a case of bilateral renal artery stenosis
Post on 15-Jan-2015
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A CASE OF UNEXPLAINED HYPOKALEMIA
Prof.S.Sundar UnitDr.R.Ganesan
PG Internal medicine
History
• Breathlessness-6 hours• No h/o Chestpain• Palpitation• Cough&expectoration• Decreased urine output• Pedaledema• Abdominal distension
• No h/o Facial puffiness• NSAID’S intake• Altered sensorium• Fever• Vomiting• Diarreha
Past history
• No past h/o similar episode• K/C DM-7 years on treatment• Not a k/c SHT/CAD/CKD/COPD• Married,having one daughter• Postmenopausel women• Non smoker,non alcoholic
Examination
• Conscious,oriented• Afebrile• Dyspnic,tachypnic• No pedaledema/ clubbing• No pallor/cyanosis• JVP not elevated
Vitals
• BP-250/150 mmhg• PR-98/m,Vessal wall thickend• RR-38/m• Carotid bruit +
• CVS-S1,S2 + ESM+ in AA• RS -NVBS + B/L basal crepts +• P/A -Soft,no organomegaly, no FF• CNS- NFND
Investigations
• CBC:Hb-10g% TC-6800cells/cmm DC-P55%,L40%,E4% Platelet-2lak/cmm PCV-34%Urea-38mg%,Createnine-0.9mg%RBS-210mg%
• Na-138meq/l, K-3.1meq/l• Urine r/e-normal• Urine ketons-negative• Urine c/s-no growth• 24 H urine protein-310mg•
• Lipid profile:T. CHO-210mg/dl TGL-160mg/dl LDL-155mg/dl HDL-35mg/dl VLDL-20mg/dl
• ECG-Sinus tachycardia• CXR-S/O Pulmonaryedema• ECHO-Mild AS,
Concentric LVH LVEF-60% No RWMA No AR
• ABG-Normal• 24 H urine K-16meq• 24 H urine Ca-30meq
DIAGNOSIS-?
USG KUB
• RK-10×4.5cm,CMD+,normal echo• LK-4×2.8cm,contracted
Renal artery doppler study
RK PSV EDV RIUpper pole
184cm/s 29 0.6
Mid pole 153cm/s 10.3 0.8Mesenchimal.A
186cm/s 22 0.7
LK PSV EDV RI
Upper P 184cm/s 7.3 0.7
Lower P 181cm/s 13.1 0.58
Mesenchimal A
179cm/s 15.5 0.8
64 Slice MD CT-Abdominal angiogram
• Small LK with narrowing of origin and occlusion of left renal artery with distal reformation by retroperitoneal collaterals• Stenosis of origin of Right renal artery• Occlusive calcified atheromatous plaque
of aorta• Multiple lumbar retroperitoneal
collaterals
• Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
Treatment
• Back rest• Nasal oxygen 6L/m• Ing.NTG 25micg/m• Ing.Frusemide 100mg stat• T.Amlodepine 2.5mg 4bd• T.Atenolol 50mg 2od• T.Methyldopa 250mg 2tid• T.Prazocin 2mg 2bd
• T.Atarvostatin 10mg 4 HS• HA-8 IU tid• HM-10 IU bed time
DEFINITION
• Syndrome of elevated blood pressure produced by a variety of conditions that interfere with arterial circulation to kidney tissue
TWO KIDNEY HYPERTENSION
• Unilateral ASRVD• Unilateral FMD• Renal artery aneurysm• Renal artery embolism• Traumatic arterial occlusion• Tumor compressing the artery
ONE KIDNEY HYPERTENSION
• Bilateral renal artery stenosis• Stenosis of solitaryfunctioning kidney• Coarctation of aorta• Takayasu’s disease• Polyarteritis nodosa
TAKAYASU’S ARTERITIS
• Most common in Asia• Female to male ratio-9:1• Age of presentation 10-20 years• Strong predilectoin of aortic arch and
it’s branches-AORTIC ARCH SYNDROME
Scenarios in RA stenosis and hypertension
• True RVH• Pure essential hypertension in which RA
stenosis is present but not contribute to hypertension• Essential hypertension with
superimposed RA stenosis in which RA stenosis contribute to essential HT• RA stenosis leads to ischemic renal
disease
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Abdominal bruit• Hypokalemia• Family h/o hypertension-abscent• Early onset<30 years• Late onset>50 years• Flash pulmonary edema
• Nephrotic-range proteinuria• Acute renal failure during
treatment of hypertension• Progressive renal failure
NONINVASIVE SCREENING TESTS
• Magnetic resonance angiography• CT Angiography• Renal duplex sonography
MRA
• Best screening test• Sensitivity 92%-100%• Specificity 69%-95%• Negative predictive value 100%• Over estimate the degree stenosis mid
to distal renal artery• Accessory renal artery may be missed
CT-Angiography
• Similar sensitivity&specificity of MRA• Proven useful in restenosis of
stented renal artery• Requiring intravenous radiocontrast
Renal duplex sonography
Proximal criteria 1.Peak systolic velocity>200cm/sec 2.Ratio of PSV in renal.A to aorta>3.5 3.Turbulent flow in poststenotic
region 4.Lack of detectable doppler signal in
a visualized renal artery
Distel criteria
• Loss of early systolic peak• Slope of the systolic
upstroke<300cm/sec• Acceleratioon time>0.07sec• Resistive index change of >5%
between right&left kidney
RESISTIVE INDEX
RI=[PSV-EDV]/PSV Predict renal function &BP response
to renal revascularisation RI>0.8 poor chance of improvement
• Sensitivity 66%-100%• Specificity 67%-94%• Operator dependency• Patient factors-habitus, echogenisity
of fascia,depth,angle of artery, bowel gas interference
OTHER SCREENING TESTS
• Captopril renography- accurate for RVH but not accurate in renal insufficiency
• Renal vein renin- not useful in bilateral renal disease
• Isotopic renal blood flow and functional scans-not useful in bilateral renal disease
Angiography-GoldstandardTEST CONTRAST ARTERIAL
PUNCTURE
RISK OF EMBOLI
QUALITY OF IMAGE
CONVENTIONAL ++ YES +++ +++
INTRAVENOUS SUBSTRACTION
+++ NO NO +
INTRAARTERIAL SUBSTRACTION
+ YES ++ ++
CO2 NON YES +++ +
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
• Medical management• PTRA• PTRA with endovascular stent• Primary renal artery stenting• Surgical revascularisation
Medical management
• Optimizing the blood pressure• Treatment of hyperlipidemia• Cessation of smoking• Control of diabetes• Management of CKD• Careful followup at 4-6months intervel
for change in renal function&size
INDICATIONS FOR REVASCULARIZATION
• Uncontroled BP inspite fo maximal drug therapy• Prograssive rise in creatinine[other
causes excluded]• Intolerance to ACE-Is,ARBs[>30%
increase in creatinine,severe hyperkalemia]• Recurrent pulmonary edema,CHF
PTRA
• Proved successful in fibro muscular dysplasia and ASRVD• Success rate75%-80%• PTRA alone high early restenosis rate
upto 30%at 6-12 months• Low success rate with ostial
disease,diffuse&large lesion, totally occluded vessel
Renal complications of PTRA
• Haematoma• Haemorrhage• Pseudoaneuysm or dissection of access
vessel• Dissection & rupture of renal artery• Renal artery thrombosis• Acute renal failure• Distal cholestrol embolism
ENDOVASCULAR STENTS
• Preferred renal artery revascularization in most the centers• Higher risk for renal.A
dissection,rupture and thrombosis• Most of the restenosis occur in first
6months of intervention,common in smaller vesels
Indicators of restenosis
• Worsening of blood pressure• Worsening of renal function• Silent renal atrophy
Surgical revascularisation
• Replaced by endovascular stents• Excellent long term patency rate-93%• Predictors of good outcome Lower preoperative S.creatinine-2mg Bilateral renovascular disease Recent rapid decline of renal function
• Aortorenal bypass: autogenous or synthetic graft Extra-anatomic bypass: splenorenal hepatorenal ileorenal Supradiaphragmatic,supraceliac and thoracic
aortorenal bypass Transaortic renal endarterectomy
Transplant renal artery stenosis
• Transplant RA stenosis Commonly occurs period between 3months to 2years after transplantation• Use of pediatric kidney to adult recipients high
risk for stenosis• Pseudotransplant RA stenosis- vascular
disease proximal to allograft artery
Causes
• Commonly associated with end to end anastomoses• CMV infection• Calcineurin inhibitor toxicity• Chronic rejection
• Systolic bruits over transplant is not diagnostic• RDS is screening test of choice• PTRA or surgical revasularisation
HypertensionSus of RVH
Medical Rx ,Follow-upLow suspicious High suspicious
Medical Rx ,Follow-up Good BP control?Stable Renal Func ?
yesNo
Candidate for revascularizationRenal Func unstable or at risk
Non invasive study
Angiography
Surgical revasPTRA with Stent
Medical Rx ,Follow-up
yes
positive
No
negative
Positive high grade lesion
• Subclavian.A-93%• Common carotid.A-58%• Abdominal aorta-47%• Renal.A-38%• Aortic arch and it’s roots-35%• Vertibral.A-35%
• Panarteritis: intimal proliferation,medial fibrosis and scarring,degeneration of elasticlamina• Polymyalgiarheumatica absente• RVH occur32%to 93%
Pathophysiology
• Activation of RAS• Intrarenal activation of sympathetic
nervous system• Impairment of NO generation• Release of endothelin• Hypertensive microvascular injury to
nonstenosed kidney
Renal toxicity with ACE-Is
• Predisposing condtions• 1.Bilateral RA stenosis• 2.Solitary functioning kidney• 3.Widespread atherosclerosis• 4.Impaired pretreatment
renalfunction
• 5. Diuretic therapy• 6.Volume losses: vomiting,diarrhea• 7.NSAIDs• 8.Low sodium intake
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