a. frank usability in digital libraries שימושיות בספריות דיגיטליות...

A. Frank

Usability in Digital Libraries

שימושיות

בספריות דיגיטליות

אריאל פרנקמחלקה למדעי המחשב

אוניברסיטת בר-אילןariel@cs.biu.ac.il

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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Traditional vs. Digital Library

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What is a Digital Library (DL)?

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What is a Digital Library (DL)? (1)

• There are dozens of definitions.

• Most are very general and verbose.

• One of the better (shorter ) ones:A managed collection of information,

with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network.

W. Y. Arms, Digital Libraries, MIT Press, 2000http://www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/DigLib

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What is a Digital Library (DL)? (2)

• We will use the following DL definition:

1. Collection of Digital Objects

2. Knowledge Structures

3. Library Services

4. Library Categories: Domain, Focus & Topic

5. Quality Control

6. Preservation/Persistence

Sharon, T. & Frank, A., "Digital Libraries on the Internet", IFLA'00 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 13-18, August 2000http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/029-142e.htm

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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What is (DL) Usability ?• Jeng, Judy (2005). What is usability in the

context of the digital library and how can it be measured?, Information Technology and Libraries, 24(2), 47-56.

• Jeng, Judy (2006). An evaluation model for assessing usability of academic digital libraries, Research Forum Presentation, New Jersey Library Association.

http://web.njcu.edu/sites/faculty/jjeng/Content/default.asp

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What is Usability?• Usability is a multidimensional construct that can be

examined from various perspectives. • The term usability has been used broadly and means

different things to different people. • Many studies on usability focus on interface design. • Some relate usability to ease-of-use or user-

friendliness and consider it from an interface effectiveness point-of-view.

• This view makes sense, as usability has theoretical base in human-computer interaction.

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Attributes of Usability

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DL Usability Problems

• Digital libraries Awareness/Location problems.• Innumerable opaque digital libraries.• Endless authentication challenges.• Willfully different/complex interfaces –

intra-library and inter-library.• Insistence on attempting to suck everyone and

everything into the library site.Not the lightweight, flexible, intelligent and

responsive applications encountered online every day (Google, Amazon, Flickr, etc…).

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DL Awareness/Location Problems

• Lack of familiarity and use of DLs.

• Hard to locate/identify DLs scattered around the Web.

• DLs categories and user interfaces are not always clear/usable.

• Not enough Metadata kept for/on DLs.

• Harvesting/Indexing information in DLs.

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SELFDL – Gateway to World of DLs

Yom Tov, N. & Frank, A., Harnessing Search Engine (SEs) Technologies to raise Awareness and Discovery of Digital Libraries (DLs), Workshop on “Libraries on the Net”, Haifa University, 2 March 2006http://lib.haifa.ac.il/www/homepage/yomiyun2006/SELFDL_Presentation.pdf

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?

• The Universal Library Challenge

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?

http://www.loc.gov/

Task:browse for a digital object

LoC from 1800; 132

million items

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Browse Collections by Topic

http://memory.loc.gov/

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Technology, Industry: 13 collections

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The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

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Subject Index

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Subjects

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Items 1 through 19 of 19

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Telegram from Alexander Graham Bell to Alexander Melville Bell

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Archival grayscale/color (JPEG - 200K)

Got to a digital object at last!!

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Alternative - Search Descriptive Information and/or Full Text

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Search Results (match any of these words )

Not Googley!!

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But has “More browse options”

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?

• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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The Universal Library Challenge

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print

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The Universal Library – Library of all Libraries

• From the days of Sumerian clay tablets till now, humans have "published" at least:– 32 million books, 750 million articles & essays– 500 million images, 25 million songs– 500,000 movies, 3 million videos, TV shows & short films– 100 billion public Web pages

• All this material is currently contained in all the libraries and archives of the world.

• When fully digitized, the whole lot could be compressed (at current technological rates) into 50 Petabytes (PB = 1024 TBs).

• But building a universal library is a humongous undertaking!

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So how to tie all the pieces together?

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Link/Tag/Reference Granularity

• Each word in each book can be cross-linked, clustered, cited, extracted, indexed, analyzed, annotated, remixed, reassembled and woven deeper into the culture than ever before.

• In the universal library, no book will be an island.

• But why just for words – imagine: books, chapters, single pages, snippets of pages, etc.

• In the new world of books, every bit informs another; every page reads all the other pages.

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Virtual “Bookshelves"• Once digitized, books can be unraveled into single

pages or be reduced further, into snippets of a page. • These snippets will be remixed into reordered books

and virtual bookshelves. • The universal library will encourage the creation of

virtual "bookshelves" – a collection of texts, some as short as a paragraph, others as long as entire books, that form a library shelf's worth of specialized information.

• And as with music playlists, once created, these "bookshelves" will be published and swapped in the public commons.

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Traditional Bookshelf – Static but Visual!

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“What's New” display – Dynamic & Visual!

http://monkey.org/~emv/superpatron/aadlnewnonfiction.html

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The Internet Archive DL

• William Y. Arms, et al., A Research Library Based on the Historical Collections of the Internet Archive, Cornell University, D-Lib Magazine, 12(2), February 2006.

• The collections are some ten billion Web pages from the historical collections of the Internet Archive.

• The research library challenge is to organize the materials and provide powerful, intuitive tools that will make a huge collection of semi-structured data accessible to researchers, without demanding high levels of computing expertise.

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february06/arms/02arms.html

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Architecture of how researchers use the library

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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Faceted Search Paradigm?• Two Classic Web Search Paradigms:

– Navigational search uses a hierarchy structure (taxonomy) to enable users to browse the information space by iteratively narrowing the scope of their quest in a predetermined order.

• Exemplified by Yahoo! Directory, DMOZ, etc.

– Direct search allows users to write their queries as words in a text box. This approach has been made enormously popular by Web search engines.

• Exemplified by Google and Yahoo! Search, etc.

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New Web Search/Browse Paradigm

• Faceted search enables users to navigate a multi-dimensional information space by combining text search with a progressive narrowing of choices in each dimension.

• It has become the prevailing user interaction mechanism in e-commerce sites and is being extended to deal with semi-structured data, continuous dimensions, and folksonomies.

http://www.searchtools.com/info/faceted-metadata.html

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Features of Faceted Search

• Displaying aspects of the current results set in multiple categorization schemes.

• Showing only populated categories, no dead-ends (links leading to empty lists).

• Displaying a count of the contents of each category, warning the user how many more choices to see.

• Generating groupings on the fly, such as size or price or date.

• Drill down by facet, so a diamond buyer could choose price, clarity, size and setting.

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Tower Records (Endeca)

– Search for your favorite artist or record title.

– You'll see a list of search results .

–You’ll also see a set of options including genre, album feature, price range, format and more.

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American Express Travel and Leisure (i411)

After doing a search, the listing shows options for the matching articles, allowing travelers to choose the one that is most likely to answer their questions.

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BeachHouse.com (Siderean)

A search for beach houses which have internet connections finds some results, and the interface allows vacationers to search/browse by the country, cost, number of bedrooms, and other criteria.

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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Thinking “Outside of the Box”

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Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

hinchcliffe.org/ img/web2tree.jpg

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Web 2.0 Companies/Logos

http://flickr.com/photos/stabilo-boss

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The Terrible Twos: Web 2.0, Library 2.0, and More

http://www.infotoday.com/online/may06/OnTheNet.shtml

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Web 2.0 Concept

• The nebulous Web 2.0 concept represents a second wave of Web techniques to create more interactive and easy-to-use Web sites using new technologies (or using older technologies in a new way).

• Often used Web 2.0 examples: del.icio.us, Flickr, Listible, Writely, Yahoo! Answers, Google Maps, Meebo, and Digg.

• Web 2.0 technologies often used: Ajax, blogs, APIs, CSS, RSS, social networking, tagging, clouds, and wikis.

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Library 2.0 (L2) Concept

• Like Web 2.0, the definitions for L2 are many:1. A port of Web 2.0 concepts to the library world.

2. A desire to rethink and retool library services.

• L2 has a broad focus and has also engendered much debate:

– L2 incorporates blogs, wikis, instant messaging, RSS, and social networking into a library services setting.

– Finding new ways of involving patrons by letting them contribute comments, add tags, rate library items, and get involved in other interactive and collaborative activities.

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Contents• What is a Digital Library (DL)?

• What is (DL) Usability?

• The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability?• The Universal Library Challenge

• Faceted Search Paradigm

• Web 2.0 & Library 2.0

• Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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Talis Whisper Demo – Usability?

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Need a Shared DL Platform!?

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Talis Whisper Site (mashup)

http://www.talis.com/tdn/whisper

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Talis’ Whisper Demonstrator (Ajax)

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Talis’ Whisper Demonstrator (L2)

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Amazon - Is the book held in a UK library?

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Talis’ Locator Map

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Talis “Library 2.0” White Papers

• Web 2.0: Building the New Library Dr. Paul Miller, Technology Evangelist, October 2005

• Do Libraries Matter? The Rise of Library 2.0 Ken Chad & Dr. Paul Miller, November 2005

• Talis Platform: Supporting the Next Generation of Applications for Delivering Rich, Library Content and Services

Dave Barker, November 2005

• Library 2.0 - The Challenge of Disruptive Innovation Dr. Paul Miller, Technology Evangelist, February 2006

• Coming together around Library 2.0 Dr. Paul Miller, D-Lib Magazine, 12/4, February 2006

http://www.talis.com/resources/index.shtml

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DL Usability? – If/all in time