a computer scientist looks at (energy) sustainability randy h. katz university of california,...
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A Computer ScientistLooks at (Energy) Sustainability
Randy H. KatzUniversity of California, Berkeley
NSF Sustainable Energy-EfficientData Management Workshop
2 May 2011
1
Working Definition
• Sustainability: strategies that meet society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Satisfaction of basic economic, social, and security needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base and environmental quality on which life depends– Energy, Water, Natural Resources, Environment, … – Green Manufacturing, Transportation, Agriculture, ...– Increase efficiencies and minimize bad side-effects
• Use less, use what you need, use better
2
Role ofInformation Technology
• “Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997
• Observe-Analyze-Act– Observe: Sense, Monitor, Collect– Analyze: Organize, Model, Infer, Plan– Act: Control, Actuate, Execute, Manage
3
Energy “Spaghetti” Chart
4
Qua
ds (
1015
BT
Us)
http://www.eia.doe.gov2008 data 4
Supply- versus Load- Following
Most expensive, least efficient energyLatency involved in bringing capacity on line
(or probability of exceeding) 6
BaseCapacity
IntermediateCapacity
PeakerCapacity
Load-followingSupplyDemand Response:
Incentivize reduced loads duringtimes of peak demand
Demand Side Management:Shift demand to reduce peak loads,e.g., Supply-following Loads
Load Duration Curve
7
21st Century Energy Infrastructure
• Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century• Role of IT: Information Age approach
– Overarching Principle: bits follow current– Pervasive actionable awareness of energy availability
and consumption, on fine time scales• Exploit information to match sources to loads,
manage buffers, integrate renewables, signal demand response, and take advantage of locality
8
Inst
rum
enta
tion
Mod
els
Controls
Building OS
Plug LoadsLightingFacilities
BuildingIn
stru
men
tatio
nM
odel
s
Routing/Control
Grid OS
Demand ResponseLoad Following
Supply Following
Grid
Facility-to-Building
Facility-to-Building
Facility-to-Building
Gen-to-Building
Inst
rum
enta
tion
Mod
els
Control
CompressorScheduling
Temperature Maintenance
Supply-FollowingLoads
Storage-to-Building
Inst
rum
enta
tion
Mod
els
Power-AwareCluster Manager
Load Balancer/Scheduler
Web ServerWeb App Logic
DB/Storage
Machine RoomMR-to-Building
Energy Networks
Gen-to-Grid
uGrid-to-Grid
Building-to-Grid Building-
to-Grid
Datacenter as aSupply-Following Load
1. Degree of Freedom: On-demand + scheduled workloads
2. Principle: Power proportionality from non-power proportional components
3. Sustainability: Maximize use of renewable sources
9
Supply-side Challenge:Wind
• High variability of wind energy is an impediment to its large-scale penetration in traditional Grid/Load architectures
Single Location Multiple Locations vs. Time of Year
Std dev / mean
+/-11MW in 20 min
10
11
Load-side Challenge:Power Proportionality
• Scheduling agility: workload awareness and resource allocation• Wikipedia interactive workload + HPC batch workload
Time
Static Load Provisioning:100% overprovisioning over worst expected case
Dynamic Load Arrival
Dynamic Capacity Management
Over- provisioning or Spinning Reserve
Work Capacity
Energy-AwareSystem Architecture
12
Energy Usage
Price/Renewable Energy
Wake/SleepUtilization, Response Times,Dropped Requests
Add/Remove Nodes
Delay/Degrade Jobs
Database / SAN
Load Balancer /Job Scheduler
Clients
TRANSITION
AWAKE
SLEEPING
Web AppWeb AppWebServerWorkload/
Request Statistics
Web AppWeb AppAppServer
Web Server
Web ServerBatch Server
Inte
rnet
Power Subsystem: Metering, Distribution, Battery ControlGrid
Electrical Power
Cluster Manager
Load Monitor
Workload Prediction
Cluster Provisionin
g
EnergyPolicy
Charge/DischargeBattery
Observe Analyze Act
Server Efficiencies
Operating Range
Server Class Machines (similar figure for netbook/embedded class nodes)
13
Better Better
Measured
Information Overlay to the Energy Grid
17
Conventional Electric Grid
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Load
Intelligent Energy Network
Load IPS
Source IPS
energy subnet
Intelligent Power Switch
Conventional Internet
Aware Co-operative Grid
18
• Observe-Analyze-Act:• Deep instrumentation• Waste elimination• Efficient Operation
• Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation
• Forecasting• Tracking• Market
• Availability• Pricing• Planning
Power Proportional Cluster as a Model Systemapplied to the Smart Grid—now distributed
Smart Buildings
BMS
Cyber Physical Building
Ligh
tT
rans
portProcess
Loads
Occupant Demand
Legacy Instrumentation & Control Interfaces
Pervasive Sensing
Activity/UsageStreams
BIM BITS
PIB
Activity Models
Multi-Objective Model-Driven Control
Building IntegratedOperating System
External
HV
AC
Ele
ctric
al
Fau
lt, A
ttac
k, A
nom
aly
Det
ect
&M
anag
emen
t
Control Plan and Schedule
Physical Models
Human
-Buil
ding
Inte
rface
20Observe – Analyze – Act
23
Lighting
Servers
PDUs, CRACs
BuildingAnalysis
HVACIT and Plug Load
Soda Hall@Berkeley:IT-intensive CS Building
Building Action
24
Soda Hall
Etcheve
ry Hall
50 Ton Chiller 200 Ton Chiller
10 months 2 months
Scott McNally Bldg Manager
Building OS
25
sMAP: Simple Measurement and Actuation Profile for Physical Information
StreamFS: StorageSystem for energysensor data
Scheduling and Slack/Supply-following Loads
26
Summary
• Awareness of Load and Supply– Load-Following: match load with managed supply– Demand Response: reduce load to meet supply– Supply-Following: schedule work to exploit
knowledge of available supply—essential for non-dispatchable sources like wind and solar
• Key idea: make information actionable– Observe-Analyze-Act– Information overlay on cluster, machine room,
building-scale “grids”– Interface sensors, facilities, clusters, and buildings
to information buses at a variety of scales
27
Conclusions
• Smart Clusters, Smart Buildings, Smart Grids– Use less energy
• Right provisioning for expected + reserve vs. peak– Use the energy you need:
• Power proportionality– Use better energy
• Integrate renewables
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