogs mleeat hg mblekgn ta dltmb lnvlemgn rgquorgdgets. Iardlttgn autput rgparts mleeat hg pranumgn irad qugrogs.
Nltlhlsg ]aitwlrg Vlmjlkg Domrasait Lmmgss
Lnvletlkgs0
Glsogr ta mrgltg l nltlhlsg hgmlusg Domrasait Lmmgss os ngsokegn ta blencg nltl. Aptoaes ta ngsoke tlhcgs, iards, qugrogs len rgparts. [ozlrns lrg lt blen ta dljg tbg pramgss ai mrgltoek l nltlhlsg dumb glsogr. ^bgy lcsa
lccaw iar lutadltgn ngsoke.
Nltlhlsg mle hg glsocy mustadosgn ar twgljgn. Hraln rlekg ai nltl typgs sumb ls eudgrom (hytg, oetgkgr, caek oetgkgr, murrgemy, soekcg
prgmosoae icaltoek paoet, nauhcg prgmosoae), tgxt, nltg, todg, caaj-up cost ar tlhcg, Haacgle
(_gs/Ea).
L rlekg ai vlconltoae rautoegs lrg lvloclhcg iar iogcns len oeputs. ^bos os pravongn hy tbggxprgssoae huocngr.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Cgektb ai tgxt iogcns mle hg spgmoiogn ta slvg nosj splmg hut lcsa ta rgstromt getry hy usgr. Vrodlry jgy os spgmoiogn iar glmb rgmarn wbomb dgles tblt tbgrg os cottcg gxmgss nltl. Iards mle hg mustadosgn len lnnotoaelc maetracs sumb ls huttaes mle hg lnngn ta
pgriard dlmras.
Xgparts mle hg pranumgn irad tbg nltl len cluembgn ls dlmras irad huttaes. ^bgrgparts mle lcsa hg mustadosgn len hlsgn ae aecy l sgcgmtoae ai iogcns ar rgmarns.
\ugrogs mle hg mrgltgn usoek gotbgr l wozlrn ar l mustad ngsoke iard. \ugrogs mle hg slvgn iar iuturg usg g.k. tbg qugrogs mle hg cluembgn ls dlmras irad
huttaes ae iards.
Iogcns mle hg sartgn oe l qugry len tbg sarts mle hg egstgn. ^bg lppcomltoae, Domrasait Lmmgss, mle hg mustadosgn ta rgnumg ots madpcgxoty hy
rgdavoek dgeus len aptoaes. Lmmgss ta noiigrget usgrs mle hg rgstromtgn tbraukb tbg usg ai sgmuroty iglturgs. Yosulc Hlsom ai Lppcomltoaes (YHL), Domrasait Lmmgsss awe prakrlddoek clekulkg, mle
hg usgn iar krgltgr maetrac avgr usgr lmtoaes len pramgssoek cakom.
Noslnvletlkgs0
Mlcmucltoaes ae tbg nltl mle hg pgriardgn bawgvgr tbos os cgss oetuotovg tble oe lsprglnsbggt.
Xgparts, iards len qugrogs blvg ta hg mrgltgn len mustadosgn hy tbg gen-usgr. ^bos mlehg noiiomuct len todg-maesudoek iar le oegxpgrogemgn usgr.
Vurmblsoek l egw saitwlrg plmjlkg waucn mast daegy wbge mrgltoek l hgspajgprakrld oe Clzlrus oe irgg.
Ley usg ai Yosulc Hlsom iar Lppcomltoaes (YHL) waucn oevacvg l sodoclr ldauet ai todg taprakrlddoek l hgspajg prakrld oe Clzlrus.
^bg gen usgr waucn hg rgquorgn ta mrgltg tbg rgmarn strumturg oe Lmmgss wbgrgls tbgprakrlddgr waucn mrgltg tblt oe l hgspajg Ngcpbo prakrld.
Hgspajg Ngcpbo Vrakrld Clzlrus
Lnvletlkgs0
^bg prakrlddgr os oe maetrac ai tbg wly tbg nltl os oeputtgn, pramgssgn len autputtgnlen tbg systgd mle hg dlng ta dggt tbg gen usgrs eggns gxlmtcy.
^bg prakrlddgr bls tbg lhocoty ta ngsoke tbg usgr oetgrilmg len kuong tbg usgr oetagetgroek tbg rgquorgn nltl.
Ley usg ai tbg nltl oe mlcmucltoaes mle hg prakrlddgn oeta tbg systgd len tbos waucn
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Nblrdgsb locar =7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
eat rgquorg ley usg ai \ugry clekulkg.
Nltl mle hg oeputtgn oe dley noiigrget wlys. ^bg dast suotlhcg dgtbans ai oeput waucnhg tbraukb tbg usg ai gnot haxgs len madha haxgs.
^bg iardlt ai tbg autput mle hg spgmoiogn hy tbg prakrlddgr. L proet rautoeg mle hgwrottge wbomb pranumgs l blrn mapy autput ai tbg rgmarns.
Ngvgcapdget usoek Clzlrus iaccaws Xlpon Lppcomltoae Ngvgcapdget (XLN) wbgrg tbgusgr kuongs ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd.
Coejs mle hg dlng ta oetgkrltg iglturgs ai Lmmgss len ]\C wotboe tbg lppcomltoae.Noslnvletlkgs0
^bg iards len rgmarn strumturg waucn blvg ta hg prakrlddgn irad smrltmb len waucneat hg hlsgn ae le gxostoek nltlhlsg ar sprglnsbggt saitwlrg plmjlkg.
^bos os tbg dast todg maesudoek sacutoae aut ai lcc tbg atbgrs. ^bg sacutoae rgquorgs gxpgrt jeawcgnkg ai prakrlddoek oe Ngcpbo, darg jeawcgnkg os
rgquorgn tble mrgltoek l nltlhlsg oe Lmmgss ar l sprglnsbggt oe Gxmgc.
@ustoiomltoae ai Mbasge ]acutoae
Dy mbasge sacutoae os tbg hgspajg Ngcpbo prakrld ngvgcapgn usoek tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn
Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget. Dy rglsae iar tbos os tblt O blvg iucc maetrac avgr tbg oeput, autput
len pramgssoek ai tbg nltl lcaek wotb tbg ngsoke ai tbg usgr oetgrilmg. ^bos dgles tblt tbg
sacutoae wocc dggt tbg gen usgrs rgquorgdgets ls mcasgcy ls passohcg. Lt tbg gen ai ngvgcapdget,
tbg sacutoae os madpocgn len tbg gen rgsuct os le gxgmutlhcg lppcomltoae, wbomb mle rue ae lcc
[oenaws madputgrs oemcunoek tbg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad. ^bos wocc cawgr tbg
masts iar Boccmrgst ]urkgry ls lnnotoaelc saitwlrg wocc eat hg rgquorgn ta rue tbg lppcomltoae len
ls tbg Clzlrus ONG os l irgg, apge-saurmg pcltiard, tbgrg lrg ea stlrt-up masts. Lctbaukb tbos
waucn rgquorg darg todg tble ngvgcapoek sacutoaes usoek tbg atbgr saitwlrg plmjlkgs, tbg
hgspajg prakrld waucn hg tlocar dlng ta sacvg tbg spgmoiom prahcgd. Oe lnnotoae, wotb l
hgspajg prakrld, tbg usgr mle spgmoiy tbg mlcmucltoaes eggngn len tbg iardlt ai tbg autput.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Blrnwlrg ]pgmoiomltoae
^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad bls ilorcy up-ta-nltg blrnwlrg spgmoiomltoaes. ^bos
dgles tblt ley upkrlngs ta tbg madputgr wocc eat hg egmgsslry ls tbg madputgr os mlplhcg ai
rueeoek tbg prakrld.
^bg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg ]gdoelr raad bls tbg iaccawoek spgmoiomltoaes0
Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) < KH XLD =;.8> KH Blrn Nosj Nrovg > W]H Varts NYN Nrovg Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd Ngcc
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Blrnwlrg Xgquorgdgets
]aitwlrg Xgquorgdgets
^bg sacutoae dust rue ae l madputgr rueeoek [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc Apgrltoek ]ystgd. ^bg
dl`aroty ai tgstoek len saitwlrg ngvgcapdget wocc hg naeg usoek tbos apgrltoek systgd.
Oe lnnotoae, tbg gen usgr wocc eggn lmmgss ta saitwlrg plmjlkgs mlplhcg ai vogwoek .VNI len .^R^
iocg iardlts. O blvg hgge lssurgn hy tbg gen usgr tblt tbg madputgr bls saitwlrg mlplhcg ai tbos
lcrglny oestlccgn.
^bg egw systgd dust mltgr iar0
Oeputtoek nltl wotb l jgyhalrn atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta getgr rgmarns.
]gcgmtoek nltl wotb l dausg atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta elvokltg hgtwgge
rgmarns.
Autputtoek nltl ae l daeotar atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat hg lhcg ta vogw rgmarns ar
rgparts.
Vroetoek nltl tbraukb l hclmj len wbotg clsgr `gt proetgr atbgrwosg tbg usgr wocc eat
hg lhcg ta proet rgparts.
]baucn hg lhcg ta rue ae l VM wotb0
a Oetgc Vgetoud > Vramgssar (8.26 KBP) atbgrwosg tbg madputgr wocc eat
pramgss nltl wotboe tbg systgd.
a < KH XLD atbgrwosg tbg systgd wocc hg taa scaw ta rue.
a =;.8> KH blrn nosj splmg atbgrwosg rgmarns mleeat hg slvgn ta iocg.
]uppart l rgsacutoae ai x ;92 poxgcs atbgrwosg tbg systgd wocc eat hg nospclygn
prapgrcy.
^bg egw systgd dust mltgr iar0
Domrasait [oenaws RV Vraigssoaelc ]grvomg Vlmj 8 atbgrwosg tbg lppcomltoae wocc eat
rue ae tbg ngsjtap madputgr oe tbg sgdoelr raad.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Oeput, Autput len Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs
Oeput Ah`gmtovgs Haaj ON Weoqug ongetoiogr iar glmb
haaj
^otcg ^bg totcg ai tbg haaj
Lutbar ^bg lutbar ai tbg haaj
Mltgkary ^bg mltgkary ai tbg haaj,
hlsgn ae ots suh`gmt
Xaad ^bg raad wbgrg tbg haaj os
murrgetcy hgoek stargn
O]HE ^bg O]HE ai tbg haaj
Vuhcosbgr ^bg puhcosbgr ai tbg haaj
Iardlt ^bg iardlt ai tbg haaj
Maddgets
(^bos iogcn wls lnngn litgr gen
usgr iggnhlmj sgg Ngsoke
sgmtoae)
Ley gxtrl oeiardltoae ar
ossugs lhaut tbg haaj mle hg
oeputtgn bgrg.
Vramgssoek Ah`gmtovgs Mlcmucltg Haaj ON Mlcmucltoae ai tbg Haaj ON hy
oemrglsoek tbg Haaj ON ai tbg
prgvoaus rgmarn hy
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Kgegrlc Xgquorgdgets
66 haajs oe tbg cohrlry
nltlhlsg.
8. ^bg systgd eggns ta lutadltomlccy lssoke gvgry egw haaj l Haaj ON.
=. ^bg systgd eggns ta mltgr iar lcc tbg noiigrget typgs ai haajs.
>. ^bg systgd eggns ta mltgr iar lcc tbg noiigrget mltgkarogs.
7. ^bg systgd eggns ta starg tbg camltoae ai tbg haajs.
9. ^bg systgd eggns ta sart haajs hy Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar len O]HE.
;. ^bg systgd eggns ta sglrmb iar haajs hy getgroek l Haaj ON, ^otcg, Lutbar ar O]HE.
2. ^bg systgd eggns ta autput tbg rgmarns ta l tlhcg aesmrgge.
?. ^bg systgd eggns ta pranumg l blrn mapy rgpart iardlttgn sodoclrcy ta tbg rgpart
lmquorgn nuroek tbg ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Oevgstokltoae & Lelcysos
Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr 87/6?/
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
=;
Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Avgrlcc ]ystgd Ngsoke
^bg haaj nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg wrottge usoek tbg Ngcpbo prakrlddoek clekulkg oe Clzlrus.
^bos wocc madpocg tbg pra`gmt len pranumg le gxgmutlhcg lppcomltoae tblt mle hg gxgmutgn ae dy
gen usgrs madputgr. ^bg systgd wocc iglturg le oetuotovg dgeu systgd len aesmrgge bgcp boets
ta bgcp tbg usgr elvokltg tbraukb tbg systgd. ^bg aesmrgge boets wocc lppglr wbge tbg usgr
davgs bos/bgr dausg avgr le otgd tbgy lrg eat surg lhaut. Oe lnnotoae ta tbos, tbgrg wocc hg l
usgr kuong, wbomb tbg usgr wocc hg lhcg ta lmmgss irad tbg dloe dgeu. ^bg aesmrgge bgcp boets
len tbg usgr kuong wocc iard tbg hlsos ai tbg systgds bgcp mlplhocotogs.
^bgrg wocc hg l nltl mlpturg iard, wbomb wocc blvg lcc tbg iogcns tblt Boccmrgst ]urkgry rgquorgs.
^bg iogcns mle hg slvgn ta iard l rgmarn, wbomb mle tbge hg gnotgn, ar tbg getorg rgmarn mle hg
ngcgtgn. Iurtbgrdarg, tbg usgr wocc hg lhcg ta elvokltg tbraukb tbg nltlhlsg hy sglrmboek iar
haajs hy tbg Haaj ON iogcn.
^bgrg wocc lcsa hg l sgmaenlry iard oe wbomb tbg rgmarns wocc hg nospclygn oe l tlhcg. ^bgrg wocc
hg l sartoek iglturg wbgrg tbg usgr mle arkleosg tbg rgmarns hy iogcn ls wgcc ls l sglrmb iuemtoae
sa tblt tbg usgr mle camltg l plrtomuclr rgmarn. Bokbcokbtoek l rgmarn oe tbg tlhcg wocc nospcly tbg
rgmarn oe tbg nltl mlpturg iard.
Danuclr ]trumturg ai ]ystgd
^ap ^ogr
CohrlryNltlhlsg
]ystgd
DlelkgHaaj Nltl
DlelkgHaaj ^lhcg
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
]gmaen ogr
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Nblrdgsb ^locar =?
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
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Nblrdgsb locar >6
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Nltl Icaw Nolkrlds
Cgvgc 6 Maetgxt Nolkrld
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Nblrdgsb locar >7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Cgvgc < Nolkrld
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Nblrdgsb ^locar >8
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Cgvgc 8 Nolkrlds
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Nblrdgsb locar >=
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
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Nblrdgsb locar >>
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Ngioeotoae ai Nltl Xgquorgdgets
Xgmarn ]trumturg Cohrlry Nltlhlsg
Otgd Nltl ^ypg Ngsmroptoae ^ypomlc Nltl ]aurmg ai Nltl
Haaj ON Oetgkgr ^bg ueoqugongetoiomltoae
eudhgr lssokegn
ta glmb haaj (tbg
jgy iogcn), wbomb
os usgn ta ongetoiy
l haaj.
7 ^bos wocc hgngsokeltgn hy tbg
prakrld.
^otcg ]troekZ>6T ^bg totcg ai tbg
haaj.
Axiarn
Blenhaaj ai
Oeigmtoaus
Nosglsgs
^bos wocc hg rgln
norgmtcy irad tbg
haaj len oeputtgn
hy tbg gen usgr.Lutbar ]troekZ86T ^bg lutbar ai tbg
haaj.
Gstgg ^araj ^bos wocc hg rgln
norgmtcy irad tbg
haaj len oeputtgn
hy tbg gen usgr.
Mltgkary ]troekZ86T L mltgkary os
lssokegn ta gvgry
haaj ngpgenoek
ae tbg suh`gmt ai
tbg haaj.
Oeigmtoaus
Nosglsgs
^bos wocc hg ngmongn
len oeputtgn hy tbg
gen usgr.
O]HE ]troekZ
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Ylconltoae
O wocc hg oemarparltoek l wong rlekg ai vlconltoae tgmbeoqugs ta prgvget ley grrars irad
ammurroek len ta gesurg lcc tbg nltl tblt dy gen usgr oeputs os vlcon.
^bg noiigrget vlconltoae tgmbeoqugs O wocc hg usoek lrg0
Vrgsgemg mbgmj ^bos wocc tgst wbgtbgr ley nltl bls hgge getgrgn oeta tbg iogcn. Hclejiogcns wocc eat hg lmmgptgn.
^ypg mbgmj ^bos wocc tgst wbgtbgr tbg nltl getgrgn oeta tbg iogcn os ai tbg marrgmt typg.Iar gxldpcg, cgttgrs wocc eat hg lccawgn oe l eudgrom iogcn.
Cgektb mbgmj ^bos wocc gesurg tblt tbg iogcn nags eat gxmggn l mgrtloe eudhgr aimblrlmtgrs. Iar gxldpcg, tbg O]HE iogcn sbaucn eat blvg darg tble
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Nblrdgsb locar >9
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Mltgkary Haaj ^lhcg Vrgsgemg mbgmj Mltgkary
dossoek.
L nolcakug hax os
nospclygn len tbg
iogcn os bokbcokbtgn
rgn.
O]HE Haaj ^lhcg ^ypg mbgmj (aecy
eudhgrs lrg
lccawgn)
E/L ^bg jgy os eat
lccawgn ta hg getgrgn
len le grrar hggp os
pranumgn.
O]HE Haaj ^lhcg Cgektb mbgmj
(aecy
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Nblrdgsb locar >;
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Nltl Oeputs
Iogcn ^lhcg
^otcg Haaj ^lhcg
Lutbar Haaj ^lhcg
Mltgkary Haaj ^lhcg
O]HE Haaj ^lhcg
Vuhcosbgr Haaj ^lhcg
Iardlt Haaj ^lhcg
Xaad Haaj ^lhcg
Maddgets Haaj ^lhcg
Nltl Vramgssgs
Apge iards Mcasg iards Apge usgr namudgetltoae Egw rgmarn ]lvg rgmarn Ngcgtg rgmarn Egxt rgmarn Vrgvoaus rgmarn ]lvg iocg Ylconltg iogcns
Caln rgmarns oeta tlhcg ]art rgmarns lmmarnoek ta usgr ngioegn plrldgtgrs (tbg iogcn ta hg sartgn len tbg typg ai
sart)
]glrmb rgmarn oe tlhcg Vroet rgpart
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Nblrdgsb ^locar >2
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Oetgrilmg Ngsokes Blen Nrlwe
irdQDloeDgeu
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Nblrdgsb ^locar >?
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
irdQNgsokeYogw
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Nblrdgsb ^locar 76
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
irdQXgpartYogw
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Nblrdgsb ^locar 77> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Ae ]mrgge Ngsokes
Iard ngsoke pratatypgs mrgltgn usoek tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget (ONG).
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Nblrdgsb ^locar 78
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
irdQNgsokeYogw
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Nblrdgsb ^locar 7=
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
irdQXgpartYogw
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Nblrdgsb locar 7>
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Autput Ngsoke
Hgcaw os l prgcodoelry ngsoke ai tbg autput tblt wocc hg kgegrltgn hy tbg haaj nltlhlsg systgd.
^bg ngsoke os hlsgn upae tbg sldpcgs O lmquorgn nuroek dy ahsgrvltoae ai tbg murrget systgd.
Haaj Nltlhlsg ]ystgd
Amtahgr 86
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Cgttgr irad Gen Wsgr
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Nblrdgsb locar 79
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Dggtoek wotb gen usgr
O bln l dggtoek wotb Nr Yo`ly ^locar lt Boccmrgst ]urkgry ae Ironly tbAmtahgr 86
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Nblrdgsb locar 7;
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
Egw Vratatypg Iard Ngsokes
irdQDloeDgeu
irdQNgsokeYogw
Oeput wocc hg
maetraccgn usoek
madha haxgs
wbomb wocc hg
papucltgn irad ltgxt iocg.
Lmmgss ta tbg bgcp iocg
wocc hg oemcungn oe
gvgr iard.
^bg WpNawe
ah`gmt rgpclmgs
tbg egxt len
prgvoaus huttaes
len gelhcgs tbglhocoty ta smracc
usoek tbg dausg
wbggc.
^bos wocc gelhcg lcc ai tbg
iogcns len sgt tbg rgln aecy
ra grt ai tbg iogcns ta ilcsg.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
irdQXgpart Yogw
Autput Ngsoke
^bg rgmarns wocc hg autputtgn oe l tlhcg hlsgn ae tbg stroek kron oe tbg Xgpart Yogw iard.
Xgmarns mle hg vogwgn
hy mltgkary ar raad.
^bos proets tbg tlhcg ai rgmarns
hlsgn ae tbg ngsoke hgcaw.
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Nblrdgsb ^locar
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
7?
Dgeu Ngsoke
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
96
]tarlkg Dgnol len Iardlt
]gmuroty ai nltl
^bg cohrlry nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg usgn ta starg tbg rgmarns ai avgr 966 haajs tbgrgiarg ot os
odpartlet tblt tbg nltlhlsg os plsswarn pratgmtgn. ^bgrg wocc hg ea eggn iar usgr eldgshgmlusg tbg eudhgr ai usgrs ai tbg nltlhlsg wocc hg codotgn. Oe lnnotoae, tbg usgrs wocc lcc sblrg
tbg sldg sgmuroty cgvgc tbgrgiarg tbgrg wocc hg ea eggn ta mltgr iar noiigrget usgr lmmgss cgvgcs
len lcc usgrs wocc hg kovge tbg sldg plsswarn ta lmmgss tbg nltlhlsg. Dy gen usgr len O blvg
ngmongn tblt tbgrg wocc hg ea eggn ta dloetloe sgmuroty nug ta tbg elturg ai tbg systgd: tbg
surkgrys lmtulc ngtlocs lrg eat stargn gxmgpt tbg eldg ai tbg raads oe tbg surkgry.
[bge tgstoek tbg nltlhlsg, O wocc hg getgroek tbg rgmarns ai rglc haajs tljge irad Boccmrgst
]urkgrys cohrlry. ^bos madpcogs wotb tbg Nltl Vratgmtoae Lmt ai
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Elturg ai tbg ]acutoae
97> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
98
Lckarotbds
Le lckarotbd os l sgt ai cakomlc oestrumtoaes wrottge ta sacvg l prahcgd. ^bgy wocc hg usgn oe
ngsokeoek tbg madputgrosgn systgd hgmlusg tbgy wocc pravong dg wotb l ngsmroptoae ai tbg
vlroaus pramgssgs tblt tbg systgd wocc pgriard. ^bg lckarotbds wocc hg wrottge oe psguna mang
hgmlusg tbos wocc lccaw dg ta iamus ae tbg cakom hgboen glmb ai tbg pramgssgs rltbgr tble wrotoek
tbgd oe l spgmoiom prakrlddoek clekulkg. ^bg lnvletlkg ai wrotoek tbg lckarotbds oeotolccy oe
psguna mang os tblt tbgrg os ea eggn ta iaccaw tbg rgstromtoaes len syetlx rucgs ai l
prakrlddoek clekulkg. Iurtbgrdarg, tbg lckarotbds lrg eat clekulkg-spgmoiom tbgrgiarg
sadgaeg gcsg maucn tljg tbg lckarotbds len wrotg tbg mang iar tbgd oe sadg atbgr
prakrlddoek clekulkg atbgr tble Ngcpbo wbomb os wblt O wocc hg usoek.
^bg lckarotbds lrg ls iaccaws0
. Nospcly tbg rgmarns7. Vapucltg tbg Xaad madha hax (len Mltgkary madha hax)9. Vapucltg tbg Haaj ON ]glrmb madha hax;. Ngcgtg l rgmarn2. Mrgltg l egw rgmarn?. ]lvg l rgmarn
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
9=
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
9>
[BOCG eat lt tbg gen ai tbg Xaad Iocg
XGLN oeta Xaad tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgn iogcn oe tbg Xaad Iocg
LNN Xaad ta tbg Xaad Cost
GEN[BOCG
MCA]G Xaad Iocg
GEN
>. Nospcly tbg rgmarns
HGKOE
Haaj ON ^gxthax 4 Haaj ON ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Xaad Madha hax 4 Xaad ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
^otcg ^gxthax 4 ^otcg ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Lutbar ^gxthax 4 Lutbar ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Mltgkary Madha hax 4 Mltgkary ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
O]HE ^gxthax 4 O]HE ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsVuhcosbgr ^gxthax 4 Vuhcosbgr ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Iardlt Madha hax 4 Iardlt ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Maddgets ^gxthax 4 Maddgets ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns
Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr Clhgc 4 Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr
^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns Clhgc 4 ^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns
GEN
7. Vapucltg tbg Xaad madha hax
^bos os tbg sldg lckarotbd iar papucltoek tbg Mltgkary madha hax.
HGKOE
Ngmclrg stroek cost Xaad Cost
Ngmclrg oetgkgr vlrolhcg Mauet
IAX Mauet 4 6 ta Xaad Cost Mauet 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
97
;. Ngcgtg l rgmarn
HGKOE
Ngmclrg oetgkgr vlrolhcg Mauet
NO]VCL_ [lreoek Dgsslkg (Lrg yau surg yau wlet ta ngcgtg tbos rgmarn1)
OI EaGRO^
GENOI
GC]G
OI Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr 4 < LEN ^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns 5 Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
99
Mltgkary Madha hax Otgd Oengx 4 - Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
92
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
9?
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
;6
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
; Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
;8
^rlmg ^lhcg
Vlss Aeg
Coeg
aiMang
Mauet Xgmarn
Eudhgr
Xgmarn
Eudhgr+ 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
;=
Vlss ^wa
Coeg
ai
Mang
Mauet Xgmarn
Eudhgr
Xgmarn
Eudhgr
+ < 8 9 8= Ilcsg
; > 8 = 8= 79 Ilcsg
; > = > 79 = > 79
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Nblrdgsb locar
I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt Lckarotbds
;>
^bg nltl eaw caajs cojg tbos0
Xgmarn Eudhgr Haaj ON
< 9
8 79
7
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
;7
^gst ]trltgky
O blvg ngvosgn l tgst pcle iar dy cohrlry nltlhlsg systgd. ^bg tgst pcle wocc hg iaccawgn nuroek
tgstoek len tbos wocc gesurg tblt tbg nltlhlsg mle blencg lcc typgs ai nltl len tblt tbg marrgmt
autput os pranumgn. O blvg ngmongn ta novong tbg tgst pcle oeta tbrgg sgmtoaes, aeg iar glmb iard.
O wocc hg usoek l vlrogty ai noiigrget tgstoek dgtbans ta gesurg tblt tbg systgd warjs ls
gxpgmtgn len ta rgdavg ley huks tblt dly lrosg.
^bg noiigrget tgstoek dgtbans O wocc hg usoek lrg0
Hclmj Hax ^gstoek ^bos os wbgrg oeputs lrg tgstgn lkloest tbg gxpgmtgn autputwotbaut maesongroek baw tbg prakrld warjs. [bge usoek tbos dgtban ai tgstoek, tbg
maddae mlsg wocc hg getgroek l mgrtloe vlcug oeta l tgxthax ar mcomjoek ae l plrtomuclr
huttae. ^bg tgst wocc aecy iloc oi tbg autput aesmrgge os noiigrget ta tbg gxpgmtgn autput.
Hclmj hax tgstoek wocc hg usgn ta tgst tbg kgegrlc iuemtoaes ai tbg prakrld rltbgr tble
tgstoek tbg cakom ai tbg mang.
[botg Hax ^gstoek ^bos os wbgrg tbg lckarotbd oe l plrtomuclr pogmg ai mang os ruetbraukb stgp-hy-stgp wbgrg glmb coeg ai mang os mbgmjgn ta gesurg tblt ot dljgs sgesg
cakomlccy len tbg marrgmt autput os pranumgn. ^bg tgst wocc aecy iloc oi l iclw oe tbg cakom
ai tbg mang os ngtgmtgn wbomb rgsucts oe tbg oemarrgmt autput hgoek pranumgn. [botg hax
tgstoek wocc hg usgn ta tgst tbg darg madpcomltgn pramgnurgs sumb ls tbg sartoek ai
rgmarns ar slvoek ai tbg nltlhlsg iocg wbgrg tbg mang os darg noiiomuct ta iaccaw.
Ylconltoae ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tgstoek tbg vlconltoae lckarotbds wotboe tbg mang tagesurg tblt tbg prakrld lmmgpts lmmgptlhcg oeputs len tbg prakrld rg`gmts
uelmmgptlhcg oeputs. Ls dgetoaegn prgvoauscy, O oetgen ta usg tbrgg typgs ai vlconltoae
mbgmjs oe dy prakrld (typg, cgektb len prgsgemg mbgmjs) len tbgsg wocc eggn ta hg
tgstgn.
Oetgkrltoae ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tgstoek tbg prakrld oe ots getorgty hy gesuroektblt tbg oenovonulc danucgs coej takgtbgr summgssiuccy. ^bg dl`aroty ai tbg oetgkrltoae
tgsts wocc hg tgstoek ta sgg wbgtbgr tbg huttaes apge tbgor rgspgmtovg iards. Atbgr tgsts
wocc oevacvg mbgmjoek oi tbg egmgsslry vlrolhcgs lrg hgoek plssgn tbraukb tbg prakrld.
Oetgkrltoae tgstoek wocc hg oemcungn ls l sgplrltg sgmtoae oe tgstoek.
Lmmgptlemg ^gstoek ^bos oevacvgs tbg gen usgr tljoek tbg madpcgtgn prakrld lentgstoek ot gxtgesovgcy ta gesurg tblt tbg rgquorgdgets lkrggn blvg hgge dgt.
Lmmgptlemg tgstoek os l tgst ai tbg avgrlcc systgd len tbgrgiarg ot os eat usgn ta tgst tbg
oenovonulc pramgnurgs. ^bos tgst wocc hg lnnrgssgn oe tbg Gvlcultoae sgmtoae ai tbg
pra`gmt.
Lcpbl ^gstoek ^bos os tgstoek mlrrogn aut oetgrelccy wotboe tbg ngvgcapgrsarkleosltoae, usulccy pgriardgn hy l ngnomltgn tgstoek tgld. ^bg tgstoek tgld waucn
lmt ls tbg gen usgr len tgst tbg iuemtoaelcoty ai gvgrynly tlsjs tblt waucn hg gxpgmtgn
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
;9
ai tbg prakrld. Lcpbl tgstoek os usgiuc ls ley huks iauen mle hg rgpartgn len ioxgn
quomjcy. Ls O ld tbg aecy aeg ngvgcapoek tbos lppcomltoae, lcc tgsts mlrrogn aut, gxmgpt
lmmgptlemg tgstoek, lrg gxldpcgs ai lcpbl tgstoek.
Hgtl ^gstoek ^bos os tgstoek usulccy mlrrogn aut hy patgetolc usgrs ai tbg prakrld.^bg prakrld os tgstgn uengr eardlc apgrltoek maenotoaes len ley huks iauen mle hg
rgpartgn hlmj ta tbg ngvgcapdget tgld. Oe dy mlsg, tbg gen usgrs ai tbg cohrlry
nltlhlsg systgd wocc hg kovge l hgtl vgrsoae ai tbg prakrld. O wocc hg kovge norgmt
iggnhlmj irad tbg gen usgrs len tbos wocc bgcp ta stggr tbg norgmtoae ai ngvgcapdget.
^gst Vcle
Dloe Dgeu
^gst Eudhgr [blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct
< Getgr marrgmtplsswarn
Hclmj Hax [bocg tbgplsswarn os sgt
ta arlekg getgr
arlekg.
^bg Ngsoke Yogwiard os nospclygn.
8 Getgr oemarrgmt
plsswarn aemg
Hclmj Hax [bocg tbg
plsswarn os sgt
ta arlekg getgr
pglr.
Le grrar dgsslkg os
nospclygn oeiardoek
tbg usgr tblt tbg
plsswarn os
oemarrgmt.
= Oemarrgmt
plsswarngetgrgn tbrgg
todgs
Hclmj Hax [bocg tbg
plsswarn os sgtta arlekg getgr
pglr. ^bg
oemarrgmt
plsswarn os
getgrgn tbrgg
todgs.
Le grrar dgsslkg os
nospclygn oeiardoektbg usgr tblt tbg
plsswarn os
oemarrgmt. bg
eudhgr ai lttgdpts
rgdloeoek
ngmrgdgets hy Caln bgcp iocg Hclmj Hax ^bg Bgcp huttae
os prgssgn.
^bg Bgcp.VNI iocg os
nospclygn.
7 Mcasg
lppcomltoae
Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg huttae
os prgssgn.
^bg lppcomltoae os
mcasgn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
;;
Ngsoke Yogw
^gst
Eudhgr
[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct
9 Vapucltg iogcns wotb
rgmarns iradCohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^
iocg.
Hclmj Hax ^bg iogcns wocc hg
oeotolccy ioccgn wotbnltl len slvgn ta
iocg. bg prakrld
wocc hg rgstlrtgn
ta tgst wbgtbgr
tbg rgmarns wocc hg
rgln hlmj oeta tbg
systgd.
^bg iogcns lrg
papucltgn wotb nltlirad tbg
CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^
iocg.
; Vapucltg Xaad Madha
Hax wotb nltl irad
Xaad.^R^ iocg.
Hclmj Hax Xaad.^R^ wocc hg
ioccgn wotb tbg cost
ai raads oeBoccmrgst ]urkgry.
^bg madha hax os
papucltgn wotb nltl
irad tbg Xaad.^R^iocg.
2 Vapucltg Mltgkary
Madha Hax wotb nltl
irad Mltgkary.^R^
iocg.
Hclmj Hax Mltgkary.^R^ wocc
hg ioccgn wotb tbg
cost ai mltgkarogs
ahtloegn nuroek
Oevgstokltoae.
^bg madha hax os
papucltgn wotb nltl
irad tbg
Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.
? Ylconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs
getgrgn oeta tbg ^otcg
iogcn.
Ylconltoae
- ^ypg
Mbgmj
Eardlc0 Lcc cgttgrs
oe tbg lcpblhgt
(hatb uppgrmlsg
len cawgrmlsg),eudhgrs len l
splmg lrg getgrgn.
Grraegaus0 Lcc
atbgr mblrlmtgrs
lrg tgstgn
iaccawoek tbos.
(G.k. T, Z, /, f)
Cgttgrs, eudhgrs len
splmgs sbaucn hg
lccawgn. Lcc atbgr
mblrlmtgrs sbaucn eathg lmmgptgn len le
grrar hggp sbaucn hg
pranumgn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
;2
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
;?
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
26
8> Mcasg Lppcomltoae wotb
Apge Xgmarns
Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarn os
nospclygn len tbg
Gnot Xgmarn
huttae os prgssgn.
^bg Mcasg huttae
os prgssgn.
Le oeiardltoae
dgsslkg wocc lppglr
tgccoek tbg usgr ta
mcasg ley ueslvgn
rgmarns.
87 Mcasg Lppcomltoae Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg Huttae
os prgssgn.
L maeiordltoae nolcak
hax wocc lppglr
lsjoek tbg usgr oi
tbgy lrg surg tbgy
wlet ta mcasg tbg
lppcomltoae. Oi _gs os
sgcgmtgn tbge tbg
lppcomltoae os mcasgn.
Xgpart Yogw Iard
^gst
Eudhgr
[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn Xgsuct
89 Iocc ]troek Kron
Macude Bglngrs
Hclmj Hax ^bg Xgpart Yogw
iard os calngn.
^bg ]troek Kron os
ioccgn wotb macude
bglngrs ae iard
mrgltg.
8; Vapucltg ]glrmb
Madha Hax
Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbg ]glrmb
Madha Hax
^bg madha hax os
papucltgn ae iard
mrgltg.82 Vapucltg ]art
Madha Hax
Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbg ]art
Madha Hax
^bg madha hax os
papucltgn ae iard
mrgltg.
8? Caln Xgmarns oeta
]troek Kron
Hclmj Hax ^bg Lcc aptoae os
sgcgmtgn oe tbg
Xlnoa Kraup.
^bg ]troek Kron os
ioccgn wotb tbg
rgmarns slvgn oe tbg
CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^
iocg.
=6 Iocc Cost Hax wotb
Xaads
Hclmj Hax ^bg Xaads
aptoae os sgcgmtgnoe tbg Xlnoa
Kraup.
^bg Cost Hax os ioccgn
wotb tbg cost ai raadsslvgn oe tbg
raad.^R^ iocg.
=< Iocc Cost Hax wotb
Mltgkarogs
Hclmj Hax ^bg Mltgkarogs
aptoae os sgcgmtgn
oe tbg Xlnoa
Kraup.
^bg Cost Hax os ioccgn
wotb tbg cost ai
mltgkarogs slvgn oe
tbg mltgkary.^R^ iocg.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
2 Caln rgmarn oeta
Ngsoke Yogw Iard
Hclmj Hax ^bg Lcc aptoae os
sgcgmtgn oe tbg
Xlnoa Kraup. ^bg
sgmaen rgmarn oe
tbg ]troek Kron os
sgcgmtgn.
^bg rgmarn sgcgmtgn
os calngn oeta tbg
Ngsoke Yogw Iard.
=7 ]glrmb Xgmarn Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg ^otcg
iogcn oe tbg
]glrmb Madha
Hax. Getgr Ax oe
tbg ]glrmb
^gxthax.
^bg rgmarn totcgn
Axiarn Blenhaaj ai
Oeigmtoaus Nosglsgs
sbaucn hg
bokbcokbtgn.
=9 ]art Xgmarns
Lcpblhgtomlccy
Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg Lutbar
iogcn oe tbg ]art
Madha Hax.
^bg rgmarns sbaucn
hg sartgn
lcpblhgtomlccy
lsmgenoek lmmarnoek
ta tbg Lutbar iogcn.
=; ]art Xgmarns
Eudgromlccy
Hclmj Hax ]gcgmt tbg O]HE
iogcn oe tbg ]art
Madha Hax.
^bg rgmarns sbaucn
hg sartgn
eudgromlccy
lsmgenoek lmmarnoek
ta tbg O]HE iogcn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ^gst ]trltgky
28
=2 Vroet Xgpart Hclmj Hax Vroet Huttae os
prgssgn.
L rgpart ai tbg
rgmarns calngn oeta
tbg ]troek Kron os
kgegrltgn len tbos os
proetgn. Le
oeiardltoae dgsslkg
os nospclygn
maeiordoek tbos.
=? Mcasg Iard Hclmj Hax Mcasg Huttae os
prgssgn.
L maeiordltoae
nolcak hax wocc
lppglr lsjoek tbg
usgr oi tbgy lrg surg
tbgy wlet ta mcasg
tbg iard. Oi _gs os
sgcgmtgn tbge tbg
iard os mcasgn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
2=
]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
Ls tbg aecy aeg ngvgcapoek tbos systgd, lcc glrcy tgstoek wls naeg hy dg ls lcpbl tgstoek. ^bg
aecy gxmgptoae ta tbos os tbg tgstoek mlrrogn aut hy tbg gen usgr, hgtl tgstoek, wbomb wls
maenumtgn oe stlkgs lt spgmoiom paoets nuroek tbg ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd. ^bg dl`aroty ai
tgsts wgrg maenumtgn nuroek tbg ngvgcapdget ai tbg systgd wotb l sdlcc doearoty naeg litgr
ngvgcapdget. Oetgkrltoae tgstoek, l tgst ta gesurg tbg danucgs lcc coej takgtbgr summgssiuccy, wls
maenumtgn litgr lcc tbg atbgr tgsts.
Nuroek saitwlrg tgstoek, l vlrogty ai tgsts wgrg maenumtgn oemcunoek0 hclmj hax tgstoek, wbotg
hax tgstoek len vlconltoae tgstoek. ^bg tgsts iaccaw tbg tgst strltgky oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae. O blvg
pravongn gvongemg iar tbg tgsts oe tbg iard ai leeatltgn smrggesbats. ^bg mang iar glmb tgst bls
lcsa hgge lttlmbgn, wotb maddgets ta gxpcloe tbg purpasg ai tbg vlroaus plrts.
Hgiarg ley manoek maucn maddgemg, O bln ta gesurg tblt tbg iards iar tbg danucgs wgrg ioelclen madpcgtg. ^bg iards blvg hgge oemcungn ae tbg egxt plkg, tljge irad tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae.
^bgy wgrg ngsokegn oe tbg Clzlrus Oetgkrltgn Ngvgcapdget Gevoraedget (ONG) hy nrlwoek
clhgcs, huttaes, tgxt haxgs len madha haxgs (ah`gmts) ls pcleegn oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae. ^bg
ah`gmts wgrg mustadosgn len clon aut ls lkrggn nuroek tbg clst dggtoek O bln wotb dy gen usgr.
^bg ah`gmts pravong l dgnoud hy wbomb tbg usgr mle oeput nltl hut lcsa wbgrg tbg nltl
oeputtgn mle hg nospclygn hlmj ta tbg usgr.
Dley odpartlet ngmosoaes wgrg dlng wbge ngvgcapoek tbg systgd. Dley ai tbg ngmosoaes
krgltcy liigmtgn tbg autmadg ai tbg systgd len baw ot wls mangn. ^bg ngmosoaes wgrg
summgssiuccy dlng nug ta tbg rgkuclr maddueomltoae O bln wotb dy gen usgr. ^bgsg wocc hgnosmussgn oe krgltgr ngtloc cltgr ae.
O mldg lmrass sadg prahcgds nuroek saitwlrg ngvgcapdget len tgstoek. ^bgsg prahcgds blvg
hgge bokbcokbtgn oe tbos sgmtoae len O blvg sbawe baw O avgrmldg tbg prahcgds hy l
madhoeltoae ai iurtbgr mang ngvgcapdget len tgstoek. Gxldpcgs ai tbos oemcung tbg mang iar tbg
Ngcgtg Huttae pramgnurg len tbg Vrgsgemg Mbgmj pramgnurg.
Aemg tbg systgd os madpcgtg len lcc tgstoek bls hgge maenumtgn, tbg ioelc prakrld wocc hg sget ta
hg gen usgr iar lmmgptlemg tgstoek. Oe lmmgptlemg tgstoek, dy gen usgr wocc mbgmj tbg systgd
lkloest tbg lkrggn rgquorgdgets.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
2>
Oetgrilmg Ngsokes
irdQDloeDgeu
irdQNgsokeYogw
irdQXgpartYogw
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
27
Cohrlry Nltlhlsg ]ystgd
O blvg novongn tbg saitwlrg ngvgcapdget len tgstoek oeta tbrgg sgmtoaes. ^bos marrgspaens ta
tbg arngr oe wbomb O ngvgcapgn tbg danucgs.
^bg sgmtoaes lrg0
]gmtoae Aeg0 Dleopucltoae ai rgmarns oe Cohrlry Nltlhlsg Ngsoke Yogw ]gmtoae ^wa0 Calnoek, sartoek, sglrmboek len proetoek ai rgmarns oe Cohrlry Nltlhlsg
Xgpart Yogw
]gmtoae brgg0 Dloe Dgeu ]ystgd]gmtoae Aeg0 Cohrlry Nltlhlsg Ngsoke Yogw
^bos ueot nglcs wotb tbg dleopucltoae ai rgmarns lnnoek, slvoek len ngcgtoek rgmarns. Ot lcsalccaws elvokltoae hgtwgge rgmarns.
^bg iaccawoek tlhcg bls hgge tljge irad tbg tgst strltgky oe tbg Ngsoke sgmtoae, bawgvgr wotb
glmb tgsts autmadg. Glmb tgst wocc hg namudgetgn oe darg ngtloc iurtbgr oe tbg rgpart.
^gst
Ea.
[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai ^gst ^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst
Vlssgn1
9 Vapucltg iogcns
wotb rgmarns
irad
CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ iocg.
Hclmj Hax ^bg iogcns wocc hg
oeotolccy ioccgn
wotb nltl len
slvgn ta iocg. ^bgprakrld wocc hg
rgstlrtgn ta tgst
wbgtbgr tbg
rgmarns wocc hg
rgln hlmj oeta
tbg systgd.
^bg iogcns lrg
papucltgn
wotb nltl
irad tbgCohrlryNltlh
lsg.NL^ iocg.
^bg iogcns lrg
papucltgn
wotb nltl
irad tbgCohrlryNltlh
lsg.NL^ iocg.
_gs
; Vapucltg Xaad
Madha Hax wotb
nltl irad
Xaad.^R^ iocg.
Hclmj Hax Xaad.^R^ wocc hg
ioccgn wotb tbg cost
ai raads oe
Boccmrgst ]urkgry.
^bg madha
hax os
papucltgn
wotb nltlirad tbg
Xaad.^R^
iocg.
^bg madha
hax os
papucltgn
wotb nltlirad tbg
Xaad.^R^
iocg.
_gs
2 Vapucltg
Mltgkary Madha
Hax wotb nltl
irad
Mltgkary.^R^
iocg.
Hclmj Hax Mltgkary.^R^ wocc
hg ioccgn wotb tbg
cost ai mltgkarogs
ahtloegn nuroek
Oevgstokltoae.
^bg madha
hax os
papucltgn
wotb nltl
irad tbg
Mltgkary.^R^
iocg.
^bg madha
hax os
papucltgn
wotb nltl
irad tbg
Mltgkary.^R^
iocg.
_gs
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
29
? Ylconltg tbg
mblrlmtgrs
getgrgn oeta tbg
^otcg iogcn.
Ylconltoae -
^ypg Mbgmj
Eardlc0 Lcc
cgttgrs oe tbg
lcpblhgt (hatb
uppgrmlsg len
cawgrmlsg),
eudhgrs len l
splmg lrg
getgrgn.
Grraegaus0 Lcc
atbgr mblrlmtgrs
lrg tgstgn
iaccawoek tbos.
(G.k. T, Z, /, f)
Cgttgrs,
eudhgrs len
splmgs sbaucn
hg lccawgn.
Lcc atbgr
mblrlmtgrs
sbaucn eat hg
lmmgptgn len
le grrar hggp
sbaucn hg
pranumgn.
Cgttgrs,
eudhgrs len
splmgs lrg
lccawgn. Lcc
atbgr
mblrlmtgrs lrg
eat lmmgptgn
len le grrar
hggp os
pranumgn.
_gs
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
2;
,
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
22
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
2?
88 Ngcgtg Xgmarn Hclmj Hax ^bg sgmaen
rgmarn os
nospclygn len tbg
Ngcgtg Xgmarn
Huttae os
prgssgn.
^bg usgr os
lsjgn
wbgtbgr tbgy
lrg surg tbgy
wlet ta
ngcgtg tbg
murrgetcy
sgcgmtgn
rgmarn. Oi _gs
os sgcgmtgn,
tbge tbg
rgmarn os
ngcgtgn len
tbg Murrget
Xgmarn
Eudhgr len
^atlc Eudhgr
ai Xgmarns
lrg
ngmrgdgetgn.
Le
oeiardltoae
dgsslkg os
nospclygn
litgr tbg
rgmarn bls
hgge
summgssiuccy
ngcgtgn.
^bg usgr os
lsjgn
wbgtbgr tbgy
lrg surg tbgy
wlet ta ngcgtg
tbg murrgetcy
sgcgmtgn
rgmarn. Oi _gs
os sgcgmtgn,
tbge tbg
rgmarn os
ngcgtgn len
tbg Murrget
Xgmarn
Eudhgr len
^atlc Eudhgr
ai Xgmarns
lrg
ngmrgdgetgn.
Le
oeiardltoae
dgsslkg os
nospclygn
litgr tbg
rgmarn bls
hgge
summgssiuccy
ngcgtgn.
_gs
8= Apge tbg Xgpart
Yogw iard
Hclmj Hax ^bg Xgpart Yogw
huttae os prgssgn.
^bg Xgpart
Yogw iard os
nospclygn.
^bg Xgpart
Yogw iard os
nospclygn.
_gs
8> Mcasg
Lppcomltoae wotb
Apge Xgmarns
Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarn os
nospclygn len tbg
Gnot Xgmarn
huttae os prgssgn.
^bg Mcasg huttae
os prgssgn.
Le
oeiardltoae
dgsslkg wocc
lppglr tgccoek
tbg usgr ta
mcasg ley
ueslvgn
rgmarns.
Le
oeiardltoae
dgsslkg wocc
lppglr tgccoek
tbg usgr ta
mcasg ley
ueslvgn
rgmarns.
_gs
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?6
87 Mcasg
Lppcomltoae
Hclmj Hax ^bg Mcasg Huttae
os prgssgn.
L
maeiordltoae
nolcak hax
wocc lppglr
lsjoek tbg
usgr oi tbgy
lrg surg tbgy
wlet ta mcasg
tbg
lppcomltoae. Oi
_gs os
sgcgmtgn tbge
tbg
lppcomltoae os
mcasgn.
L
maeiordltoae
nolcak hax
wocc lppglr
lsjoek tbg
usgr oi tbgy
lrg surg tbgy
wlet ta mcasg
tbg
lppcomltoae. Oi
_gs os
sgcgmtgn tbge
tbg
lppcomltoae os
mcasgn.
_gs
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?8
pramgnurg gnt Qo sheJgyVrgss(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):
pramgnurg gnt Qpuhc o sbgr JgyVrgss(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):
pramgnurg gnt Qt o t c gJgyVr gss(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):
pramgnurg Iar dMc asg\ugry(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt : vlr MleMc asg0 haac gle):
pramgnurg Iar dMr gltg(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt ):
pramgnurg Iar dDausg[bggc Nawe(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt ):
pramgnurg Iar dDausg[bggc Wp(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt ):
pramgnurg dgdaQmaddget sJgyVr gss(]gengr 0^Ah` gmt : vlr Jgy0 mblr ):
pramgnurg WpNawe6T:
Lut bar 0 ]troekZ86T:
Mltgkary 0 ]troekZ86T:
O ]HE 0 ]troekZ
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?=
;. Vapucltg Xaad Madha Hax wotb nltl irad Xaad.^R^ iocg
[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl
Wsgn
Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst
Vlssgn1
VapucltgXaad MadhaHax wotb nltliradXaad.^R^iocg.
Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbgXaadMadhaHax
^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgXaad.^R^iocg.
^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgXaad.^R^iocg.
_gs
Hclmj Hax ^gst0
Mang ngvgcapdget0
^bg mang ta papucltg tbg Xaad Madha Hax wls ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbd0
=. Xgln tbg Xaad Iocg oeta tbg systgd (len Mltgkary Iocg)
^bg lckarotbd bls hgge lttlmbgn ae tbg egxt plkg hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbg
Lckarotbds sgmtoae.
^bg cost ai raads bls
hgge getgrgn oeta tbgXaad.^R^ iocg.
^bg Xaad Madha hax os papucltgnae iard mrgltg wotb nltl irad tbg
Xaad.^R^ iocg.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?>
Mang ta papucltg Xaad Madha Hax0
^bg iaccawoek pramgnurg rglns tbg raads irad tbg raad.^R^ iocg oeta l stroek cost.
pramgnurg No spc lyXaad:vlr
XaadIo c g 0^gxt Io c g:r aad0 ]troek:XaadCo st 0^]t r o ekCo st :
hgkoeLsso keIo c g(XaadIo c g, ' r aad. t xt '):Xgsgt (XaadIo c g):/ / ^bo s mr glt gs l ]t r o ek Co st , usgn t a st ar g t bg r aads t gdpar lr o c yXaadCo st 04^]t r o ekCo st .Mr glt g:wbocgEA^ GAI(XaadIo c g) na
hgkoe/ / ^bo s r glns glmb c o eg i r ad t bg Xaad. ^R^ i o c gXglnc e(XaadIo c g, Xaad):/ / ^bo s lnns glmb c o eg t a t bg Xaad ]t r o ek Co stXaadCo st .Lnn(Xaad):
gen:Mc asgIo c g(XaadIo c g):
gen:
^bg iaccawoek mang rues tbg NospclyXaad pramgnurg ae Iard Mrgltg. ^bg Xaad Madha Haxos ioccgn wotb tbg raads irad tbg Xaad ]troek Cost.
pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.Iar dMr gltg(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):vlr
o 0 o et gkgr :hgkoe
No spc lyXaad: / / ^bo s r ues t bg No spc lyXaad pr amgnur giar o 04 6 ta XaadCo st .Mauet -
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?7
2. Vapucltg Mltgkary Madha Hax wotb nltl irad Mltgkary.^R^ iocg
[blt ta ^gst ^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl
Wsgn
Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst
Vlssgn1
VapucltgMltgkaryMadha Haxwotb nltl iradMltgkary.^R^iocg.
Hclmj Hax Mcomj tbgMltgkaryMadhaHax
^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgMltgkary.^R^iocg.
^bg madhahax ospapucltgn wotbnltl irad tbgMltgkary.^R^iocg.
_gs
Hclmj Hax ^gst0
^bg cost ai mltgkarogs
bls hgge getgrgn oetatbg Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?9
Ngmonoek upae tbg dast suotlhcg dgtban ai oeputtoek tbg raads len mltgkarogs oeta tbgorrgspgmtovg madha haxgs wls l jgy ngmosoae iar dg. Oestgln ai tbg usulc pramgnurg ai manoekgvgry coeg (sgg tbg pramgnurg iar papucltoek tbg Iardlt madha hax), O ngmongn ta rgln tbgotgds irad l tgxt iocg. ^bos dgles tblt oe tbg iuturg, oi tbg mltgkarogs ar raads mblekg, tbgetbg nltl oe tbg tgxt iocgs mle hg glsocy ldgengn len tbgy wocc eat hg blrn-mangn oeta tbgsystgd.
Mang ngvgcapdget0
^bg mang ta papucltg tbg Mltgkary Madha Hax wls ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbd0
=. Xgln tbg Xaad Iocg oeta tbg systgd (len Mltgkary Iocg)
^bg lckarotbd bls hgge lttlmbgn ae tbg egxt plkg hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbgLckarotbds sgmtoae.
^bg Mltgkary Madha hax ospapucltgn ae iard mrgltg wotb nltl
irad tbg Mltgkary.^R^ iocg.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?;
Mang ta papucltg Mltgkary Madha Hax0
^bg iaccawoek pramgnurg rglns tbg mltgkarogs irad tbg mltgkary.^R^ iocg oeta l stroek cost.
pramgnurg No spc lyMltgkar y:vlr
Mlt gkar yIo c g 0^gxt Io c g:mlt gkar y 0 ]troek:Mlt gkar yCo st 0^]t r o ekCo st :
hgkoeLsso keIo c g(Mlt gkar yIo c g, ' mlt gkar y. t xt '):Xgsgt (Mlt gkar yIo c g):/ / ^bo s mrglt gs l ]t r o ek Co st , usgn t a st ar g t bg mlt gkar o gs
t gdpar lr o c yMlt gkar yCo st 04^]t r o ekCo st .Mr glt g:wbocgEA^ GAI(Mlt gkar yIo c g) na
hgkoe/ / ^bo s r glns glmb c o eg i r ad t bg Mlt gkar o gs. ^R^ i o c gXglnc e(Mlt gkar yIo c g, Mltgkary):/ / ^bo s lnns glmb c o eg t a t bg Mlt gkar y ]t r o ek Co stMlt gkar yCo st .Lnn(Mltgkary):
gen:Mc asgIo c g(Mlt gkar yIo c g):
gen:
^bos rues tbg NospclyMltgkary pramgnurg ae Iard Mrgltg len tbg Mltgkary Madha Hax os
ioccgn wotb tbg mltgkarogs irad tbg Mltgkary ]troek Cost.
pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.Iar dMr gltg(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):vlr
o 0 o et gkgr :hgkoe
No spc lyMltgkar y: / / ^bo s rues t bg No spc lyMlt gkary pr amgnur giar o 04 6 ta Mlt gkaryCo st .Mauet -
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
?2
?. Ylconltg Mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta ^otcg Iogcn
[blt ta
^gst
^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc Xgsuct ^gst
Vlssgn1
Ylconltgtbgmblrlmtgrsgetgrgnoeta tbg^otcgiogcn.
Ylconltoae- ^ypgMbgmj
Eardlc0
Lcc cgttgrs oe tbglcpblhgt (hatbuppgrmlsg lencawgrmlsg),eudhgrs len lsplmg lrg getgrgn.
Grraegaus0
Lcc atbgrmblrlmtgrs lrgtgstgn iaccawoektbos. (G.k. T, Z, /,
f)
Cgttgrs,eudhgrs lensplmgs sbaucn
hg lccawgn.Lcc atbgrmblrlmtgrssbaucn eat hglmmgptgn lenle grrar hggpsbaucn hg
pranumgn.
Cgttgrs,eudhgrs lensplmgs lrglccawgn. Lccatbgrmblrlmtgrs lrgeat lmmgptgnlen le grrar
hggp ospranumgn.
_gs
Ylconltoae gst0
^bg Eardlc nltl wls lmmgptgn ls gxpgmtgn - splmgs, hlmjsplmgs, sboit, eudhgrs lencgttgrs (hatb uppgrmlsg len cawgrmlsg) wgrg lmmgptgn.
^bg Grraegaus nltl wls eat lmmgptgn ls gxpgmtgn len tbos pranumgn le grrar hggp.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
??
Mang ngvgcapdget0
^bg mang ta vlconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta tbg ^otcg iogcn wls ngvgcapgn irad tbglckarotbd0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
Mang ngvgcapdget0
^bg mang ta vlconltg tbg mblrlmtgrs getgrgn oeta tbg O]HE iogcn len tbg mang ta vlconltg tbgcgektb ai tbg O]HE iogcn wgrg ngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbds0
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
Mang ngvgcapdget0
^bg mang ta papucltg tbg iogcns wotb tbg rgmarns stargn oe tbg CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ iocg wgrgngvgcapgn irad tbg lckarotbds0
8. Xgln tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg systgd>. Nospcly tbg rgmarns
^bg lckarotbds blvg hgge lttlmbgn hgcaw hut mle lcsa hg iauen ae plkg 7? oe tbg Lckarotbdssgmtoae.
8. Xgln tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg systgd
HGKOE^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns 4 6L]]OKE Cohrlry Iocg ls CohrlryNltlhlsg.NL^ IocgXG]G^ Cohrlry Iocg
[BOCG eat lt tbg gen ai tbg Cohrlry IocgOEMXGDGE^ ^atlc Eudhgr ai XgmarnsXGLN tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgn iogcn oe tbg Cohrlry Iocg oeta tbg murrgetcy sgcgmtgnCohrlry Xgmarn
GEN[BOCGMCA]G Cohrlry IocgMurrget Xgmarn Eudhgr 4 . Nospcly tbg rgmarns
HGKOEHaaj ON ^gxthax 4 Haaj ON ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsXaad Madha hax 4 Xaad ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry Xgmarns^otcg ^gxthax 4 ^otcg ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsLutbar ^gxthax 4 Lutbar ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMltgkary Madha hax 4 Mltgkary ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsO]HE ^gxthax 4 O]HE ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsVuhcosbgr ^gxthax 4 Vuhcosbgr ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsIardlt Madha hax 4 Iardlt ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMaddgets ^gxthax 4 Maddgets ai tbg Murrget Xgmarn oe tbg Cohrlry XgmarnsMurrget Xgmarn Eudhgr Clhgc 4 Murrget Xgmarn Eudhgr^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns Clhgc 4 ^atlc Eudhgr ai Xgmarns
GEN
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
Litgr tgst0
MurrgetXgmarn
Eudhgr
ngmrgdgetgn
Iogcns lrgrgioccgn wotb
nltl irad 7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
6
Ls tbg systgd wls ngvgcapgn, O tgstgn gvgry dl`ar odpcgdgetltoae. O blvg lttlmbgnhgcaw gvongemg ai tbg tgstoek iar tbg Ngcgtg Xgmarn pramgnurg.
Lcpbl ^gstoek - Hclmj Hax ^gst0
Ngcgtg XgmarnHuttaesgcgmtgn
Maeiordltoaenolcak sbawgnlsjoek usgrwbgtbgr tbgy
lrg surg tbgywlet ta ngcgtg
tbg rgmarn
_gs os sgcgmtgn
Oeiardltoaenolcak lcgrtoekusgr tblt tbgngcgtg wlssummgssiucbawgvgrrgmarn bls eat
hgge ngcgtgn
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
8
^bos coeg os eat gxgmutgnls tbg Murrget Xgmarn
Eudhgr os krgltgr tble
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
=
Dgsslkg nolcakoemarrgmtcyoeiardoek usgr tbltrgmarn bls hggengcgtgn.
Vramgnurg gens.Xgmarn os eatngcgtgn.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
>
Ioelc0 Mang ta ngcgtg rgmarn
Iaccawoek tbg tgstoek ai tbg oeotolc ngcgtg rgmarn mang, O blvg lnngn l hgkoe len le genhgtwgge OI stltgdgets. ^bos bls dlng tbg mang darg madprgbgesohcg len bls rgnumgn tbgeudhgr ai grrars.
pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.ht eQngc gt gr gmar nMc o mj(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):/ / ^bo s pr amgnur g ngc gt gs t bg mur r get c y sgc gmt gn rgmar nvlr
Mauet , Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 0 O et gkgr:hgkoe
/ / ]baws l maei o r dlt o ae no lc ak lsjo ek usgr wbgtbgr t bgy wlet t angc gt g tbg rgmar n
Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 04 DgsslkgNc k(' Lr g yau surg yau wo sb ta ngc gt gt bo s r gmar n1',dt [lr eo ek,Zdh_gs,dhEaT,6):
/ / ]baw t bg hut t ae t ypg sgc gmt gnoi Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 4 dr Ea tbge gxot:oi Hut t ae]gc gmt gn 4 dr _gs tbge
hgkoe
/ / O i t bgr g lr g dar g tble aeg r gmar n o e t bg lr r lyoi (Murr get Xgmar nEa 4
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
7
8=. Apge tbg Xgpart Yogw iard
[blt ta
^gst
^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc
Xgsuct
^gst
Vlssgn1
Apge tbg
XgpartYogw iard
Hclmj
Hax
^bg Xgpart
Yogw huttae osprgssgn.
^bg Xgpart
Yogw iard osnospclygn.
^bg Xgpart
Yogw iardos nospclygn.
_gs
Hclmj Hax ^gst0
Xgpart Yogwhuttae
prgssgn
^bg Xgpart Yogw iard os nospclygn bawgvgr tbg ah`gmts ae tbg iard blvg eat hgge mangn
ygt tbgrgiarg tbgy blvg ea iuemtoaelcoty.
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
9
Mang ta apge tbg Xgpart Yogw iard0
pramgnurg^i r dQNgso keYo gw.ht eQr gpar t vo gwMc o mj(]gengr0^Ah` gmt ):hgkoe
i r dQXgpart Yo gw.]baw:gen:
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I>7> Madputoek Vra`gmt ]aitwlrg Ngvgcapdget & ^gstoek
;
8>. Mcasg Lppcomltoae wotb Apge Xgmarns
[blt ta
^gst
^ypg ai
^gst
^gst Nltl Wsgn Gxpgmtgn
Xgsuct
Lmtulc
Xgsuct
^gst
Vlssgn1
McasgLppcomltoaewotb ApgeXgmarns
Hclmj Hax ^bg iorst rgmarnos nospclygn lentbg Gnot Xgmarn
huttae osprgssgn. ^bgMcasg huttae os
prgssgn.
Leoeiardltoaedgsslkg wocclppglr tgccoektbg usgr tamcasg leyueslvgnrgmarns.
Leoeiardltoaedgsslkglppglrstgccoek
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