74 chapter 15: alcohols, diols, and thiols 15.1: sources of alcohols (please read) hydration of...

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Chapter 15: Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols15.1: Sources of Alcohols (please read)

Hydration of alkenes (Chapter 6)1. Acid-catalyzed hydration2. Oxymercuration3. Hydroboration

Hydrolysis of alkyl halides (Chapter 8)nucleophilic substitution

Reaction of Grignard or organolithium reagents with ketones, aldehydes, and esters. (Chapter 14)

Reduction of alehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids (Chapter 15.2 - 15.3)

Reaction of epoxides with Grignard Reagents (Chapter 15.4)

Diols from the dihydroxylation of alkenes (Chapter 15.5)

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15.2: Preparation of Alcohols by Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones - add the equivalent of H2 across the -bond of the carbonyl to yield an alcohol

aldehyde (R or R´= H) 1° alcoholketone (R and R´≠ H) 2° alcohol

Catalytic hydrogenation is not typically used for the reductionof ketones or aldehydes to alcohols.

Metal hydride reagents: equivalent to H:– (hydride) sodium borohydride lithium aluminium hydride (NaBH4) (LiAlH4)

electronegativity

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NaBH4 reduces aldehydes to primary alcohols

NaBH4 reduces ketones to secondary alcohols

NaBH4 does not react with esters or carboxylic acids

target disconnection precursors

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Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4, LAH) - much more reactivethan NaBH4. Incompatible with protic solvents (alcohols, H2O).

LiAlH4 (in ether) reduces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and esters to 1° alcohols and ketones to 2° alcohols.

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15.3: Preparation of Alcohols By Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and Esters - LiAlH4 (but not NaBH4 or catalytic hydrogenation).

15.4: Preparation of Alcohols From Epoxides - the three-membered ring of an epoxide is strained. Epoxides undergo ring-opening reaction with nucleophiles (Grignard reagents, organo-lithium reagents, and cuprates).

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15.5: Preparation of Diols - Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons (1,2-diols, vic-diols, glycols)

Dihydroxylation: formal addition of HO-OH across the -bond of an alkene to give a 1,2-diol. This is an overall oxidation.

osmate ester intermediate

target disconnection precursors

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15.6: Reactions of Alcohols: A Review and a Preview

Conversion to alkyl halides (Chapter 4)1. Reaction with hydrogen halides 2. Reaction with thionyl chloride3. Reaction with phosphorous trihalides

Acid-catalyzed dehydration to alkenes (Chapter 5)

Conversion to p-toluenesulfonate esters (Chapter 8)

Conversion to ethers (Chapter 15.7)

Conversion to esters (Chapter 15.8)

Oxidation to carbonyl compounds (Chapter 15.9)

Cleavage of vicinal diols to ketones and aldehydes (Chapter 15.11)

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15.7: Conversion of Alcohols to Ethers - Symmetrical ethers can be prepared by treating the corresponding alcohol with a strong acid.

H3CH2C-OH + HO-CH2CH3 H3CH2C-O-CH2CH3 + H2OH2SO4

Limitations: ether must be symmetricalworks best for 1° alcohols

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15.8: Esterification - Fischer esterification: acid-catalyzed reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol to afford an ester.The reverse reaction is the hydrolysis of an ester

Mechanism (Chapters 18 and 19)

Dean-StarkTrap

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Ester formation via the reaction of an acid chloride or acidanhydride with an alcohol (nucleophilic acyl substitution)

Mechanism (Chapters 19)

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Esters of Inorganic Acids

Phosphodiesterof DNA

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15.9: Oxidation of Alcohols

2° alcohols ketone

1° alcohols aldehyde carboxylic acids

KMnO4 and chromic acid (Na2Cr2O7, H3O+) oxidize secondaryalcohols to ketones, and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids.

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Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes

Pyridinium Dichromate (PDC)

Na2Cr2O7 + HCl + pyridine

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)

CrO3 + 6M HCl + pyridine

PCC and PDC are soluble in anhydrous organic solvent such as CH2Cl2. The oxidation of primary alcohols with PCC or PDCin anhydrous CH2Cl2 stops at the aldehyde.

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15.10: Biological Oxidation of Alcohols (please read)Ethanol metabolism:

Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, niacin

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

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15.11: Oxidative Cleavage of Vicinal Diols Oxidative Cleavage of 1,2-diols to aldehydes and ketones withsodium periodate (NaIO4) or periodic acid (HIO4)

periodate ester intermediate

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15.12: Thiols Thiols (mercaptans) are sulfur analogues of alcohols.

Thiols have a pKa ~ 10 and are stronger acids than alcohols.

RS-H + HO– RS– + H-OH (pKa ~10) (pKa ~15.7)

RS– and HS – are weakly basic and strong nucleophiles.Thiolates react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides to yield sulfides (SN2).

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Thiols can be oxidized to disulfides

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Bioactivation and detoxication of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide:

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15.13 Spectroscoic Analysis of Alcohols and Thiols:

Infrared (IR): Characteristic O–H stretching absorption at

3300 to 3600 cm1

Sharp absorption near 3600 cm-1 except if H-bonded:

then broad absorption 3300 to 3400 cm1 range

Strong C–O stretching absorption near 1050 cm1

O-H

C-O

cm-1

% T

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= 1.5, q, 2H

= 0.9,d, 3H

= 3.65, t, 2H

= 1.7, m, 1H= 2.25,

br s, 1H

CDCl3

41.761.2

24.722.6

1H NMR: protons attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group are deshielded by the electron-withdrawing nature of the oxygen, 3.3 to 4.7

O-H C-O

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Usually no spin-spin coupling between the O–H proton and neighboring protons on carbon due to exchange reaction

The chemical shift of the -OH proton occurs over a largerange (2.0 - 5.5 ppm). It chemical shift is dependent upon the sample concentration and temperature. This proton is often observed as a broad singlet (br s). Exchangable protons are often not to be observed at all.

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13C NMR: The oxygen of an alcohol will deshield the carbon it is attached to. The chemical shift range is 50-80 ppm

DMSO-d6

(solvent)

CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — OH 62 35 19 14

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13C: 145.2128.8127.8126.5

76.332.310.6

13C: 138.6129.4128.4126.3

68.845.822.7