a course of english in agriculture tác giả: lê thị thanh chi nguồn gốc: Đh ngoại ngữ...
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8/13/2019 A course of English in Agriculture Tc gi: L Th Thanh Chi Ngun gc: H Ngoi ng - H Hu M, 2009
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FNKNXUS^ GL ME]HIUNGK IKE USINKNKB
J]M HG@@MBM GL IBSNH]@U]SM IKE LGSMXUS^
?g?
I HG]SXM GL
MKB@NXJnk IBSNH]@U]SM
Hgursm Emsnbkmr1 @M UJN UJIKJ HJN (F.I )
J]M93/3??:
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3
@N F I]
I hgursm gl Mkb`nsj nk Ibrnhu`turm ` bng trkj tnkb Ikj hjuyk kbkj h tj
ekb `f tn `nu bnkb ey hjg snkj vnk kbkj djuyk kkb, kbkj kkb `f dt jp v
`f tn tnu tjif djg hjg hh kbkj jh v Kkb @f h ck kj1 trkb trt, `f vk,
d tjut kkb `f ... hi trkb n Jh Kkb @f v n Jh X _jf (kbkj d
tjut Kkb @f).
Bng trkj ky h cnk sgk trk hs snkj vnk jh qui hjkb trkj tnkb
Ikj h ck4 h vk dnk tjh h ck v kb pjp tnkb Ikj v dnk tjh h ck v hh
hjuyk kbkj `nk quik k hy trkb v vt kun4 snkj vnkh kju hu pjt trnk d
kkb h, vnt v ehj tnkb Ikj hjuyk kbkjkkb `f. Eg fh hj hibng trkj
`1
Bnp snkj vnk `f qumk vn vk pjgkb tnkb Ikj djgi jh d tjut.
Sk `uyk d kkb h jnu hh vk ck djgi jh.
Hukb hp hjgsnkj vnk hh t, tjut kb hjuyk kbkj.
@uyk tjh jkj vnt v ehj ft s hu trh kb pjp tjkb bp.
\n n tkb hi bng trkj ` snkj vnk kf tj 8 trkb n Jh Kkb @f Ju v
tjn `kb ekj hjg fk jh `
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8
@ UjUjikj Hjn
UIC@M GL HGKUMKUX
_ibm
]knt 91 _`ikt (9) .............................................
]knt 31 _`ikts (3) .......................
]knt 81 Xgn`s..............
]knt 51 Ritmr nk tjm Xgn` ...........
]knt =1 @nvmstghd ...................
]knt 8
>=
93 Nk tjm lnrst stibm gl bmrfnkitngk tjm prnfiry rggt, gr rienh`m, mfmrbms. Ujmk tjm stmfpusjms nts wiy upwire uktn` nt ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`. It tjm sifm tnfm tjm rggtsystmf brgws egwkwire, ike cmbnks tg sprmie tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Nk tjm mir`y stibms gl
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=
emvm`gpfmkt tjm smme`nkb empmkes mktnrm`y gk tjm lgge stgrme nk tjm smme cut is sggk is tjm lnrst`mivms irm prgeuhme, nt ns ic`m tg fikulihturm lgge lgr ntsm`l. Ujm smme`nkb cmbnks pjgtgsyktjmsns.
9?Kmxt tjm p`ikt mktmrs tjm stibm gl ripne brgwtj. Nk tjns stibm gl tjm `nlm hyh`m, tjm p`iktcmbnks tg brgw tg nts lu`` snzm. Rjmk nt ns fiturm mkgubj, nt l`gwmrs, ike wjmk tjns jippmkspg``nkitngk ike lmrtn`nzitngk irm rmiey tg tidm p`ihm. Nk tjm prghmss gl pg``nkitngk tjm pg``mk ns
hirrnme cy wnke gr nksmhts lrgf tjm stifmks tg tjm stnbfi gl tjm hirpm`. Nt bmrfnkitms gk tjmstnbfi ike brgws egwk tjm sty`m nktg tjm gviry, wjmrm lmrtn`nzitngk tidms p`ihm.
(Ieiptme lrgf "tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i p`ikt", Mkb`nsj nk Ibrnhu`turm, I`ik Fguktlgre)
NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks1
9. Mxp`ink tjm enllmrmkhms cmtwmmk ik ikkui`, i cnmkkni` ike i pmrmkkni`.
3. Lrgf tjm icgvm tmxt, nklmr tjmsm stitmfmkts irm trumgrli`sm1
i. Cmlgrm i smme bmrfnkitms nt ns nk i egrfikt stitm.
c. Rjmk tjm tmfpmriturm `mvm` ns rnbjt i smme wn`` bmrfnkitm.
h. Nl smmes irm ernme it tgg jnbj i tmfpmriturm tjmy wn`` kgt enm.
e. Nl tjm sgn` ns tgg ery smme wn`` kgt bmrfnkitm.
m. Ujm tmfpmriturm gl wmt sgn`s ns jnbjmr tjik tjit gl wm``-erinkme sgn`s.
l. Egrfikt smmes hikkgt stiy i`nvm nk i cie`y erinkme sgn`.
b. Ujm rggt systmf lgrfs cmlgrm tjm stmf ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`.
j. Ujm smme hgktinks mkgubj lgge tg kgurnsj tjm smme`nkb uktn` tjm lnrst mivms irmprgeuhme.
NNN. \ghicu`iry1
9. Nk piribripj 2, `nkm 9 tjnsrmlmrs tg1
i. tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i p`ikt.
c. tjm bmrfnkitngk gl i smme.
h. tjm rnbjt tmfpmriturm `mvm`.
3. Nk piribripj 2, `nkm 8 tjnsrmlmrs tg1
i. tgg jnbj i tmfpmriturm.
c. tjm erynkb gl smmes.
h. tjm hgkentngk tjit smmes fust cm i`nvm.
8. Nk piribripj 9?, `nkm 8 tjns jippmkrmlmrs tg1
i. wjmk tjm p`ikt cmbnks tg brgw tg nts lu`` snzm.
c. wjmk tjm p`ikt mktmrs tjm stibm gl ripne brgwtj.
h. wjmk tjm p`ikt l`gwmrs.
5. Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms rmp`ihnkb tjm wgres prnktme nk nti`nhs wntj mxprmssngkslrgf tjm tmxt wjnhj jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb.
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. / Ujm spgrms gl ensmism grbiknsfs `ike gk tjm p`ikt. It tjm sifm tnfm tjmy irm dn``me cytjm lukbnhnem wjnhj jis cmmk spriyme gr eustme gk tg tjm p`ikt surlihms. (is sggk is,wjn`m, cmlgrm)
9?. / Xgfmtnfms tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn`. Gk tjmsm ghhisngks nt fust cm erinkmegll. (iltmr, uktn`, wjmk)
MZMSHNXM C1 Unfm mxprmssngks (3)1 Ujmk, eurnkb, tjrgubjgut, prngr tg, lnrst
Hgfpirm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms wntj ygur ikswmrs tg Mxmrhnsm I. Nl tjm smktmkhms jivmipprgxnfitm`y tjm sifm fmiknkb put i tnhd nk tjm cgx, nl kgt put i hrgss. Ujm lnrst twg jivm cmmkegkm lgr ygu.
9. _rngr tg tjm smme`nkb fikulihturnkb lgge lgr ntsm`l, nt usms up tjm lgge stgrme nk tjm smme.
3. Ujm prghmss gl pjgtgsyktjmsns cmbnks ike tjmk tjm ygukb sjggt ippmirs icgvm tjm surlihmgl tjm brguke.
8. Gxybmk hgfcnkms wntj ike crmids egwk tjm virngus hgfp`mx subirs prngr tg mkmrby
cmnkb rm`misme.
5. Ujrgubjgut tjm tnfm tjit egrfikt smmes irm nkihtnvm tjmy usm vmry `ntt`m inr.
=. Ujm ygukb rnhm p`ikts irm triksp`iktme tg tjm pieey lnm`es ike tjmk tjmy irm brgwk nkkursmrnms lgr i lmw wmmds wjmrm prgpmr hirm hi cm bnvmk tg tjm smme`nkbs.
. Nl tjm spgrms gl ensmism grbiknsfs `ike gk tjm p`ikt tjmy irm dn``me cy tjm lukbnhnemwjnhj jis cmmk spriyme gr eustme gk tg tjm p`ikt surlihm.
9?. Nl tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn` nt fust cm erinkme gll.
MZMSHNXM H1 Mxprmssngks gl embrmm1 tgg ike mkgubj
_irt 91Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms usnkb tgg ike fidm iky gtjmr hjikbms tjit irmkmhmssiry. Ujm lnrst twg jivm cmmk egkm lgr ygu.
(i) Ujm sgn` wis ery sg tjm smme hgu`e kgt bmrfnkitm.
Gr Ujm sgn` wis tgg erylgr tjm smme tg bmrfnkitm.
(c) Ujm sgn` wis jmivy ike h`iymy ike, is i rmsu`t, nt wis uksuntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.
Gr Ujm sgn` wis tgg jmivyike h`iymytg cm suntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.
9. Ujm sgn` pirtnh`ms irm lnkm sg tjm witmr hikkgt pmrhg`itm misn`y tjrgubj tjm sgn`.
3. Cmhiusm tjm sgn` wis hgfpiht, nt wis kgt suntic`m lgr rggt hrgps.
8. Xgn` imritngk wis nkiemquitm ike hgksmqumkt`y tjm p`ikt hgu`e kgt rmhmnvm i prgpmrsupp`y gl gxybmk.
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5. Is i rmsu`t gl tjm `ike cmnkb witmr`gbbme, nt wis kgt pgssnc`m tg prgeuhm i jmi`tjy hrgp.
=. Ujm sgn` prgln`m wis sg sji``gw tjit nt hgu`e kgt bnvm tjm rggts sullnhnmkt ikhjgribm.
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>
Lnburm 9. Ujm `nlm hyh`m gl i p`ikt
Lrunt ike smme prgeuhtngk
_jgtgsyktjmsns cmbnks
_`ikt l`gwmrs
Xmme enspmrsi`
Emhiy gl vmbmtitnvm pirts
_g``nkitngk ike lmrtn`nzitngk
Xtibm gl ripne vmbmtic`m brgwk
Bmrfnkitngk
MZMSHNXM C1
@ggd it tjm lg``gwnkb stibms nk tjm brgwtj gl i p`ikt (tjm Lrmkhj cmik)1
I. Ujm smme ns egrfikt. (stibm 9)
C. Bmrfnkitngk cmbnks
Ujm smme icsgrcs witmr. (stibm 3)
Ujm smme swm``s. (stibm 8)H. Ujm rienh`m mk`irbms (stibm 5)
Ujm rienh`m cursts tjrgubj tjm tmsti. (stibm =)
E. Ujm rienh`m m`gkbitms. (stibm
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9?
L. Ujm jypghgty` pu``s tjm hgty`megks gut gl tjm mirtj.
B. Ujm p`ufu`m rmfinks cmtwmmk tjm hgty`megks. (stibm >)
Ujm jypghgty` strinbjtmks. (stibm 9?)
Ujm hgty`megks smpiritm. (stibm 99)
J. Ujm hgty`megks pjgtgsyktjmsns lgr i lmw eiys. (stibm 93)
Ujm hgty`megks sjrnvm`. (stibm 98)
Ujm hgty`megk li`` gll. (stibm 95)
_irt 91 Unfm h`iusms ike tjm hgkaukhtngks wjmk, is, iltmr, cmlgrm, uktn`
Kgw rmie tjmsm mxifp`ms ike tjmk hgfp`mtm tjm smktmkhms1
Mxifp`m1 Ujm smme rmfinks egrfikt uktn` bmrfnkitngk cmbnks.
Rjmk tjm smme icsgrcs witmr, nt swm``.
9. Rjmk tjm rienh`m mk`irbms, ......
3. ...... , `itmri` rggts emvm`gp.
8. Rjmk tjm jypghgty` brgws, ......
5. Ujm p`ufu`m rmfinks cmtwmmk tjm hgty`megks uktn` ......
=. ...... , tjm hgty`megks smpiritm.
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99
Iltmr tjm smme ns egrfikt, ntbmrfnkitm.
Gr Iltmr egrfikhy, tjm smme bmrfnkitm/ Bmrfnkitngkghhurs.
Cmlgrm tjm `itmri` rggts emvm`gp,tjm rienh`m m`gkbitms.
Gr Cmlgrm emvm`gpfmktgl tjm `itmri` rggts, tjm rienh`mm`gkbitms /M`gkbitngkgl tjm rienh`m tidms p`ihm.
Is tjm smme bmrfnkitms, nt icsgrcswitmr. Gr Eurnkb bmrfnkitngk, tjm smme icsgrcs witmr /Icsgrptngk gl witmr ghhurs.
Kgw hgpy ike hgfp`mtm tjns tic`m. @ggd up wgres nk ygur enhtngkiry wjmrm kmhmssiry.
\mrc Kguk
Icsgrc
Egrfikt
Emvm`gp
Bmrfnkitm
Mk`irbm
Brgw
Xmpiritm
_jgtgsyktjmsnzm
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
SMIENKB UMXU1
Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm c`ikd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmk
cm`gw. I egttme `nkm ... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWW rmqunrms i wgre.Sggt systmf
hg`emr
smmes
tmfpmriturm
bmrfnkitngk (8 tnfms)
egwkwires
kgt
`nlm
up
ripne brgwtj
tgg jnbj
tgg fuhj
tmsti
pjgtgsyktjmsns
`ntt`m fgnsturm
nk tjm sgn`
witmr ike inr
emstrgyme
fiy cm rmeuhme
sullnhnmkt inr
tmfpmriturm `mvm`
lgge fikulihturm
wm``-erinkme sgn`s
empmkemkt gk tjm lgge stgrm
smhgkeiry rggts
surlihm gl tjm sgn`
fiturm
Ujm lnrst stibm nk tjm `nlm hyh`m gl i p`ikt ns WWWW . Hmrtink hgkentngks irm kmhmssiry lgr WWWWtg ghhur. Lnrst`y, tjm WWWW fust cm i`nvm. Nl smmes irm ernme it ... i tmfpmriturm, tjm witmrhgktmkt nk tjm smmes ... tgg fuhj ike hmrtink mssmktni` prgtmnks WWWW . Xmhgke`y, tjm ifgukt glfgnsturm nk tjm sgn` fust cm rnbjt. Nl tjmrm ns tgg ... nk tjm sgn`, smme wn`` kgt bmrfnkitm.
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93
Jgwmvmr, nl tjmrm ns ... witmr nk tjm sgn`, smme wn`` WWWW bmrfnkitm mntjmr cmhiusm wmt sgn` tmketg cm WWWW tjik ernmr, .... Ujns ns tjm tjnre hgkentngk kmhmssiry lgr bmrfnkitngk tg ghhur. Ujm... gl tjm sgn` fust cm rnbjt. I lgurtj hgkentngk hgkhmrks tjm ifgukt gl inr ... I wmt, cie`yerinkme sgn` fiy `ihd ... lgr smmes tg bmrfnkitm. Ujus, wm fiy siy tjit WWWW gk`y jippmksukemr tjm rnbjt hgkentngks4 wjmk tjmrm ns WWWW, sullnhnmkt ..., ike tjm rnbjt WWWW .
Ujm lnrst stibm nk tjm bmrfnkitngk gl, lgr mxifp`m, i cmik ns tjm sp`nttnkb gl tjm WWWW. Ujmrienh`m mfmrbms ike stirts tg brgw WWWW. Kmxt, tjm hurvme p`ufu`m cmbnks tg brgw WWWW tgwiretjm `nbjt. Fmikwjn`m, tjm ... ns cmbnkknkb tg sprmie tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Nk tjmsm mir`y stibm glemvm`gpfmkt, tjm smme`nkb ns mktnrm`y ... nk tjm smme. Iltmr tjm ygukb p`ikt jis crgdmk tjm ...ike tjm lnrst `mivms irm prgeuhme .... cy WWWW hik cmbnk. Cy tjns tnfm, cm`gw tjm sgn` surlihm... irm emvm`gpnkb. Ujm p`ikt ns rmiey tg cmbnk tjm stibm gl ... eurnkb wjnhj nt brgws tg nts lu``WWWW snzm.
Kmw wgres ike mxprmssngks1
-cnmkkni` (k.)1
-pmrmkkni` (k.)1
-cir`my (k.)1
-turknps (k.)1
-bmrfnkitngk (k.)1
-egrfikt (iea.)1
-fgnsturm (k.)1
-wm``-erinkme sgn`1
-sullnhnmkt (iea.)1-rienh`m (k.)1
-tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`1
- smme`nkb (k.)1
- fikulihturm (v.)1
-pjgtgsyktjmsns (k.)1
-pg``nkitngk (k.)1
-pg``mk (k.)1
-stifmk (k.)1
-stnbfi (k.)1
-hirpm` (k.)1
-gviry (k.)1
-lmrtn`nzitngk (k.)1
(hy) jin kf
(hy) `u knk, kjnu kf
n fhj
hy hhn
sky ff
kf nf `f, djkb jgt kb, kb
f
t tnu tjgt tt
, y rff, rhgk
cft t trkb
hy hgk, hy bnkb
sk xut
quikb jp
stjpjk
jt pjk
kjjgi
kf kjy (jgi)
` kgk
cu kjy
stjpjk
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98
-triksp`iktme1
-pieey lnm`e1
-kursmrnms1
-ynm`e (k.)1
-spgrms (k.)1
-ikhjgribm (k.)1
-hgirsm (iea.)1
-smme enspmrsi`1
-m`gkbitm (v.)1
- tmsti (k.)1
-jypghgty`s (k.)1
-hgty`megk (k.)1
-sjrnvm` (v.)1
h hy vg
hkj kb `i kh
rukb f
sk `kb
cg t
scf hjt
tj
spjt tk jt
dg en ri
vkbgn hi jt, vch
tren ` ff
` ff
kjk kjmg, xgk `n
--- ?g? ---
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95
@IKB]IBM X]FFIS^
]snkb ievmrc h`iusms tg sjgw tnfm rm`itngksjnps1
iltmr (i)Iltmrsjm brieuitms, sjm wn`` bmt i agc.
(c)Iltmrsjm (jie) brieuitme, sjm bgt i agc
I prmsmkt tmksm, kgti luturm tmksmns usme nk ik ievmrc h`iusm gl
tnfm. Kgtnhm mxifp`m (c) ike (e).cmlgrm (h) N wn`` `mivm cmlgrmjm hgfms.
(e) N (jie) `mlt cmlgrmjm hifm.
wjmk (m) RjmkN irrnvme, jm wis ti`dnkb gk tjm pjgkm.
(l) RjmkN bgt tjmrm, jm jie i`rmiey `mlt.
(b) Rjmknt cmbik tg rink, N stgge ukemr i trmm.
(j) RjmkN wis nk Hjnhibg, N vnsntme tjm fusmuf.
(n) RjmkN smm jnf tgfgrrgw, N wn`` isd jnf.
Rjmk 6 it tjit tnfm
(kgtnhm tjm enllmrmkt tnfmrm`itngksjnp mxprmssme cy tjmtmksms)
Rjn`m
Is
(a) Rjn`mN wis wi`dnkb jgfm, nt cmbik tg rink.
(d)IsN wis wi`dnkb jgfm, nt cmbik tg rink.
Rjn`m, is 6 eurnkb tjit tnfm
Cy tjm tnfm (`)Cy tjm tnfmjm irrnvme, wm jie i`rmiey `mlt.
(f)Cy tjm tnfmjm hgfms, wm wn`` i`rmiey jivm `mlt.
Cy tjm tnfm 6 gkm mvmkt nshgfp`mtme cmlgrm ikgtjmr mvmkt.(kgtnhm tjm usm gl tjm pist pmrlmhtike luturm pmrlmht nk tjm finkh`iusm)
Xnkhm (k) N jivmkt smmk jnfsnkhmjm `mlt tjns fgrknkb. Xnkhm 6 lrgf tjit tnfm tg tjmprmsmkt. (Kgtnhm tjm prmsmktpmrlmht ns usme nk tjm fink h`iusm)
]ktn`
t n ` `
(g) Rm stiyme tjmrm uktn`wm lnknsjme gur wgrd.
(p) Rm stiyme tjmrm tn``wm lnknsjme gur wgrd.
]ktn`, tn`` 6 tg tjit tnfm ike tjmk
kg `gkbmr (tn`` ns usme prnfirn`y nkspmidnkb ritjmr tjik wrntnkb)
Is sggk is
Gkhm
(q)Is sggk isnt stgps rinknkb, wm wn`` `mivm.
(r) Gkhmnt stgps rinknkb, wm wn`` `mivm.
Is sggk is, gkhm 6 wjmk gkmmvmkt jippmks, ikgtjmr mvmktjippmks sggk iltmrwires.
Is gkb is
Xg gkb is
(s) N wn`` kmvmr spmid tg jnf ibink is `gkb isN `nvm.
(t) N wn`` kmvmr spmid tg jnf ibinksg `gkb isN `nvm
Is sggk is, sg `gkb is 6 eurnkbi`` tjit tnfm, lrgf cmbnkknkb tgmke.
Rjmkmvmr
Mvmry tnfm
(u) RjmkmvmrN smm jmr, N siy jm``g.
(v)Mvmry tnfmN smm jmr, N siy jm``g.
Rjmkmvmr 6 mvmry tnfm
Ujm ln rst tnfm
Ujm ist tnfm
Ujm kmxt tnfm
(w) Ujm lnrst tnfmN wmkt tg Kmw ^grd, N wmkt tg ik gpmri.
(x) N siw twg p`iys tjm `ist tnfm N wmkt tg Kmw ^grd.
(y) Ujm kmxt tnfm N bg tg Kmw ^grd, Nf bgnkb tg smm ici``mt.
Ievmrc h`iusms hik cm nktrgeuhmecy tjm lg``gwnkb1
lnrstUjm smhgke tnfm
tjnre`istkmxt
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L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM
I.Hgfp`mtm tjm lg` `gwnkb. _iy ittmktngk tg vmrc tmksms.
9. @ist knbjt N wmkt tg cme iltmr N WWWWWWWWW fy jgfmwgrd.
3. Ugknbjt N wn`` bg tg cme iltmr N WWWWWWWWWWWWWW fy jgfmwgrd.
8. Mvmr snkhm N wis i hjn`e, N WWWWWWWWW ilrine gl egbs.
5. Aikms hgktiht `mks pgppme gut wjn`m sjm cisdmtci``.
=. Cm surm tg rmrmie ygur hgfpgsntngk lgr mrrgrs cmlgrm ygu WWWWWWWWWW nt nk tgtjm tmihjmr tgfgrrgw.
. Cy tjm tnfm N `mivm tjns hnty, N WWWWWWWWWWW jmrm lgr lgur fgktjs.
9?.Rjmkmvmr Fird WWWWWWWWWW ikbry, jns kgsm bmts rme.
99.N WWWWWWWWWW tg tjm cmihj wjmkmvmr tjm wmitjmr wis lnkm, cut kgw N egktjivm tnfm tg eg tjit cmhiusm N jivm tg stuey.
93.Rm wn`` jivm i cnb pirty wjmk WWWWWWWWWWWWW.
98.Ujm kmxt tnfm N WWWWWWWWW tg Jiwinn, Nf bgnkb tg vnsnt Fiuki @gi, tjmwgr`e `irbmst vg`hikg.
95.N jie lrnme hjnhdmk tjm `ist tnfm N WWWWWWWWWWW it tjit rmstiurikt.C.Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms. _ukhtuitm hirmlu ` `y. _iy ittmktngk tg vmrc
tmksm usibm.
9. Aust is N wis li``nkb is`mmp `ist knbjt ..............................................................
3. N`` jm`p ygu wntj ygur jgfmwgrd is sggk is N ...............................................
8. .................................................... is `gkb is N `nvm.
5. Aust cmlgrm N ................................................................
=. Ujm `ist tnfm N .............................................................
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9 Ujm `mivms, wntj tjmnr crgie surlihms, irm tjm fink pirts gl tjm p`ikt wjmrmpjgtgsyktjmsns ghhurs (smm Lnburm 3)
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Lnburm 3._jgtgsyktjmsns n``ustritme enibriffitnhi``y
9? I vmry nfpgrtikt lmiturm gl tjm `mil struhturm ns tjm prmsmkhm gl `irbm kufcmrs gl tnkypgrms (stgfiti) gk tjm surlihm gl tjm `mil (smm Lnburm 8)
Ujmrm irm usui``y tjgusikes gl stgfiti pmr squirm hf gl `mil surlihm. Mihj pgrm (stgfi) nsgvi`-sjipme ike surrgukeme cy twg buire hm``s. Rjmk tjm buire hm``s irm turbne (lu`` gl witmr)tjm stgfi ns gpmk ike wjmk tjmy `gsm witmr tjm stgfi h`gsms.
Lnburm 8. Xtgfiti gk `mil surlihm.
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9:
99 Ujm hircgk engxnem usme nk pjgtgsyktjmsns enllusmsnktg tjm `mil tjrgubj tjm stgfiti ikefgst gl tjm witmr vipgur `mivnkb tjm p`ikt, ike tjm gxybmk lrgf pjgtgsyktjmsns enllusms guttjrgubj tjm stgfiti.
Urikspnritngk
93 Ujm mvipgritngk gl witmr lrgf p`ikts ns hi``me trikspnritngk. Nt fink`y ghhurs tjgubj tjmstgfiti ike jis i hgg`nkb mllmht gk tjm `mil hm``s. Ritmr nk tjm hm``s gl tjm `mil hik piss nktg tjmpgrm spihms nk tjm `mil ike tjmk gut tjrgubj tjm stgfiti is witmr vipgur (smm Lnburm 5).
Lnburm 5. Hrgss-smhtngk gl brmmk `mil sjgwnkb bismgus fgvmfmkts eurnkb eiy`nbjt.
98 Ujm ritm gl trikspnritngk virnms hgksnemric`y. Nt ns brmitmst wjmk tjm p`ikt ns wm``supp`nme wntj witmr ike tjm inr gutsnem tjm `mil ns wirf ike ery. Nk vmry jgt gr wnkey wmitjmrwitmr mvipgritms lrgf tjm buire hm``s ike sg tjm stgfiti h`gsm ike rmeuhm tjm ritm gltrikspnritngk. Ujm stgfiti i`sg h`gsm nk vmry hg`e wmitjmr, m.b. ? ?H.
95 Ujm ritm gl `gss ns rmeuhme nl tjm p`ikt ns sjgrt gl witmr cmhiusm tjm buire hm``s tjmk `gsmwitmr ike h`gsm tjm stgfiti4 nt ns i`sg rmtireme nl tjm jufnenty gl tjm itfgspjmrm ns jnbj.
9= Ujm stgfiti buire hm``s h`gsm (ike sg trikspnritngk hmisms) eurnkb eirdkmss. Ujmy h`gsmcmhiusm pjgtgsyktjmsns hmisms ike witmr ns `gst lrgf tjm buire hm``s (gsfgsns) wjmk sgfm gl tjmsubirs prmsmkt hjikbm tg stirhj.
(Ieiptme lrgf @ghdjirt & Rnsmfik,Nktrgeuhtngk tg Hrgp Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)
NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks1
Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.
Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1
9. Rjit ns tjm fink enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk p`ikts ike iknfi`s 7
3. Rjit ns stirhj ik mxifp`m gl 7
8. Rjit emhnems jgw fuhj pjgtgsyktjmsns tidm p`ihm nk i eiy 7
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9>
5. Rjit ns tjm rmisgk lgr hrgp p`ikts jivnkb ym``gw `mivms 7
=. Rjit eg p`ikts fink`y hgksnst gl 7
. Rjy eg stgfiti h`gsm nk jgt wmitjmr 7
9?. Rjy egms pjgtgsyktjmsns kgt tidm p`ihm nk eirdkmss 7
NNN. \ghicu`iry1
9. Nk tjm lnrst piribripj, wjit tjmsm wgres rmlmr tg1
@nkm 91 Ujmy
@nkm 51 wjnhj
3. Nk tjm piribripj 9, wjnhj wgres nk tjm tmxt jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
\mry sfi``
Hikkgt cm hguktme
kgt hgfp`nhitme
8. Nk piribripj 3, wjit wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1
hikkgt cm gctinkme
mxhmss
nkhrmism
5. Nk piribripj 3, wjnhj wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
`mkbtj gl tnfm
i`tmr
quiktnty
=. @ggd it piribripj 8,5 ike = ike mxp`ink tjm lg``gwnkb wgres1
hj`grgpjy``
hirgtmkm
rmspnritngk
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3?
2. Nk piribripj 2,: ike >, wjnhj wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1
kirrgw
egms kgt jippmk
:. @ggd it piribripj 9? ike 99, mxp`ink tjm lg``gwnkb wgres1
struhturm
surlihm
enllusms
vipgur
C. BSIFFIS
MZMSHNXM I1Ujm lgrf gl emlnkntngks
Emlnkntngks gltmk tidm gkm gl tjm lg``gwnkb lgrfs1
9. TIV ns/irm, fiy cm emlnkme is TCV wjnhj THV.M.b. TI Ujm mfcrygV ns / fiy cm emlnkme is TC tjm pirt gl i l`gwmrV wjnhj TH wn`` emvm`gp
nktg ikgtjmr p`iktV
3. TCV wjnhj THV ns/irm hi``me, ns/irm dkgwk is TIV.
M.b. TC Ujm pirt gl i l`gwmrV wjnhj TH wn`` emvm`gp nktg ikgtjmr p`iktV ns hi``me /ns dkgwkis TI tjm mfcrygV.
Mxpike tjm lg``gwnkb nktg lu`` emlnkntngks usnkb tjm pittmrks n``ustritme icgvm
I C H
9._jgtgsyktjmsns Ujm prghmss Urikslgrfs `nbjt mkmrby lrgf tjm suknktg hjmfnhi` mkmrby.
3.I sgn` prgln`m I suhhmssngk gl sgn`jgrnzgks
Mxtmkes lrgf tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn` tgtjm pirmkt rghd.
8. Imrgcnh cihtmrni Grbiknsfs Hik `nvm nk tjm prmsmkhm gl inr.
5. Gsfgsns Cngpjysnhi` prghmss Uidm p`ihm tjrgubj tjm tnssums gl`nvnkb p`ikts.
=. I `mil Hgfp`mx struhturm ]tn`nzms mkmrby lrgf tjm suk nk tjmfikulihturm gl lgge.
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MZMSHNXM C1 Ujm nfpmrsgki` pissnvm
Mxifnkm tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm ike pissnvm smktmkhms, ike kgtm tjm vmrc lgrf gl mihj pissnvmsmktmkhm. Kgtm tjit tjm wgres nk crihdmts irm gptngki`, ike irm gltmk gfnttme nk shnmktnlnh wrntnkb.
Ihtnvm _issnvm
Rm nfprgvmtjm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn`. Ujm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn` ns nfprgvme
Ujm lrunt mkh`gsmstjm smmes. Ujm smmes irm mkh`gsmecy tjm lrunt.
Rm sjgu`e p`gubj ukemr `mbufnkgusp`ikts
@mbufnkgus p`iktssjgu`e cm p`gubjmeukemr.
Kgw, wrntm egwk tjm pissnvm vmrsngk gl tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm smktmkhms. Ujmk hgfcnkm tjmpissnvm smktmkhms ygu jivm wrnttmk lg``gwnkb tjm h`ums prgvneme.
M.b. I1 Ujm tnky rggt jinrs icsgrcme witmr ike fnkmri`. Ik nkhrmism nk tjm kufcmr gl rggt jinrsnkhrmisms tjm pgwmr gl icsgrptngk.
_1 Ritmr ike fnkmri` irm icsgrcme cy tjm tnky rggt jinrs. Ujmrmlgrm, tjm pgwmr glicsgrptngk ns nkhrmismecy ik nkhrmism nk tjm kufcmr gl rggt jinrs.
9. I1 Ujm lrunt mkh`gsms tjm smmes. Ujm lrunt prgtmhts tjmf wjn`m tjmy irm emvm`gpnkb.
_1 Ujm smmes ... cy tjm lrunt. Hgksmqumkt`y, tjmy ...wjn`m tjmy irm emvm`gpnkb.
3. I1 Ujm p`ikt tidms nk gxybmk. Ujm p`ikt usms gxybmk tg crmid egwk hircgjyeritms.
_1 Gxybmk ... nk cy tjm p`ikt ike ... tg crmid egwk hircgjyeritms.
8.I1 Rnke ike nksmhts trikslmr pg``mk lrgf gkm l`gwmr tg ikgtjmr. Ujmy empgsnt tjm pg``mk gk tjmstnbfis gl tjm gtjmr l`gwmr.
_1 Rjmk pg``mk ... cy tjm wnke ike nksmhts lrgf gkm l`gwmr tg ikgtjmr, nt ... gk tjm stnbfis gltjm gtjmr l`gwmr.
5. I1 Ujm jufik cgey rmqunrms sfi`` quiktntnms gl smvmri` fnkmri`s. Ujm jufik cgey gctinkstjmsm fnkmri`s lrgf p`ikts.
_1 Xfi`` quiktntnms gl smvmri` fnkmri`s wjnhj irm ... cy tjm jufik cgey ... lrgf p`ikts.
=. I1 Rm hik usm sgfm rggts tg rmprgeuhm tjm spmhnms. Rm sjgu`e rmfgvm tjm wjg`m rggt gljirflu` wmmes suhj is eghds nkstmie p`gubjnkb tjmf nk `nbjt`y.
_1 Xgfm rggts ... tg rmprgeuhm tjm spmhnms. Ujus, tjm wjg`m rggt gl jirflu` wmmes suhj iseghds ... nkstmie gl ... `nbjt`y.
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_1Xnkhm sgn` struhturm ... cy tgg fuhj hu`tnvitngk, tjm struhturm ... cy i pisturm pjism ukemrbriss.
:.I1 Ujm p`ikt fikulihturms lgge lrgf hjmfnhi` sucstikhms prmsmkt nk tjm sgn` & inr.
Ujm rggts tidm nk hjmfnhi` sucstikhms lrgf tjm sgn`.
Ujm `mivms tidm nk hircgk engxnem lrgf tjm inr._1Lgge ns ... cy tjm p`ikt lrgf hjmfnhi` sucstikhms wjnhj ... lrgf tjm sgn` cy tjm rggts ike
lrgf hircgk engxnem wjnhj ... lrgf tjm inr cy tjm `mivms.
>. I1 Rm hik usm i uknt hi``me i sgn` prgln`m tg emshrncm sgn`s.
Rjmk wm wnsj tg hgfpirm twg sgn`s, wm mxifnkm tjmnr prgln`ms.
Rm hik emlnkm i sgn` is jivnkb ik nkenvneui` prgln`m.
_1I uknt hi``me i sgn` prgln`m ... tg emshrncm sgn`s. Xg wjmk wm wnsj tg hgfpirm twg sgn`s,tjmnr prgln`ms ..., ike mihj sgn` hik tjus ... is jivnkb ik nkenvneui` prgln`m.
9?.I1 _`gubjnkb turk nk tjm wjg`m surlihm gl i lnm`e.
Nt curnms ike dn``s tjm wmmes
Nt `ggsmks ike mxpgsms tjm sgn` tg tjm inr.
_1Ujm wjg`m surlihm gl tjm lnm`e ..... cy p`gubjnkb, wntj tjm rmsu`t tjit wmmes ... ike ...ike tjm sgn` ... ike ... tg tjm inr.
MZMSHNXM H1 Fidm stitmfmkts
]sm tjm lg``gwnkb vmrcs nk tjm hgrrmht lgrf tg hgfp`mtm tjm piribripj cm`gw1
hirry, cm jm`p, pmrlgritm, hirry, cm, kgt `nbknly,
usui``y lnke, lgrf, tjnhdmk, fidm, dkgw.
M.b. _`ikts tidm nkgxybmk wjnhj hgfcnkmswntj grbiknh lggestulls.
Hrgps irm hjmhdmenk brgwtj nl tjm rggts irm emprnvmegl gxybmk.
Ujm fgvmfmkt gl fitmrni`s tjrgubj tjm p`ikt ........ is triks`ghitngk. Ujm xy`mf gr wggevmssm`swjnhj ....... tjm witmr gr fnkmri` si`ts lrgf tjm rggt tg tjm `mivms ......... tucms. Ujmsm tucms....... lrgf emie hm``s. Ujm hrgss wi``s gl tjm hm``s jivm ensippmirme ike tjm `gkbntuenki` wi``s ......wntj `nbkuf. Ujmsm ........ wgge. Ujm tucms ........ tg strmkbtjmk tjm stmf. Ujm pj`gmftucms (cist)........ grbiknh fitmrni` tjrgubj tjm p`ikt. Ujmsm vmssm`s ..... hjinks gl `nvnkb hm``s wjnhj .........Ujmy jivm hrgss wi``s wjnhj ......... -jmkhm tjm i`tmrkitnvm kifm, snmvm tucms. Nk tjm stmf tjmxy`mf ike pj`gmf tucms ........ nk i rnkb kmir tjm gutsnem gl tjm stmf.
H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM
MZMSHNXM I1 ]kemrstikenkb enshgursm
Nl ygu eg kgt ukemrstike sgfmtjnkb, ygu hik isd lgr ik mxp`ikitngk nk i kufcmr gl wiys.@ggd it tjns tic`m1
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(Mxhusm fm)
(Nf sgrry, cut)
hik ygu
hgu`e ygu
mxp`ink ............
tm`` fm i cnt fgrm icgut ...............
N egkt rmi``y ukemrstike .....
hgu`e ygu (pgssnc`y/p`mism) rmpmit tjit `ist cnt ........
wjit ygu aust sine ......
Nfibnkm ygu eg kgt ukemrstike tjm lg``gwnkb tmrfs. Isd mihj gtjmr lgr ik mxp`ikitngk.
- stgfiti - mvipgritngk
- pjgtgsyktjmsns - gsfgsns
- trikspnritngk - rggt jinr
MZMSHNXM C1@icm`nkb tjm enibrifs
Hgfp`mtm tjm `icm`nkb gl tjm lg``gwnkb enibrifs cy nksmrtnkb tjm hgrrmht `icm`s lrgf tjm `nst
gl wgres ike pjrisms cm`gw1
N. i) smhgkeiry rggt emvm`gp
c) rggt systmf sprmies tjrgubj sgn`
h) sp`nt tmsti
e) pjgtgsyktjmsns hik cmbnk
m) p`ufu`m
l) rienh`m
b) hurvme tg prgtmht brgwnkb pgnkt
j) `mivms sprgutnkb
n) fink sjggt
Lnburm =. Ujm bmrfnkitngk gl i crgie cmik.
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NN. i) witmr lrgf sgn` e) suk`nbjt
c) hircgk engxnem tidmk nk m) gxybmk bnvmk gll is bis
h) suk`nbjt usme tg issnst hgfcnkitngk gl HG3 ike J3G
Lnburm
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3=
:.Lggestgrm / prgeuhm tjm kgurnsjfmkt lgr tjm brgwnkb mfcryg.
SMIENKB UMXU1
Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm c`ikd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmk
cm`gw. I egttme `nkm ....... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWWW rmqunrms i wgretg cm ieeme.
rggts sjggt systmf sgn`
sgn` inr hircgk engxnem pjgtgsyktjmsns
fiem up gl rnpmkme gviry witmr ike fnkmri`s
hircgjyeritms `nvnkb suhj is
lukhtngk spmhni`nzme fgrm lmrtn`m
cy rmprgeuhtnvm grbiks hgksnsts gl
tjmnr rggts grbiknh fitmrni`s prghmss
hgkvmrsngk irm prgeuhme
I p`ikt ns i `nvnkb grbiknsf ...(9)... enllmrmkt pirts mihj gl wjnhj jis i WWWWW lukhtngk. Ujmcisns pirts gl i p`ikt irm tjm rggt systmf ike tjm ..(3).... .
Ujm rggt icsgrcs witmr ike fnkmri`s lrgf tjm WW(8)WWW. _`ikts suhj is subir cmmt ikehirrgts stgrm lgge nk ...(5)... @mbufnkgus p`ikts ...(=)... h`gvmr ike `uhmrkm jivm spmhni` cihtmrniWW()... tjm stmf, tjm `mivms, l`gwmrs ike lrunt. Ik nfpgrtikt WW(9?)WWW gl
tjm stmf ns tg mkic`m ...(99)... tg piss up tg tjm `mivms ike l`gwmrs ike ..(93)... suhj is subir tgtrivm` egwk tg tjm WW(98)WWW. Nk tjm `mivms WW(95)WWW tidms p`ihm. Ujm prghmss rmsu`ts nk tjm glwitmr lrgf tjm sgn` ike ...... lrgf tjm inr nktg subir ike gtjmr WW(9=)WWW. Eurnkb tjm WW(9)WWW tjm hirpm`. Ujm lrunt,tjm ...(3?).. gl tjm l`gwmr, mkh`gsms ike prgtmhts tjm smmes.
Kmw wgres ike mxprmssngks1
-nkkufmric`m (iea.)
-grbiknh sucstikhms1
-euritngk ike nktmksnty1-i `nfntnkb lihtgr1
-sjgrtibm (k.)
-ym``gw pnbfmkts1
-prghmss (k.)
v s
hh hjt ju h
s`nk th v hkb yu tjk hj
stjnu jt
sh tvkb
qu trkj
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3:?.(h) Ujm g`nvm gn` wis nfpgrtme lrgf Xpink.
]sui``y tjm pissnvm ns usme wntjgut i cy pjrism . Ujm pissnvm ns fgst lrmqumkt`yusme wjmk nt ns kgt dkgwk gr kgt nfpgrtikt tg dkgw mxiht`y wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk.
Nk (i) 1 Snhm ns brgwk nk Nkeni cy pmgp`m, cy lirfmrs, cy sgfmgkm. Nk smktmkhm (i) ntns kgt dkgwk gr nfpgrtikt tg dkgw mxiht`y wjg brgws rnhm nk Nkeni. (i), (c) ike (h)n``ustritm tjm fgst hgffgk usm gl tjm pissnvm, n.m., wntjgut tjm cy pjrism.
(e) @nlm gk tjm Fnssnssnppn wis wrnttmk cy Fird Uwink.
Ujm cy pjrism ns nkh`ueme gk`y nl nt ns nfpgrtikt tg dkgw wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk.Nk (e), cy Fird Uwinkns nfpgrtikt nklgrfitngk.
(m) Fy iukt fiem tjns rub. (ihtnvm)
(l) Ujns rub wis fiem cy fy iukt.
Ujns rub wis fiem cy fy fgtjmr.
Nl tjm spmidmr/wrntmr dkgws wjg pmrlgrfs ik ihtngk, usui``y tjm ihtnvm ns usme, is nk (m).
Ujm pissnvm fiy cm usme wntj tjm cy pjrism nkstmie gl tjm ihtnvm wjmk tjmspmidmr/wrntmr wikts tg lghus ittmktngk gk tjm sucamht gl i smktmkhm. Nk (l) tjm lghus glittmktngk ns gk twg rubs.
L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM
Hjikbm tjm lg``gwnkb ihtnvm smktmkhms tg pissnvm smktmkhms nl pgssnc`m. (sgfm gl tjmvmrcs irm nktriksntnvm ike hikkgt cm hjikbme). Dmmp tjm sifm tmksm. Nkh`uem cy pjrismgk`y nl kmhmssiry.
9. _mgp`m brgw hgrk nk Ngwi. 6; Hgrk ns brgwk nk Ngwi.
3. _mtmr hifm jmrm twg fgktjs ibg. (kg hjikbm)
8. Xgfmgkm fiem tjns iktnqum tic`m nk 9285.
5. Ik ihhnemkt jippmkme it tjm hgrkmr gl Lnltj ike Fink.
=. Xgfmgkm stg`m fy pursm.
. Ujm auebms wn`` auebm tjm ipp`nhikts gk tjm cisnh gl tjmnr grnbnki`nty.
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9?. Fy snstmrs p`ikm wn`` irrnvm it 9?.8=.
99. Ns prglmssgr Snvmrs tmihjnkb tjit hgursm tjns smfmstmr7
93. Rjmk ene sgfmgkm nkvmkt tjm rieng7
98. Ujm fin` hirrnmr jie i`rmiey em`nvmrme tjm fin` cy tjm tnfm N `mlt lgr shjgg` tjns
fgrknkb.
95. Rjmk ns sgfmgkm bgnkb tg ikkgukhm tjm rmsu`ts gl tjm hgktmst 7
9=. Iltmr tjm hgkhmrt wis gvmr, jukermes gl liks fgccme tjm rghd fusnh stir gutsnem tjmtjmitmr.
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Lgrfu`itnkb emlnkntngks1 ]snkb tjm nklgrfitngk bnvmk nk mihj smrnms, wrntm i emlnkntngk.]sm tjm smktmkhm pittmrks icgvm tg bunem ygu.
9. ik ifgmci / gkm-hm``me iknfi` / hgkstikt`y hjikbm nts sjipm.
Ikifgmci ns i gkm-hm``me iknfi` tjit hgkstikt`y hjikbms nts sjipm.
3. ik iktncngtnh / erub / hurms cihtmrni` ensmisms.
8. `ukb / grbik / crmitjnkb.
5. ihgustnhs / shnmkhm / sguke.
=. pjgtgsyktjmsns / prghmss / p`ikts fikulihturm lgge.
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]KNU UJSMM1 XGN@XI. SMIENKB IKE HGF_SMJMKXNGK
N. Smienkb tmxt1
9Xgn`s irm vmry hgfp`mx kituri` lgrfitngks wjnhj fidm up tjm surlihm gl tjm mirtj. Ujmy
prgvnem i suntic`m mkvnrgkfmkt nk wjnhj p`ikts fiy gctink witmr, kutrnmkts ike gxybmklgr rggtrmspnritngk, ike lnrf ikhjgribm. Xgn`s irm lgrfme cy tjm wmitjmrnkb gl rghds, lg``gwme cy tjmbrgwtj ike emhiy gl p`ikts, iknfi`s, ike sgn` fnhrg-grbiknsfs. Nl i lirfmr ns tg prgvnem tjm cmstpgssnc`m hgkentngks lgr hrgp brgwtj, nt ns emsnric`m tjit jm sjgu`e ukemrstike wjit sgn`s irm, jgwtjmy wmrm lgrfme ike jgw tjmy sjgu`e cm fikibme.
3 Ujm tgpsgn` grsurlihm sgn` ns i `iymr icgut : - 5= hf emmp wjnhj fiy cm tidmk is tjmbrmitmst emptj wjnhj i lirfmr wgu`e p`gubj gr hu`tnvitm ike nk wjnhj fgst gl tjm p`ikt rggts irmlguke.
8 @ggsm, hu`tnvitme, tgpsgn` ns sgfmtnfms hi``me fgu`e.
Ujm sucsgn`, wjnhj `nms ukemrkmitj, ns ik nktmrfmenitm stibm nk tjm lgrfitngk gl sgn` lrgftjm rghd cm`gw.
Xgn` prgln`ms
5 Isgn` prgln`m ns i smhtngk tidmk tjrgubj tjm sgn` egwk tg tjm pirmkt rghd. Nk sgfm hismstjns fiy hgksnst gl gk`y i sji``gw surlihm sgn` 9? - 9= hf gk tgp gl i rghd suhj is hji`d gr`nfmstgkm. Nk gtjmr wm``-emvm`gpme sgn`s (icgut i fmtrm emmp) tjmrm irm usui``y tjrmm gr fgrmemlnkntm `iymrs (gr jgrnzgks) wjnhj viry nk hg`gur, tmxturm ike hgfpihtngk (smm Lnburm 2.).
= Ujm sgn` prgln`m hik cm mxifnkme cy enbbnkb i trmkhj gr cy tidnkb gut hgrms gl sgn` lrgfvirngus emptjs wntj isgn` iubmr.
< I hirmlu` mxifnkitngk gl tjm `iymrs (jgrnzgks) hik cm usmlu` nk lgrfnkb ik gpnkngk is tgjgw tjm sgn` wis lgrfme, nts kituri` erinkibm ike jgw nt fnbjt cm lirfme. Xgfm emtin`me sgn`h`issnlnhitngks irm cisme gk sgn` prgln`m.
Xgn` lgrfitngk
2 Ujmrm irm vmry enllmrmkt typms gl sgn`s ike sucsgn`s. Ujm enllmrmkhms irm fink`y eum tg tjmvirnmty gl rghds lrgf wjnhj tjmy irm lgrfme. Jgwmvmr, gtjmr lihtgrs suhj is h`nfitm, tgpgbripjy,p`ikt ike iknfi` `nlm, tjm ibm gl tjm emvm`gpnkb sgn` fitmrni` ike lirfnkb gpmritngk i`sg illmhttjm typm gl sgn` wjnhj emvm`gp.
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Xurlihm vmbmtitngk Jgrnzgkgr `iymr
Emshrnptngk
Xurlihmsgn`
I
- Hg`gur1 usui``y brmynsj crgwk
- Umxturm1 usui``y hgirsmr tjiksucsgn`4 vmry wm`` wmitjmrme
- H`iy, sn`t, jufus,nrgk ikegtjmr hgfpgukes irm wisjmenktg jgrnzgk C.
Xucsgn`
C
- Hg`gur1 virngus sjiems glym``gw, rme gr crgwk - fiy cmbrmy gr c`um nl witmr`gbbme.
- Umxturm1 usui``y lnkmr tjiktgpsgn`4 kgt lu``y wmitjmrme.
- Smhmnvms fitmrni`s wisjme gutgl jgrnzgk I.
H
Sghd nk tjm mir`y stibms glwmitjmrnkb - fink`y eum tghjmfnhi` ihtngk.
_irmktrghd
]kwmitjmrme pirmkt rghd
Lnburm 2. Xgn` prgln`m enibrif sjgwnkb tjm crmidegwk gl rghd tg lgrf virngus sgn` `iymrs(jgrnzgks).
: Nbkmgus gr prnfiry rghd, m.b. brikntm (hgirsm hrysti`s) ike cisi`t(lnkm hrysti`s). Ujmsm
rghds wmrm lgrfme lrgf tjm vmry jgt fg`tmk fitmrni` wjnhj fiem up tjm mirtj, fn``ngks gl ymirsibg. Ujm fnkmri`s (hjmfnhi` hgfpgukes) nk tjmsm rghds irm fgst`y nk tjm lgrf gl hrysti`s ike irmtjm prnfiry sgurhm gl tjm fnkmri`s lguke nk i`` gur sgn`s. Nbkmgus rghds irm vmry jire ike wmitjmrvmry s`gw`y. H`iy ike sike irm crmidegwk prgeuhts.
> Xmenfmktiry gr trikspgrtme rghds. Ujmsm jivm cmmk lgrfme lrgf wmitjmrme fitmrni` (m.b.h`iy, sn`t ike sike) hirrnme ike empgsntme cy witmr ike wnke. Ujm smenfmkts `itmr cmhifmhgfprmssme cy fgrm fitmrni` gk tgp ike hmfmktme tg lgrf kmw rghds suhj is sikestgkms, h`iysikesji`ms.
9?.Ujm hji`ds ike `nfmstgkms wmrm lgrfme lrgf tjm sjm``s ike sdm`mtgks gl smi iknfi`s glvirngus snzms. Ujmsm rghds irm fink`y hi`hnuf hircgkitm. Ujm hi`hirmgus sgn`s irm lgrfme lrgf
tjmf.99Fmtifgrpjnh rghds m.b. firc`m (lrgf `nfmstgkm) ikes`itm (lrgf sji`m). Ujmsm irm rghds
wjnhj jivm cmmk hjikbme nk virngus wiys.
Rmitjmrnkb gl rghds
Ujm crmidegwk gl rghds ns fink`y hiusme cy tjm pjysnhi` ike hjmfnhi` mllmhts gl tjmwmitjmr.
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93_jysnhi` wmitjmrnkb. Hjikbms gl tmfpmriturmhiusm tjm virngus fnkmri` hrysti`s nk rghdstg mxpike ike hgktriht cy enllmrmkt ifgukts, ike sg hrihdnkb ike sjittmrnkb gltmk ghhurs.
98 Rmttnkb ike erynkb gl sgfm rghds suhj is h`iys ike sji`ms hiusms mxpiksngk ikehgktrihtngk ike rmsu`ts nk hrihdnkb ike l`idnkb.
95 Hjmfnhi` wmitjmrnkb.Hjmfnhi` crmidegwk gl tjm fnkmri` fittmr nk i emvm`gpnkb sgn` nscrgubjt icgut cy tjm ihtngk gl witmr, gxybmk, hircgk engxnem ike kntrnh ihne lrgf tjmitfgspjmrm4 ike cy hircgknh ike grbiknh ihnes lrgf tjm cng`gbnhi` ihtnvnty nk tjm sgn`. Ujm sgn`witmr, wjnhj ns i wmid ihne, enssg`vms sgfm fnkmri`s ike i``gws hjmfnhi` rmihtngks tg tidm p`ihm.
9= Ritmr hik i`sg ukntm wntj sucstikhms nk tjm sgn` (jyeritngk) tg lgrf kmw sucstikhmswjnhj irm fgrm cu`dy ike sg hik hiusm sjittmrnkb gl rghd lribfmkts. H`iy ns prgeuhme cyhjmfnhi` wmitjmrnkb. Nk tjm hism gl rghds suhj is brikntm, wjmk tjm h`iy-prgeuhnkb pirts irmwmitjmrme iwiy tjm fgrm rmsnstikt quirtz hrysti`s irm `mlt is sike gr sn`t.
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snfp`m `ggsm
kgt wiktme fihrg-
3. @ggd it pir.3 ike siy wjit tjm wgres wjnhj (usme 8 tnfms) rmlmr tg
8. @ggd it pir. 8, 5, =, < ike siy wjnhj wgres hgrrmspgke tg tjm emlnkntngks1
Jgw pirtnh`ms irm irrikbme nk i sucstikhm
Ujm prghmss gl prmssnkb pirtnh`m h`gsm`y tgbmtjmr
I enthj eub nk tjm brguke
Ujm fnee`m, gr fgst nfpgrtikt, pirt gl iky tjnkb
I systmf lgr tidnkb iwiy witmr
I brgup nktg wjnhj sgfmtjnkb ns put
5. @ggd it pir. 2, hik ygu mxp`ink tjm wgres1
h`nfitm tgpgbripjy=. @ggd it pir.:, ns tjns stitmfmkt hgrrmht gr nk hgrrmht 7
Hrysti`s irm kgt lguke nk nbkmgus rghds
, 9?, 99, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
put egwk
prmssme tgbmtjmr
gl enllmrmkt dnkes
2. @ggd it pir.93, Rjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
brgw `irbmr
brgw sfi``mr
jippmk
:. @ggd it pir.9
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is tjm surp`us witmr sgids egwk tg tjm erinks gr ns tidmk up cy p`ikts, (lrmsj) WWWWW inr ns eriwknktg tjm sgn` tg rmln`` tjm pgrm spihms.
Ujm imritngk prghmss ns issnstme cy
(9) hjikbms nk tmfpmriturm
(3) hjikbms nk (cirgfmtrnh) WWWWW prmssurm.(8) (bgge) WWWWW erinkibm,
(5) hu`tnvitngk (mspmhni`) WWWWW gk h`iy sgn`,
(=) (gpmk) WWWWW sgn` struhturm.
Xikey sgn`s irm (kgrfi`, bgge) WWWWW WWWWW imritme cmhiusm gl tjmnr (gpmk) WWWWWstruhturm. H`iy sgn`s irm (usui`, pggr) WWWWW WWWWW imritme (pirtnhu`ir) WWWWW wjmk tjm vmry(sfi``) WWWWW pgrms nk suhj sgn`s cmhgfm ln``me wntj witmr. (Bgge) WWWWW imritngk ns (vnti`,nfpgrtikt) WWWWW WWWWW lgr bmrfnkitnkb smmes ike smme`nkb p`ikts.
MZMSHNXM C1 Hgfpiritnvm Xmktmkhms
M.b. i) _irtnh`ms gl lnkm sike irm hgirsmr tjikpirtnh`ms gl h`iy.
6 _irtnh`ms gl h`iy irm kgt is hgirsm ispirtnh`ms gl lnkm sike.
c) Urikspgrtme sgn`s irm fgrm hgffgk tjik smemktiry sgn` nk jufne rmbngks.
6 Xmemktiry sgn`s irm `mss hgffgk tjik trikspgrtme sgn`s nk jufne rmbngks.
Hgfpirm tjm nklgrfitngk prmsmktme nk tjm tic`ms ike enibrif cm`gw usnkb tjm ieamhtnvmsbnvmk. ]sm IEA-mr + tjik ike kgt is IEA is hgkstruhtngks tg mxprmss tjm hgfpirnsgk.
9. @ggd it tic`m 9, hgfpirm tjm pirtnh`m snzm gl
i) lnkm sike wntj sn`t (lnkm)
c) h`iy wntj lnkm sike (hgirsm)
h) lnkm sike wntj brivm` (hgirsm)
Uic`m 9.
Xgn` pirtnh`ms Enifmtmr (ff)
Brivm`
Hgirsm sike
Lnkm sike
Xn`tH`iy
3.? gr fgrm
3.? - ?.3
?.3 - ?.?3
?.?3 - ?.??3?.??3 gr `mss
3. @ggd it tic`m 3 ike hgfpirm tjmsm sgn`s nk tmrfs gl fgrm gr `mss ihnenty gr i`di`nknty.
i) I sgn` wntj i pJ vi`um gl 5.? wntj i sgn` wntj i pJ vi`um gl .:
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8=
Uic`m 3. Ujm pJ shi`m
5 = < 2 : >
strgkb`y fgemritm`y kmutri` fgemritm`y vmry
ihne ihne i`di`nkm i`di`nkm
Fgst sgn` nk ghhur gk`y nkjufne rmbngks irne rmbngkswjmk kgt `nfme
8. @ggd it tic`m 8 ike hgfpirm tjm hgktmkts gl tjmsm sgn`s nk tmrfs gl
i) Ujmnr sike hgktmkt
c) Ujmnr sn`t hgktmkt
h) Ujmnr h`iy hgktmkte) Ujmnr jufus hgktmkt
Cmbnk tjm stitmfmkt is lg``gws1
(n) Ujm pmrhmktibm gl sike/sn`t mth. nk i `nbjt sikey sgn` ..............
(nn) Ujm sikey/sn`t mth. hgktmkt gl i jmivy h`iy sgn` ....................
(nnn) I `nbjt sikey sgn` jis .............................
Uic`m 8.
I1 `nbjt sikey sgn` C1 jmivy h`iy sgn`
%
brivm` 9.3
sike 82.5
sn`t 8:. Rjmk witmr li``s gk i ery sgn` nt egms kgtcmhgfm mvmk`y enstrncutme tjrgubj tjm sgn`. Ujmtgpfgst `iymr cmhgfms situritme lnrst ike is fgrm witmr ns ieeme tjm emptj gl tjm situritme `iymrnkhrmisms. Nk tjns `iymr fgst gl tjm pgrm spihm ns ln``me wntj witmr. Jgwmvmr, i wm``-erinkme sgn`hikkgt jg`e i`` gl tjns witmr lgr vmry `gkb. Iltmr i eiy gr sg sgfm gl tjm witmr wn`` sgid nktg tjm`gwmr `iymrs gr ruk iwiy nk erinks. Ujm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj ns tjmk rmtinkme cy tjm sgn` ns
hi``me tjm fgnsturm-jg`enkb hipihntygrlnm`e hipihnty. Ujm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj hik cm jm`e nktjns wiy virnms ihhgrenkb tg tjm tmxturm, ike struhturm gl tjm sgn`. Ujm wmnbjt gl witmr jm`e cy ih`iy sgn` fiy cm ji`l tjm wmnbjt gl tjm sgn` pirtnh`ms, wjmrmis i sikey sgn` fiy jg`e `mss tjik gkm-tmktj gl tjm wmnbjt gl tjm pirtnh`ms. Ujm witmr-jg`enkb hipihnty gl i sgn` ns usui``y mxprmssme nkff, m.b. i h`iy sgn` fiy jivm i lnm`e hipihnty gl 5 ff/hf nk emptj.
9? Ujm wiys nk wjnhj witmr ns rmtinkme nk tjm sgn` hik cm suffirnzme is lg``gws1
(i) is i ln`f irguke tjm sgn` pirtnh`ms,
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. Lukbn ittihd tjm imrni` pirts gl tjm hrgp, tjm `mivms, stmfs mth. Lukbn hik cm hgktrg``me cyfmiks gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhms. Ujmsm hjmfnhi` sucstikhms irm dkgwk is lukbnhnems.
9?. Lmrtn`nzmr gr fikurm ns rmqunrme lgr rnhm hu`tnvitngk. Ujm quiktnty gl lmrtn`nzmr gr fikurmempmkes gk tjm lmrtn`nty gl tjm sgn` ike tjm kutrnmkts. Ujm kutrnmkts irm rm`misme lrgf tjmrggtme wmmes ike stucc`m. Ujm wmmes ike stucc`m irm p`gubjme nk eurnkb hu`tnvitngk.
MZMSHNXM C1 Xjgrt-lgrf rm`itnvm h`iusms
Sm`itnvm h`iusms gltmk ippmir nk i sjgrtmkme lgrf. Ujm rm`itnvm prgkguk ike tjm lgrf glvmrc tg cmhik cm gfnttme ike wntj, tjm -nkblgrf gl tjm vmrc, pist pirtnhnp`m, ieamhtnvm gr kguk
fiy cm usme nkstmie. Lgr mxifp`m1
Snhm virnmtnms wntj sjgrt mrmht `mivms rmspgke wm`` tg jnbj `mvm` gl lmrtn`nzmr.
Snhm virnmtnms jivnkb sjgrt mrmht `mivmsrmspgke wm`` tg jnbj `mvm` gl lmrtn`nzmr.
Ujm quiktnty gl lmrtn`nzmr rmqunrme lgr rnhm hu`tnvitngkpirt`y empmkes gk tjm virnmty gl rnhmusme.
Hgffgk kntrgbmk lmrtn`nzmrssuntic`m lgr rnhm irm iffgknuf su`pjitm ike urmi.
]rmi, tjm sucstikhm nk jufik ike iknfi` urnkm, ns i kntrgbmkgus lmrtn`nzmr.
Hgfcnkm mihj gl tjm lg``gwnkb pinrs gl smktmkhms nktg i snkb`m smktmkhm. Ujmk sjgrtmk tjm
rm`itnvm h`iusms.9. \nrusms irm vmry sfi`` grbiknsfs. Ujmy irm usui``y triksfnttme cy fmiks gl nksmhts.
3. Kmfitgems irm sfi`` wgrfs nk tjm sgn` tjit mktmr p`ikt rggts. Ujmy hiusm smrngus `gssmsnk sgfm hrgps, pirtnhu`ir`y nk tjm trgpnhs.
8. Hgfpguke lmrtn`nzmrs irm fu`tnp`m kutrnmkt fitmrni`s. Ujmy supp`y twg gr tjrmm p`iktkutrnmkts snfu`tikmgus`y.
5. Nt ns mssmktni` tg ukemrstike tjm fitmrni`s. Ujm fitmrni`s irm ivin`ic`m tg tjm lirfmr tgfinktink tjm supp`y gl fnkmri`s nk tjm sgn`.
=. Lukbn irm fnhrgshgpnh grbiknsfs. Ujmsm grbiknsfs prgeuhm tjrmie-`ndm brgwtjs. Ujmsm
brgwtjs irm dkgwk is jypjim.
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=?
>. I hgfpgst ns i fnxturm gl pirt`y crgdmk egwk fitmrni`. Ujns fitmrni` ns usui``y fiem upgl `mivms gr briss huttnkb.
9?. Lukbn ittihd tjm imrni` pirts gl tjm hrgp, tjm `mivms, stmfs mth. Lukbn hik cm hgktrg``mecy fmiks gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhms. Ujmsm hjmfnhi` sucstikhms irm dkgwk is lukbnhnems.
MZMSHNXM H1 Emlnknkb
M.b. I lirfmr ns i pmrsgk wjgbrgws hrgp.
Ujm cikiki ns i p`ikt wjnhjemvm`gps suhdmrs.
]sm rm`itnvm h`iusm tg emlnkm mihj gl tjm wgres bnvmk cm`gw1
9. Ujm pgrm spihm ns i kmtwgrd gl spihms gr hjikkm`s ..........
3. tjm lnm`e hipihnty ns tjm ifgukt gl witmr .........
8. Jmrcnhnem ns i dnke gl hjmfnhi` sucstikhm ..........
5. Ik ibrnhu`turi` wgrdmr ns i pmrsgk ..........
=. _`ikts irm `nvnkb grbiknsfs ...........
H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM
MZMSXNXM I1 Hgkh`usngks cisme gk gcsmrvitngks
Xgn`s irm sgfmtnfms sjgrt gl p`ikt kutrnmkts1
Xyfptgf Enibkgsns
_`ikt stuktme nkbrgwtj, `mivms ym``gwnsj
nk hg`gur
Xgn`emlnhnmkt nk
kntrgbmkRm hik mxprmss tjns nklgrfitngk is lg``gw1
Gcsmrvitngk Hgkh`usngk
Ujm p`ikt ns stuktmenk brgwtj ike tjm `mivmsirm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur.
Ujnssjgw tjit..
Ujm sgn` nsemlnhnmkt nkkntrgbmk.
6 Ujm p`ikt ns stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur. Ujns sjgw tjittjm sgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.
Xjgw wjnhj syfptgfs bg wntj wjnhj enibkgsms nk tjm lg``gwnkb tic`m cy wrntnkbhgkh`usngks cisme gk gcsmrvitngks is nk tjm mxifp`m icgvm. Iee tjm lg``gwnkb dnkes gl wgrewjmrm ipprgprnitm1
(i)emlnkntm ike nkemlnkntm irtnh`ms4
(c)lgrfs gl tjm vmrc cm, ike tjmrm ns/irm4
(h)ike ike cut.
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Xyfptgfs Enibkgsns
(i) p`ikt rggts eynkb it tnps, gr rmfink sjgrt ike stuccy Xu`pjur emlnhnmkhy nk sgn`
(c) i`` pirts gl p`ikt stuktme nk brgwtj, wntj c`unsj-brmmk`mivms, pggr lrunt gr smme emvm`gpfmkt
_`ikt sjgrt gl m`mfmkt fibkmsnuf
(h) p`ikt tnssums wmid, prgkm tg ittihd cy nksmhts ike lukbus Xgn` emlnhnmkt nk pgtissnuf
(e) `mivms `gsnkb tjmnr brmmk hg`gur, cmhgfnkb ym``gw it tnps,cmtwmmk vmnks
Emlnhnmkhy gl pjgspjgrgus nk sgn`
(m) kmw `mivms turknkb ym``gw, rggts ike stmfs cmhgfnkb`gkb ike wggey
Xupp`y gl hi`hnuf nk sgn` ns `gw
(l) ygukb `mivms emvm`gpnkb hj`grgsns, vmnks rmfink brmmk Ifgukt gl znkh nk sgn` nksullnhnmkt
(b) lg`nibm gl lnm`e hrgps, pirtnhu`ir`y `gwmr `mivms, jisnktrivmnki` hj`grgsns
_`ikt sullmrnkb lrgf emlnhnmkhy glnrgk
KGUM1 Ujmrm irm gtjmr wiys gl mxprmssnkb tjm rm`itngksjnp cmtwmmk gcsmrvitngks ikehgkh`usngks1
Gcsmrvitngk Hgkh`usngk
Ujm p`ikt ns stuktmenk brgwtj ike tjm`mivms irm pi`mym``gwnsj nkhg`gur.
Ujns subbmstme tjit ..
Ujns nkenhitms tjit ..
Ujns ns ik nkenhitngk tjit
Ujns ns i snbk tjit ..
Rm fiy hgkh`uem tjit ..
Ujns fmiks tjit ..
Xg ..
Ujmrmlgrm ..
tjm sgn` nsemlnhnmkt nkkntrgbmk.
MZMSHNXM C1 Bmkmri`nzitngks
Nl wm eriw i hgkh`usngk lrgf i kufcmr gl gcsmrvitngks wm fidm ibmkmri`nzitngk.
Nli p`ikt ns/p`ikts irm stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur, tjmktjmsgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.
GS Rjmki p`ikt ns/p`ikts irm stuktme nk brgwtj ike tjm `mivms irm ym``gwnsj nk hg`gur, tjmsgn` ns emlnhnmkt nk kntrgbmk.
Hjikbm tjm gcsmrvitngks ike hgkh`usngks ygu jivm wrnttmk nk Mxmrhnsm I nktgbmkmri`nzitngks.
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SMIENKB UMXU1
Hgfp`mtm tjm lg``gwnkb tmxt cy ln``nkb nk tjm c`ikd spihms wntj tjm mxprmssngks bnvmkcm`gw. I egttme `nkm ....... rmqunrms i pjrism tg cm ieeme ike i strinbjt `nkm WWWWW rmqunrms i wgretg cm ieeme.
enbbnkb gr ern``nkb prgvneme `mkbtj
bmt rne gl gctinkme erinkme
tucm-cgrme lukhtngk typm gl hrgp purpgsm / lukhtngk
fust cm fgnsturm / witmr nrrnbitngk (5) mxhmss
tjns brguke witmr rmsmrvgnrs emmp
Rjmrm ike wjmk witmr ns nk sjgrt supp`y WWWWW ns kmmeme nk gremr tg fidm up lgr kituri`rinkli``. Ujmrm irm twg fink sgurhms gl WWWWW witmr1 surlihm witmr ike Xurlihm witmr nsWWWWW cy tjm l`gwnkb witmrs gl rnvmrs gr ns WWWWW lrgf tjm stn`` witmr gl tikds, pgkes gr irtnlnhni`
WWWWW. Xuctmrrikmik witmr ns tippme cy wm``s. Rm``s fiy cm sji``gw wm``s wjnhj jivm cmmkeub cy jike gr WWWWW wm``s wjnhj jivm cmmk WWWWW. Nk mntjmr hism witmr . @nltme cmlgrm nthik cm usme lgr WWWWW.
Lgr i bnvmk typm gl sgn` tjm ifgukt gl witmr wjnhj ns rmqunrme virnms wntj tjm - tjmp`ikt, nts pjysng`gbnhi` fidm-up ike tjm WWWWW gl tjm brgwnkb smisgk.
Rjmrm ike wjmk tjmrm ns tgg fuhj witmr nk tjm sgn` sgfm gl nt fust cm WWWWW gll. Ujus,WWWWW ike WWWWW irm `ndm twg lihms gl tjm hgnk. Rjn`m tjm purpgsm gl nrrnbitngk ns tg irrikbm lgrsullnhnmkt WWWWW nk tjm sgn` lgr sitnslihtgry , tjm WWWWW gl erinkibm ns tg rmfgvm WWWWWfgnsturm lrgf tjm rggt zgkm. Ug ivgne ik mxhmss gl fgnsturm, hirm fust cm tidmk tg . Ikyhg``mhtngk gl witmr mntjmr icgvm gr cm`gw brguke surlihm. Ujmrm irm tjrmm fmtjges gl egnkb
WWWWW1 cy enthjnkb, cy `iynkb ike cy usnkb ..
Kmw wgres ike mxprmssngks1
- sgn` pirtnh`ms1
- pgrm spihm1
- mqui` vg`ufm1
- hgfpihtngk gl tjm sgn`1
- nrrnbitngk (k.)1
- situritme (iea.)1- wm``-erinkme sgn`1
- rmtink (v.)1
- fgnsturm-jg`enkb hipihnty1
- pmrfikmkt wn`tnkb pgnkt1
- hipn``iry lgrhms1
pjk t t
dt
tjthj kbikb ckb kjiu
dt ekj hi t
stn tnu
cg jit h tnu tjit tt
bn`n
djkkb bnkh hi t
nf hjt vkj vnk
`h fig ek
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Rjit wis tjm kifm gl tjm fik wjg mkt ygu tjm fgkmy7
Ikygkm wjg ns nktmrmstme nk tjm agcfust ipp`y cmlgrm kmxt Lrneiy.
^gu hik usm tjit(nkstmie gl wjg). Cut ygu hik kgt usm tjitnk kgk-emlnknkb rm`itnvmh`iusms (is tjm kmxt pirt).
* Rjmk wm irm ti`dnkb icgut tjnkbs, wm usm tjitgr wjnhjnk i rm`itnvm h`iusm1
Rjmrm tjm hjmmsm tjit/wjnhj wis nk tjm rmlr nbmritgr7
N egkt `ndm stgrnms tjit/wjnhj jivm ukjippy mkenkbs.
Ujm fihjnkm tjit crgdm egwkjis kgw cmmk rmpinrme.
Ujitns fgrm usui` tjik wjnhj. Cut sgfmtnfms ygu fust usm wjnhjnk kgk-emlnknkbrm`itnvm h`iusm (is tjm kmxt pirt)
* @ggd it tjmsm mxifp`ms1
Fy crgtjmr Anf, wjg `nvms nk Jgustgk, ns i eghtgr.
Crie tg`e fm icgut jns kmw agc, wjnhj jms mkagynkb vmry fuhj.
Rm stiyme it tjm Brike jgtm`, wjnhj Ikk rmhgffmkeme tg us.
Nk tjmsm smktmkhms, tjm rm`itnvm h`iusms eg kgt tm`` us wjnhj pmrsgk gr tjnkb tjmspmidmr fmiks. Rm i`rmiey dkgw wjnhj tjnkb gr pmrsgk ns fmikt1 fy crgtjmr Anf,Cries kmw agc, ike tjm Brike jgtm`
Ujm rm`itnvm h`iusms nk tjmsm smktmkhms bnvm us mxtri nklgrfitngkicgut tjm pmrsgk grtjnkb4 tjmy irm kgk-emlnknkb rm`itnvm h`iusms.
Rm usm hgffi (,) nk tjmsm h`iusms
Fy Mkb`nsj tmihjmr, wjg hgfms lrgf Umxis, `gvms hgfputmrs.
Nk tjmsm typms gl rm`itnvms h`iusms, wm usm wjglgr pmgp`m ike wjnhjlgr tjnkbs (yguhik kgt usm tjit). Rjgf hik cm usme wjmk nt ns ik gcamht.
Agjk , wjg(kgt tjit) spmids Lrmkhj ike Nti`nik, wgrds is i tgurnst bunem.
Crie tg`e fm icgut jns agc, wjnhj(kgt tjit) jms mkagynkb nt vmry fuhj.
Ujns fgrknkb N fmt Ikk, wjgf(gr wjg) N jivmkt smmk lgr ibms.
Rm hikkgt `mivm gut wjg gr wjnhj nk tjns typm gl h`iusms. (cut wm hik `mivm gutwjg/wjnhj/tjitwjmk nt ns tjm gcamht nk emlnknkb rm`itnvm h`iusms.
Rm stiyme it tjm jgtm` (tjit/wjnhj)Ikk rmhgffmkeme.
Ujns fgrknkb N fmt sgfmcgey (wjg/tjit)N jiekt smmk lgr ibms.
Rjgfns ukusui` nk tjns typm gl h`iusms.
Rjgsmns usme nk rm`itnvm h`iusms nkstmie gl jns/jmr/tjmnr1
I wnegw ns i wgfik wjgsm juscike ns emie. (jmr juscike ns emie.)
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==
N fmt i fik wjgsm snstmr dkgws ygu. (jns snstmr dkgws ygu.)
Rjmrmhik cm usme nk i rm`itnvm h`iusm tg ti`d icgut i p`ihm1
Ujm jgtm` wjmrm wm stiymewiskt vmry h`mik.
N rmhmkt`y wmkt cihd tg tjm tgwk wjmrm N wis cgrk.
L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM
N. Fidm gkm smktmkhm lrgf twg. ]sm wjg/tjit/wjnhj1
9. I bnr` wis nkaurme nk tjm ihhnemkt. Xjm ns kgw nk tjm jgspnti`.
... Ujm bnr` wjg wis nkaurme nk tjm ihhnemkt ns kgw nk tjm jgspnti`...
3. I fik ikswmrme tjm pjgkme. Jm tg`e fm ygu wmrm iwiy.
.......................................................................................................8. I wintrmss smrvme us. Xjm wis vmry nfpg`ntm ike nfpitnmkt.
.......................................................................................................
5. I cun`enkb wis emstrgyme nk tjm lnrm. Nt jis kgw cmmk rmcun`t.
.....................................................................................................
=. Xgfm pmgp`m wmrm irrmstme. Ujmy jivm kgw cmmk rm`misme.
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= Hgws ike sjmmp jivm i enbmstnvm systmf wjnhj ns ieiptme tg emi` wntj lncrm.
9?Fgst iknfi` lmmenkb stulls irm emrnvme lrgf p`ikts ike, hgksmqumkt`y, gur `nvmstghd irm
i`fgst mktnrm`y empmkemkt upgk p`ikts lgr tjmnr supp`y gl mkmrby.
Lits ike Gn`s
99Lits ike gn`s irm hjmfnhi``y vmry snfn`ir tg mihj gtjmr, cut it kgrfi` tmfpmriturms litsmxnst nk i sg`ne stitm ike gn`s irm `nqunes. @ndm hircgjyeritms, tjmy hgktink hircgk, jyergbmk ikegxybmk, cut tjmy enllmr nk tjm prgpgrtngks nk wjnhj tjmsm m`mfmkts irm hgfcnkme.
93 Aust is tjm snfp`mst cun`enkb c`ghds nk tjm hircgjyeritms wmrm tjm subirs, suhj isb`uhgsm, tjm snfp`mst cun`enkb c`ghds nk tjm lits irmb`yhmrg`ikelitty ihnes.
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39 I`tjgubj fnkmri`s gk`y hgkstntutm icgut 8% gl tjm tgti` cgey, icgut :?% gl fnkmri`fittmr, hjnml`y hi`hnuf ike pjgspjgrus ns lguke nk tjm sdm`mtgk. Nt ns, tjmrmlgrm, pirtnhu`ir`ynfpgrtikt tg mksurm tjit ygukb iknfi`s wjgsm sdm`mtgk ns brgwnkb ripne`y gctink i bgge supp`ygl fnkmri`s.
33 Ujm typms ike quiktntnms gl fnkmri`s lguke nk enllmrmkt lmmenkb stulls irm mxtrmfm`y
virnic`m. Iknfi`s lmmenkb gk hmrtink enmts fiy, tjmrmlgrm, kmme supp`mfmktiry fnkmri` ritngks tgprmvmkt emlnhnmkhy ensmisms. I wnem rikbm gl fnkmri` supp`mfmkts ns ivin`ic`m lrgf hgffmrhni`lnrfs, i`tjgubj jgfm fnxms usnkb i prgpgrtngk gl stmifme cgkm l`gur, brguke hji`d ike hgffgksi`t irm sgfmtnfms usme tg supp`y tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s.
Uic`m =
Ujm lukhtngks issghnitme wntj tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s
Hi`hnuf, pjgspjgrus
Fibkmsnuf
Nrgk
Xgenuf, pgtissnuf
Xu`lur
Cgkm ike tmmtj lgrfitngk
Brgwtj gl sglt tnssums
Lmrtn`nty
Lukhtngk gl tjm kmrvgus systmf
Cgkm lgrfitngk
C`gge lgrfitngk
Smbu`itngk cmtwmmk ihnenty ike i`di`nknty gl c`gge l`unes
Lgge enbmstngk
_irt gl hmrtink prgtmnks, m.b. jinr prgtmnk
38 Gtjmr fnkmri`s wjnhj irm gk`y kmhmssiry nk sfi`` quiktntnms irm hi``me trihm m`mfmkts.Ujmsm nkh`uem ngenkm, fikbikmsm, hgci`t, hgppmr ike znkh.
(Ieiptme lrgf Cuhdmtt,Nktrgeuhtngk tg @nvmstghd Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)
NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks
Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1
9. Eg i`` ery fittmrs jivm tjm sifm lmmenkb vi`um7
3. Rjit irm hircgjyeritms fiem up gl7
8. Rjy irm sgfm g`emr p`ikts lncrgus7
5. Rjy eg lncrgus p`ikts jivm `mss lmmenkb vi`um7
=. Rjnhj hgktink fgrm mkmrby, lits gr hircgjyeritms7
. Rjnhj irm tjm mssmktni` fnkmri`s7
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Sggts
5. Sggts smrvm tjm sifm bmkmri` lukhtngk is lgr gtjmr p`ikts1 ikhjgribm, icsgrptngk gl witmrike mssmktni` fnkmri`s, ike stgribm tjm pjgtgsyktjitm. Ujm stgribm lukhtngk ns `mss nfpgrtikt nklgrmst trmms tjik lgr fgst pmrmkkni` lnm`e hrgps snkhm stmf tnssum tidms gvmr fuhj gl tjm stgribmlukhtngk nk trmms.
= Urmm spmhnms enllmr firdme`y nk tjm mxtmkt gl tjmnr rggt systmfs, enllmrmkhms tjit fiyillmht jgw tjm spmhnms irm fikibme nk tjm lgrmst. Lgr mxifp`m, fgst gid, jnhdgry, ike wi`kuttrmms jivm emmp ike mxtmksnvm tiprggt systmfs wjnhj prgvnem mxtrmfm`y sg`ne ikhjgribm. Ujus,tjmsm ike gtjmr trmms wntj snfn`ir rggt systmfs irm kgt is prgkm tg uprggtnkb cy smvmrm wnkes. Nkjirvmstnkb i lgrmst, wnke eifibm ns i fnkgr hgkhmrk wntj tjmsm trmms. Xpruhms ike ci`sif, gk tjmgtjmr jike, jivm sji``gw rggt systmfs ike hik cm uprggtme mvmk cy fgemritm wnkes. Nk p`ikknkbtjm jirvmst, suhj trmms fust cm rmfgvme gr i``gwme tg rmfink nk i pittmrk tjit wn`` mksurmiemquitm wnke prgtmhtngk. Fgst lgrmst trmms li`` sgfmwjmrm cmtwmmk tjmsm mxtrmfms. Bmkmri``y,tjm rggt systmf prgvnems sguke ikhjgribm mxhmpt nk rm`itnvm`y mxtrmfm hgkentngks. Gl hgursm,mvmk emmp-rggtme spmhnms hik cm uprggtme ukemr smvmrm hgkentngks, suhj is prg`gkbme jmivy rinkscmlgrm gr eurnkb jnbj wnkes. Jurrnhikm hgkentngks hik `mvm` mxtmksnvm irmis gl lgrmst. Nk ieentngk,trmms tjit kgrfi``y prgeuhm tiprggts fiy emvm`gp sji``gw rggt systmfs cmhiusm gl pggr sgn`hgkentngks, m.b. gk`y i tjnk `iymr gl sgn` icgvm tjm cmerghd. Nk suhj hisms trmms fiy cm kgt gk`ystuktme cut i`sg misn`y c`gwk gvmr.
Ujns tmxt ns tidmk lrgf CISEMK mt i`., _`ikt Xhnmkhm, FhBriw-Jn``
NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks
Kgw rmie tjm tmxt hirmlu``y, `ggdnkb up iky kmw ntmfs nk i enhtngkiry gr rmlmrmkhm cggd.Ujmk ikswmr tjm lg``gwnkb qumstngks1
9. Rjy irm lgrmst usui``y fikibme 7
3. Rjit ns tjm enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk ik ikbngspmrf ike byfkgspmrf 78. Jgw irm jirewgges ike sgltwgges enllmrmktnitme 7
5. Rjit dnke gl trmm ns tjm ispmk 7
=. Jgw `gkb egms nt tidm lgr i lgrmst tg fikurm 7
. Rjy ns ik gid `mss `ndm`y tg cm uprggtme tjik i ci`sif 7
9?. Rjmk ns tjm rggt systmf nkiemquitm tg ikhjgr i trmm 7
NNN. \ghicu`iry
9. `ggd it pir.9, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
Rm``-nklgrfme
Fink, fgst nfpgrtikt
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2?
3. @ggd it pir.3, wjit wgres jivm tjm gppgsntm fmiknkb tg1
Xtrinbjtlgrwire, misy tg ukemrstike
Is ik mxhmptngk
8. @ggd it pir. 3 ibink, hik ygu mxp`ink tjm wgres1
Jire jirewgge
Jire sgltwgge
5. @ggd it pir.8, wjit wgres jivm tjm sifm fmiknkb is1
Bg gk `nvnkb
Emhnenkb
Jukerme gl ymirs
_irt
I`` tjm tnfmXm`egf
=. @ggd it pir.5 & =, wjnhj wgres hgrrmspgke tg tjmsm emlnkntngks1
Jg`enkb sgfmtjnkb egwk sg tjit nt ns kgt c`gwk gvmr
@nic`m gr nkh`nkme tg
Bgnkb gk lgr i `gkb tnfm
_ggr`y emvm`gpme
Yui`ntnms wjnhj irm is wnem ipirt is pgssnc`m.
C. BSIFFIS
MZMSSHNXM I1 Isdnkb qumstngks
Lnke gut icgut tjm gn` pi`f cy isdnkb qumstngks lg``gwnkb tjmsm pgnkts (Kgtm egwk tjmikswmrs lrgf ygur tmihjmr)
9. Cgtiknhi` kifm1 Rjit ...........................................7
3. Lifn`y1 Rjnhj ......................................................7
8. \irnmtnms1 Jgw fiky ............................................7
5. Xmme ritm1 Rjit ....................................................7
=. _`ikknkb gut1 Rjmrm .............................................7
. ^nm`e1 Rjit ......................................................................7
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29
9?. Hgfpgsntngk pmrhmktibm1 Rjit ...................................... 7
99. Ensmisms1 Rjit dnke gl .................................................. 7
93. _rghmssnkb1 Jgw ............................................................ 7
MZMSHNXM C1 Mxprmssnkb purpgsm1 tg-nklnkntnvm
M.b. Rm hut enthjms it hmrtink nktmrvi`s cmtwmmk tjm hrgps. Gur purpgsm nk egnkb tjns ns tgrmfgvm surlihm witmr.
6 Enthjms irm hutit hmrtink nktmrvi`s cmtwmmk tjm hrgps tg rmfgvmsurlihm witmr
Smwrntm tjm lg``gwnkb smktmkhms usnkb tjm pissnvm lgrfs gl tjm fink vmrcs is nk tjmmxifp`m icgvm.
9. I p`ikt usms suk`nbjt. Ujm purpgsm nk usnkb nt ns tg hgfcnkm hircgk engxnem wntj witmr tglgrf hircgjyeritms.
3. Nk hguktrnms wntj nkiemquitm rinkli`` wm nrrnbitm tjm `ike. Gur gcamht nk egnkb tjns ns tgsupp`y mkgubj fgnsturm lgr sitnslihtgry p`ikt brgwtj.
8. Ujm rggts gl p`ikts suhj is subir cmmt, hirrgts ike pirsknps stgrm lgge. Ujm gcamht glegnkb tjns ns tg mkic`m tjmf tg `nvm fgrm tjik gkm smisgk.
5. Rm sjgu`e iee lmrtn`nzmrs gr fikurm tg tjm sgn`. Gur inf nk egnkb tjns ns tg mkhguribmp`ikt brgwtj.
=. Nl i sgn` ns vmry ihne wm hik sprmie `nfm gk nt. Gur purpgsm nk egnkb tjns ns tg hgrrmht tjmihnenty.
. Rm sjgu`e dmmp enthjms is strinbjt is pgssnc`m ike gk ik mvmk brienmkt. Ujm rmisgk lgrtjns ns tg prmvmkt tjmf lrgf sn`tnkb up.
9?. Rm iee cu`dy fitmrni`s tg tjm sgn` `ndm iknfi` gr brmmk fikurm. Gur inf nk egnkb tjns nstg nfprgvm tjm pjysnhi` hgkentngk gl tjm sgn` ike tg dmmp up nts jufus hgktmkt.
MZMSHNXM H1 Mxprmssnkb purpgsm1 nk gremr tg + nklnkntnvm / sg is tg + nklnkntnvmLgr mxifp`m1
Rm kmme nrrnbitngk. Ujm rmisgk lgr tjns ns tg fidm up lgr `ihd gl kituri` rinkli``.
6 Nrrnbitngk ns kmmeme nk gremr tg/sg is tgfidm up lgr `ihd up kituri` rinkli``.
Smwrntm tjm smktmkhms nk Mxmrhnsm C usnkb tjm kmw struhturm nk gremr tg/sg is tg +nklnkntnvmike tjm pissnvm lgrf is nk tjm icgvm mxifp`m.
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H. @IKB]IBM NK ]XM
MZMSHNXM C1 Emlnkntngk gl tmrfs
Hgfcnkm tjm ntmfs nk Hg`ufk I wntj tjm gkms nk hg`ufk C tg fidm tjm hgrrmht emlnkntngkgl mihj tmrf. ^gu wn`` kmme tg iee sgfm kmhmssiry wgres (irtnh`ms, prgkguks ike ieamhtnvms,
lgrfs gl tjm vmrc cm) wjmrm ipprgprnitm.I C
Lgrmst
Xtike
Uypm
Xntm h`iss
Xnzm gl trmm
Enifmtmr gl trmm
hf ecj
Mhg`gbnhi``y hgfp`mx uknt - hgffuknty gl trmms ike ukemrbrgwtjsprmienkb, sgfmtnfms, gvmr rmi``y mkgrfgus irmis.
Hg``mhtngk gl trmms wjnhj irm fgrm gr `mss uknlgrf (n.m fgrm gr `mss tjmsifm) nk spmhnms, ibm enstrncutngk mth.
Sitjmr `ndm i stike cut fgrm mxtmksnvm - brgup gl snfn`ir stikes emlnkmecy tjm spmhnms hgfpgsntngk.
_jysnhi` lihtgrs wjnhj illmht tjm prgeuhtnvnty gl tjm trmms, hgkhmrknkb tjm
tjnkbs `ndm tjm sgn`, tjm s`gpm ike mxpgsurm (wnkes, rink).Jmnbjt gl trmm ike enifmtmr.
Fmisurme it gkm pgnkt tjrmm lnvm fmtrms lrgf tjm surlihm gl tjm sgn`.
Fmisurmfmkts usme lgr tjm enifmtmr gl trmms (ecj1 enifmtmr it crmistjmnbjt)
MZMSHNXM H
]sm tjm nklgrfitngk nk tjm tic`m cm`gw tg mxp`ink tjm tmrfs
M.b. - Nk lgrmstry wm usm tjm wgre/tmrf smme`nkb tg emshrncm i trmm brgwk lrgf smme tjit nskgt ymt gkm fmtrm jnbj.
- I stikeire trmm ns gkm wjnhj ns cmtwmmk tjnrty ike snxty hmktnfmtrms ecj.
Umrf Jmnbjt Enifmtmr
9. Xmme`nkb
3. Xjggt
8. Xfi`` sip`nkb
5. @irbm sip`nkb
=. Xfi`` pg`m
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MZMSHNXM E
H`issnlnhitngk ihhgrenkb tg emlnknkb hjirihtmrnstnhs
H`issnlnhitngks irm fiem ihhgrenkb tg sgfm prnkhnp`m gl h`issnlnhitngk, ike stitmfmkts irmfiem nk tjm ihtnvm gr pissnvm lgrf.
M.b. Rm fiy/hik h`issnly p`ikts ihhgrenkb tg jgw `gkb tjmy `nvm.
Gr _`ikts fiy/hik cm h`issnlnme ihhgrenkb tg jgw `gkb tjmy `nvm. Lgr mxifp`m ikkui`sp`ikts hgfp`mtm tjmnr `nlm hyh`m nk i snkb`m smisgk, cut cnmkkni` p`ikts rmqunrm twg ymirs tghgfp`mtm tjmnr`nlm hyh`m.
Fidm stitmfmkts icgut jgw tjm lg``gwnkb gcamhts fiy cm h`issnlnme is nk tjm mxifp`micgvm. ^gu wn`` kmme tg iee tjm kmhmssiry wgres nk tjm stitmfmkts.
Gcamht _rnkhnp`m gl
h`issnlnhitngk
Mxifp`ms Hjirihtmrnstnhs
9. _`ikts Jgw `gkb
tjmy `nvm
Ikkui`s p`ikts Hgfp`mtm `nlm hyh`m nk snkb`m smisgk
Cnmkkni` p`ikts Smqunrm twg ymirs tg hgfp`mtm `nlm hyh`m
3._`iktkutrnmkts
Xgurhm Gxybmk ike hircgk Emrnvme lrgf inr
Fnkmri`s suhj ispjgspjgrus,pgtissnuf, hi`hnuf,nrgk, ike znkh
Mxtrihtme lrgf fnkmri` sucstikhms
8. Xgn`s _rgpgrtngksgl sike, sn`tike h`iy mihj
hgktink
@nbjt sikey sgn` Hgktink `gw prgpgrtngk gl h`iy ikejnbjmr prgpgrtngk gl sike ike sn`t
Jmivy h`iy sgn` Hgktinks i`fgst mqui` prgpgrtngks gl
sike, sn`t ike h`iy
5. Hrgps ]sm fiem gltjmf
Hmrmi` gr brinkhrgps, suhj is wjmitike cir`my
Brgwk prnfirn`y lgr smme wjnhj ns usmelgr lgge
Lgribm ike pisturmhrgps, suhj is`mbufms
Brgwk prnfirn`y lgr `mily pirts wjnhjirm usme lgr `nvmstghd lmme
=.Rmitjmrnkb
ibmkts
Kituri` lgrhmnkvg`vme
_jysnhi` ibmkts suhjis witmr, nhm ike
wnke
Hjikbm snzm, lgrf ike sjipm gl rghdike fnkmri` emcrns
Hjmfnhi` ibmktssuhj is gxybmk ikekituri` ihnes
I`tmr hjmfnhi` hgfpgsntngk gl rghdsike fnkmri`s
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Kmw wgres ike mxprmssngks1
- prnkhnp`m (k.)1
- mssmktni` (iea.)1
- cgtiknhi` (iea.)1
- jgrtnhu`turm (k.)1
- jgrtnhu`turi` hrgps1
- ibrgkgfy (k.)
- ibrgkgfnh hrgps1
- grhjires1
- spmrfitgpjytms1
- byfkgspmrfs (k.p`.)1
- bmkmri` h`issnlnhitngk1
- kmme`m-`mivme trmm1
- spmhnms (k.)1
- emhneugus (iea.)1
- crgie-`mivme trmm1
- fgrpjg`gby (k.)1
- ikitgfy (k.)1
- fiturnty (k.)1
- hrgwk (k.)1- sjiem (k.)1
- rggt systmf1
- jurrnhikm (k.)1
- nk ieentngk1
kbuyk th
hjyu, tjnt yu
tjuh vtjh vt
kbj`f vk
hy k qu
kbkj kkb jh
hy kkb kbjnp
vk hy k qu
tjh vt h jt, tjh vt jgi jnk
tjh vt jt trk (tjh vt dji t)
spjk `gn tkb qut
hy h ` jkj dnf
`gn
rkb (qu, ` ...)
hy ` tg
jkj tjn jh
bnn pju jh
strkb tjkj
tk (hy), kj, kbkckb rf, ckb ft
cr
hk cg (h bn fkj hp :)
kbgn ri
--- ?g? ---
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SMIENKB UMZU 3
H`issnlnhitngk shjmfms
9 Ujm fgst nfpgrtikt gl smvmri` crgie mhg`gbnhi` h`issnlnhitngks gl trmms lgr lgrmstfikibmfmkt ns sjiem tg`mrikhm. Isjiem-tg`mrikttrmm hik bmkmri``y wntjstike h`gsmr p`iktnkb gr
fgrm hgfpmtntngk lgr `nbjt tjik kgk-tg`mrikt typm. Ujns cmhgfm i fiagr hgksnemritngk nk p`iktnkb,tjnkknkb, gr jirvmstnkb gpmritngks ike shjmeu`ms. Lgrmst trmms irm h`issnlnme ukemr tjrmm crgiejmienkbs wntj rmbire tg `nbjt rmqunrmfmkts1
Xjiem-tg`mrikt spmhnms - m.b. ci`sif lnr, jmf`ghd, rmewgge, cisswgge, spruhm, cnrhj, ikefip`m.
Nktmrfmenitm- m.b. egub`is lnr, isj, m`f, ike fiky gids.
Xjiem-nktg`mrikt - m.b. hyprmss, mistmrk rme hmeir, `irhj (tifirihd), pnkm, ispmk, c`ihdhjmrry, c`ihd wi`kut, hgttgk wgge, jnhdgry, `ghust, rme buf, syhifgrm, ym``gw pgp`ir ikewn``gw.
3Xpmhnms nk tjmsm tjrmm brgups prmsufic`y enllmr nk cisnh pjysng`gbnhi` prghmssms rm`itme tgpjgtgsyktjmsns. Ujm fgst hgffgk mxp`ikitngk ns tjit tjm enllmrmkhms nk sjiem tg`mrikhm irmrm`itme enrmht`y tg enllmrmkhms nk tjm ifgukt gl `nbjt i p`ikt kmme lgr kmt pjgtgsyktjmsns tg ghhur,is wm`` is `nbjt situritngk. Nt ns nfpgrtikt tg kgtm tjit tjmsm h`issnlnhitngks irm crgie. Rntjnk ikyspmhnms irm bmkgtypms wjnhj fiy cm fgrm gr `mss tg`mrikt tg sjienkb tjik tjm ivmribm. Xnkhm ihgffgk hiusm gl sjienkb ns hrgwenkb gr emksm p`iktnkb, trmms tjit tg`mritm sjienkb irm, wntjnk`nfnts, i`sg mxpmhtme tg tg`mritm fgrm hrgweme hgkentngks tjik kgk-tg`mrikt spmhnms. Ug`mrikhm nsgcvngus`y i fiagr hgksnemritngk nk emhnenkb wjmtjmr tg fikibm trmms is mvmk-ibme stikes gr isukmvmk-ibme stikes wjmrm rmbmkmritngk ike brgwtj fust tidm p`ihm nk tjm sjiem gl smvmri` g`e-ibme h`issms.
8 Ujm pittmrk gl hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ns nfpgrtikt nk nemktnlynkb tjm spmhnms tjit wn``
suhhmme nk ukmvmk-ibme hgkentngks, rm`itme tg gr ik mxprmssngk gl, sjiem tg`mrikhm, nt hik cm isnbknlnhikt lihtgr nk tjnkknkb, jirvmstnkb ike lgrmst-fikibmfmkt emhnsngks. Nk i bnvmk stike,sgfm trmms, is tjmy bg tjrgubj tjmnr `nlm hyh`m, brgw icgvm i`` gtjmr ike ippmir tg egfnkitm istike. Gtjmr, is tjm gppgsntm mxtrmfm, fiy kmvmr mfmrbm it tjm uppmr surlihm gl tjm lgrmst hrgwkgr lg`nir hikgpy. Fiky li`` sgfmwjmrm nk cmtwmmk, kgt tru`y egfnkikt cut kgt gcvngus`yghhurrnkb gk`y it tjm `gwmr `mvm`s gl tjm hikgpy. Gcvngus`y trmms tjit eg kgt rmihj i egfnkikthrgwk pgsntngk fust cm sjiem-tg`mrikt gr m`sm tjmy wgu`e kgt survnvm ike fnbjt is wm`` cm hutike usme.
5 Smhgbknznkb hrgwk typms, sjienkb ike spihnkb rmqunrmfmkts irm hruhni` nk fidnkbjirvmst ike tjnkknkb emhnsngks. Lgur typms gl hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ike pgsntngk irm rmhgbknzme1
Egfnkikt trmms - Ujm hrgwk mxtmke icgvm tjm bmkmri` jmnbjt gl tjm lgrmst hikgpy ikermhmnvm lu`` suk`nbjt lrgf icgvm ike pirtni` suk lrgf tjm snems. Ujmy mxpmrnmkhm fnknfi` sjienkbcmhiusm tjmy rmihj cmygke hgfpmtntgrs.
Hgegfnkikt trmms - Hrgwk emvm`gpfmkt ns it tjm bmkmri` `mvm` gl tjm lgrmst hikgpy. Urmmsrmhmnvm lu`` suk`nbjt lrgf icgvm cut `itmri` sjienkb lrgf ieaihmkt trmms. Hrgwks irm fmenuf-snzme ike kgt mxtmksnvm is tjgsm issghnitme wntj egfnkikt trmms.
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@IKB]IBM X]FFIS^
Fidnkb Yumstngks
Nk qumstngks, wm usui``y put tjm lnrst iuxn`niry vmrc (I\) cmlgrm tjm sucamht (X).
X + I\ I\ + X
Ugf wn`` 6; Rn`` Ugf7 Rn`` Ugf cm jmrm tgfgrrgw7
^gu jivm 6; Jivm ygu7 Jivm ygu cmmk wgrdnkb jire7
N hik 6; Hik N7 Rjit hik N eg lgr ygu7
Ujm jgusm wis 6; wis tjm jgusm7 Rjmk wis tjm jgusm cun`t7
Nksnfp`m prmsmktqumstngks, wm usm eg/egms1
Eg ygu `nvm kmir jmrm7
Rjit tnfm egms tjm fgvnm cmbnk7
Nksnfp`m pistqumstngks, wm usm ene1
Ene ygu sm`` ygur hir7
Jgw ene tjm ihhnemkt jippmk7
Cut eg kgt usm eg/egms/ene nl wjg/wjit / wjnhj ns tjm sucamht gl tjm smktmkhm.
Mffi pjgkmesgfmcgey. 6; RjgeneMffi pjgkm7
Xgfmcgeypjgkme Mffi. 6; RjgpjgkmeMffi7
Fgrm mxifp`ms1 - Rjg wiktssgfmtjnkb tg mit7 (kgtwjg egms wikt)
- Rjit jippmkmetg ygu `ist knbjt7 (kgtwjit ene jippmk)
- Rjnhj cus bgmsegwktgwk7 (kgtwjnhj cus egms bg)
Kgtm tjm pgsntngk gl prmpgsntngks nk qumstngks cmbnkknkb Rjg/Rjit/Rjnhj/Rjmrm ... 7
- Rjg eg ygu wikt tg spmid tg7
- Rjnhj agc jis Aikm ipp`nme lgr7
- Rjit wis tjm wmitjmr `ndm ymstmreiy7
- Rjmrm irm ygu lrgf7
Xucamht\mrc Ibrmmfmkt.
I vmrc fust fithj nts sucamht nk kufcmr, snkbu`ir sucamhts tidm snkbu`ir vmrcs, ikep`uri` sucamhts tidm p`uri` vmrcs.
Cisnh Xucamht-\mrc Ibrmmfmkt
Fy lrnmke ns/wis/jis/egms ...
Fy lrnmkes irm/wmrm/jivm/eg ...
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Lrmqumkt`y Isdme Yumstngk Uypme
I. Rjmk tjm sucamht ike vmrc irm sp`nt1
Ujm tmihjmr, i`gkb wntj jns stuemkts, wikts tg p`iy sghhmr.
Ujm nkstntutm tjit jm`ps tjmf ns lnkikhni``y suppgrtme cy tjm bgvmrkfmkt.
Ujm nkstruhtgr, is wm`` is jns stuemkts, jis wm`hgfme tjm shjgg`semhnsngk gl tjm uknlgrf.
Kgtm1 Ujm kufcmr gl i sucamht ns kgt illmhtme cy i pjrism gr h`iusm tjit smpiritmstjm sucamht lrgf nts vmrc.
C. Rjmk tjm sucamht ns ik mxprmssngk gl tnfm, enstikhm, prnhm, ike wmnbjt.
Umk eg``irs ns tgg fuhj lgr i ernkd.
Uwmkty fn`ms ns tgg `gkb i wiy tg wi`d nk i eiy.
Uwmkty fnkutms ns kgt mkgubj tnfm lgr fm tg bmt tjmrm.H. Rjmk i lrihtngk gr nts mqunvi`mkt nkntnitms i sucamht1
Uwg-tjnres gl tjm `ike jis cmmk sg`e.
Uwg-tjnres gl tjmf irm stuemkts.
Kgtm1 Nk tjmsm hisms, tjm kguk nk tjm gl-pjrism emtmrfnkms tjm kufcmr gl tjm vmrc.
E. Rjmk i sucamht cmbnks wntj mntjmrI grC, kmntjmrI kgrC, gr kgt gk`yI cut(i`sg)C.
Mntjmr jm gr jns pupn`s irm bgnkb tg jm`p us.
Kgt gk`y Agjk cut jns pirmkts wikt tg jm`p us.
Kgtm1 Rjmk tjmsm mxprmssngks nkntnitm i sucamht, tjm vmrc fust ibrmm wntj C nkkufcmr.
M. Rjmk i sucamht hgksnsts gl i prgpmr kguk gr i crikhj gl `mirknkb mkenkb nk -s1
Ujm ]kntme Xtitm jis i pgpu`itngk gl gvmr 3
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I kufcmr gl fy lrnmkes irm lrgf Hjnki.
Fiky hguktrnms jivm agnkme tjm Murgpmik ]kngk.
Xmvmri` hirs wmrm eifibme nk tjm ihhnemkt.
-----------------------------------------
L]SUJMS _SIHUNHM
N. Isd Agm qumstngks. (`ggd it jns ikswmrs cmlgrm ygu wrntm tjm qumstngks)
9.(wjmrm / lrgf7) ................................................ - Lrgf Ugrgktg grnbnki``y.
3. (wjmrm /`nvm / kgw7)........................................ - Nk \ikhguvmr.
8. (firrnme7)........................................................ - ^ms.
5. (jgw `gkb / firrnme7)...................................... - Uwm`vm ymirs.
=. (hjn`ermk7)....................................................... - ^ms, tjrmm cgys.
.
2. (wjit / wnlm / eg7).......................................... - Xjms i pg`nhm gllnhmr.
:. (sjm / `ndm jmr agc7)........................................ - ^ms, vmry fuhj.
NN. Fidm qumstngks wntj wjggr wjit.
9. Xgfmcgey bivm fm tjm dmy. - ....................................................................
3. Xgfmtjnkb jippmkme. - .....................................................................
8. Enikm tg`e fm sgfmtjnkb. - .....................................................................
5. Ujm cggd cm`gkbs tg sgfmcgey. - .....................................................................
=. Xgfmcgey `nvms nk tjit jgusm. - .....................................................................
. N cgrrgwme tjm fgkmy lrgf sgfmcgey. - .................................................
9?. Nf wgrrnme icgut sgfmtjnkb.- .......................................................................
NNN. Hjggsm tjm cmst wgre gr pjrism tjit cmst hgfp`mtms tjm smktmkhm.9. WWWWWWWW hits is lintjlu` is egbs7
I. Cm C. Ns H. If E. Irm
3. Fitjmfitnhs WWWWWWWW tjm stuey gl kufcmrs, quiktntnms, gr sjipms.
I. cm C. ns H. irm E. wis
8. Mihj cggd WWWWWWWWW uknqum n``ustritngks.
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I. jivm C. jis H. jivnkb E. jivms
5. Ujm pmgp`m WWWWWWWWW `nknkb up tg bmt gk tjm trink.
I. ns C. bmts H. irm E. ns cmnkb
=. Ujm hiptink, tgbmtjmr wntj jns hrmw fmfcmrs, WWWWWWWWW strubb`nkb tg hgktrg`
tjm sjnp.
I. wis C. wmrm H. jis E. cmhgfms
. Kgt gk`y tjm tmihjmr cut tjm stuemkts WWWWWWWWWW gppgsme tg tjm kmw uknlgrfs.
I. ns C. irm H. wn`` E. ns cmnkb
9?. Ujrmm jgurs WWWWWWWWWWW tgg sjgrt i tnfm lgr us tg ti`d icgut tjns fittmr.
I. ns C. irm H. tidms E. tidm
99. Hgu`e ygu WWWWWWWWWW fm i cnb livgr7
I. gllmr C. fidm H. wgrd E. eg
93. Jm fust jivm fnssme tjm trink4 gtjmrwnsm, jm WWWWWWWWWW irrnvme cy kgw.
I. jis C. jivm H. jie E. wgu`e jivm
98. Ujmrm wmrm p`mkty gl pmgp`m wjg WWWWWWWWW c`ihd.
I. wis wmir C. wis wmirnkb H. wmirnkb E. wmrm wmirnkb
95. Jm ns mirknkb tmk eg``irs ik jgur, wjnhj WWWWWW kgt i sfi`` ifgukt gl fgkmy.
I. cm C. tg cm H. ns E. irm
9=. Jns eiubjtmr ns firrnme WWWWWWWWWW i eghtgr.
I. wntj C. cy H. lgr E. tg
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]KNU XM\MK1 LISF FIKIBMFMKUN. Smienkb tmxt1
Fikibmfmkt ns tjm dmy nkbrmenmkt. Ujm fikibmr fidm gr crmid i cusnkmss. Crink irmfgrm nfpgrtikt tjik criwk. Jgw gltmk jivm ygu jmire tjmsm gr snfn`ir stitmfmkts gr rmie tjmf
nk lirf fibiznkms7 Ujmy i`` mfpjisnzm ik nfpgrtikt lihtgr nk tjm gpmritngk gl i lirf gr rikhj nktgeiys wgr`e. Fikibmfmkt ns nfpgrtikt. Ujns egms kgt fmik tjit fikibmfmkt wis kgtnfpgrtikt nk tjm pist. Jgwmvmr nk ibrnhu`turm wjnhj ns jnbj`y fmhjiknzme, usms fikytmhjkg`gbnhi` nkkgvitngks, ike gpmritms wntj `irbm ifgukts gl cgrrgwme hipnti`, fikibmfmkttidms gk i kmw enfmksngk ike nfpgrtikhm.
Rjy eg sgfm lirfmrs fidm fgrm fgkmy tjik gtjmrs7 Rjy eg sgfm lirf cusnkmssms brgwike mxpike wjn`m gtjmrs strubb`m tg finktink tjmnr hurrmkt snzm7 Bgge gr cie `uhd hik kgt mxp`inki`` tjm enllmrmkhms gcsmrvme nk tjm prglnticn`nty gl lirfs ike rikhjms mvmk ifgkb tjgsm wjnhjjivm icgut tjm sifm ifgukt gl `ike ike hipnti` ivin`ic`m. Lirf cusnkmss rmhgres lrgf fikystitms sjgw tjm tgp gkm-tjnre gl tjm lirf tg cm jnbj`y prglntic`m wjn`m tjm cgttgf gkm-tjnre irm
gltmk gpmritnkb is i `gss. Rjy tjm enllmrmkhm7 Gcsmrvitngk ike iki`ysns gltmk `mie tg tjm sifmhgkh`usngk. Ujm enllmrmkhm ns eum tg fikibmfmkt.
Ujmsm enllmrmkhms nk fikibmfmkt hik sjgw up nk tjrmm irmis1 prgeuhtngk, firdmtnkb ikelnkikhnkb. _rgeuhtngk enllmrmkhms nkh`uem tjm hjgnhm gl ibrnhu`turi` hgffgentnms tg cm prgeuhmeike jgw tjmy irm prgeuhme. Firdmtnkb nkh`uems tjm wjmk, wjmrm, ike jgw gl purhjisnkb nkputsike sm``nkb hgffgentnms. Enllmrmkhms jmrm irm rml`mhtme nk enllmrmkt prnhms pine ike rmhmnvme.Lnkikhnkb hgvmrs kgt gk`y cgrrgwnkb fgkmy ike tjm rm`itme qumstngks gl wjmk, wjmrm, ike jgwfuhj, cut i`sg tjm mktnrm irmi gl jgw tg ihqunrm tjm rmsgurhms kmhmssiry tg prgeuhm ibrnhu`turi`hgffgentnms. Ujmrm ns rnsd tg cm hgksnemrme nk i`` tjrmm irmisjgw lirf fikibmrs ieipt tg ikejike`m tjns rnsd hik jivm i fiagr nfpiht gk prglnt.
Nl fikibmfmkt ns sg nfpgrtikt, wm fust isd mvmk fgrm qumstngks. Rjit mxiht`y nsfikibmfmkt7 Rjit eg fikibmrs eg 7 wjit ns tjm enllmrmkhm cmtwmmk fikibmfmkt ike `icgr 7wjit dkgw`mebm ike sdn``s irm kmmeme tg cmhgfm i cmttmr fikibmr 7
Lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt
Ujmrm irm sgfm enllmrmkhms nk tjm fikibmfmkt gl i lirfs gr rikhj ike i fikibmfmkt gl ikgk-lirf cusnkmss hgrpgritngk. Ujm gcvngus enllmrmkhms irm nk snzm, typm gl cusnkmss, ike tjmprgeuhts gr smrvnhms prgeuhme. Gtjmr enllmrmkhms nkh`uem tjm rm`itngksjnp cmtwmmk `icgr ikefikibmfmkt ike tjm smttnkb gl bgi`s.
Nk i hgrpgritngk, tjm cgire gl enrmhtgrs smts pg`nhnms ike bgi`s ike jnrms fikibmrs tgihjnmvm tjmf. Nt ns bmkmri``y misy tg smpiritm hgrpgritngk mfp`gymms wjg irm fikibmrs lrgf
tjgsm wjg prgvnem tjm `icgr kmhmssiry tg prgeuhm i prgeuht gr prgvnem i smrvnhm. Gk i typnhi`lirf gr rikhj, gkm nkenvneui` gr i lifn`y brgup smts tjm bgi`s, prgvnems tjm fikibmfmkt, ikepmrlgrfs fuhj gr i`` gl tjm `icgr rmqunrme. Ujns fidms nt enllnhu`t tg smpiritm tjm fikibmfmktihtnvnty lrgf `icgr cmhiusm tjm sifm nkenvneui`s irm nkvg`vme ike cgtj tisds fiy cm pmrlgrfme ittjm sifm tnfm. Lgr mxifp`m, i lirfmr fiy cm fmkti``y p`ikknkb i firdmtnkb stritmby gremvm`gpnkb kmxt ymirs hrgppnkb prgbrif wjn`m gpmritnkb i trihtgr gr hgfcnkm. R jmk gkm pmrsgkpmrlgrfs cgtj tjm fikibmfmkt ike `icgr lukhtngks, tjmrm ns i eikbmr tjit tjm nffmenitm kmme lgr
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`icgr tg pmrlgrf sgfm tisd wn`` p`ihm fikibmfmkt nk i smhgkeiry rg`m, wntj fikibmfmktemhnsngks pgstpgkms gr em`iyme.
Ujmsm enllmrmkhms irm kgt rmien`y ippirmkt wjmk emlnkntngks gl cusnkmss fikibmfmkt ikelirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt irm hgfpirme, cut tjmy irm kmvmrtjm`mss nfpgrtikt. Ujmrm irm fikyenllmrmkt tmxtcggd emlnkntngks gl lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt, cut smvmri` hgffgk pgnkts ruk
tjrgubj i`` gl tjmf. Gkm gl tjm fgrm hgkhnsm emlnkntngks ns Lirf fikibmfmkt ns hgkhmrkme wntjtjm emhnsngks wjnhj illmht tjm prglnticn`nty gl tjm lirf cusnkmss. Ujns crgie emlnkntngk hgktinkssmvmri` nfpgrtikt pgnkts. Lnrst, nt nemktnlnms prglnticn`nty is i fiagr gcamhtnvm gl tjm cusnkmss cutkgt kmhmssirn`y tg tjm mxh`usngk gl gtjmr gcamhtnvms. Xmhgke, tjns emlnkntngk spmhnlnhi``y nemktnlnmsemhnsngks ike emhnsngk fidnkb is pirt gl tjm fikibmfmkt prghmss.
Gtjmr lirf fikibmfmkt tmxts hgktink i`tmrkitnvm emlnkntngks cut wntj fiky gl tjm sifmhgkhmpts gr nemis. Ujmrm ns usui``y sgfm rmlmrmkhm tg emhnsngks gr emhnsngk fidnkb is cmnkb pirtgl fikibmfmkt prghmss. I`sg sgfm fmktngk ns fiem glbgi`sgr gcamhtnvms. Ujns fiy cm egkm nkbmkmri` tmrfs, gr i fgrm spmhnlnh bgi` suhj is prglnt fixnfnzitngk fiy cm nemktnlnme is cmnkb iknfpgrtikt mke tg wjnhj tjm fikibmfmkt mllgrt ns enrmhtme. Lnki``y, sgfm fmktngk gl tjmgrbiknzitngkike gpmritngkgl tjm lirf gr rikhj cusnkmss ns nkh`ueme nk fiky emlnkntngks.
Lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt hik cm tjgubjt gl, tjmk, is cmnkb i emhnsngk-fidnkb prghmss.Nt ns i hgktnkui` prghmss cmhiusm gl tjm hgktnkui` hjikbms tidnkb p`ihm nk gur mhgkgfy ike nk iknkenvneui` cusnkmss. Ujm emhnsngk irm hgkhmrkme wntj i``ghitnkb tjm `nfntme rmsgurhms gl `ike,`icgr, ike hipnti` ifgkb i`tmrkitnvm ike usui``y hgfpmtnkb usms. Ujns i `ghitngk prghmss lgrhmstjm fikibmr tg nemktnly bgi`s ike gcamhtnvms tg bunem ike enrmht tjm emhnsngk fidnkb.
Nk tjns tmxt, tjm lg``gwnkb emlnkntngk wn`` cm iegptme1 lirf ike rikhj fikibmfmkt ns tjmemhnsngk-fidnkb prghmss wjmrmcy `nfntme rmsgurhms irm i``ghitme tg i kufcmr gl prgeuhtngk
i`tmrkitnvms tg grbiknzm ike gpmritm tjm cusnkmss nk suhj i wiy is tg ittink sgfm gcamhtnvm(s).Rjn`m tjns emlnkntngk ns sgfmwjit `gkb, nt egms nemktnly fgst gl tjm hjirihtmrnstnhs gl tjmfikibmfmkt ihtnvntnms lguke gk lirfs ike rikhjms.
(Ieiptme lrgf Cuhdmtt,Nktrgeuhtngk tg @nvmstghd Juscikery, _mrbifgk _rmss)
NN. Hgfprmjmksngk qumstngks1
9. Rjy jis lirf fikibmfmkt tidmk gk i kmw enfmksngk ike nfpgrtikhm7
3. Egms `uhd ihhgukt lgr tjm suhhmss gr lin`urm gl lirfs7
8. Rjit lihtgr egms ihhgukt lgr tjm suhhmss gr lin`urm gl lirfs7
5. Nk wjit tjrmm irmis egms tjm lirf fikibmr lihm rnsds7
=. Rjit ns enllmrmkt cmtwmmk i lirf ike i cusnkmss hgrpgritngk7
. Jgw egms tjm wrntmr tjnkd gl lirf fikibmfmkt7
9?. Rjy egms tjns prghmss bg gk i`` tjm tnfm7
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