5g ota measurement aspects - mobile wireless testing · 2018-02-23 · near field vs. far field....
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5G OTA Measurement aspects
Reiner StuhlfauthTechnology Marketing Manager, 5SWT
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Massive MIMO: There is a Principle DifferenceBelow 6 GHz versus above 24 GHz
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< 6GHz > 24 GHz
ı Multiple configurable Base Station patterns creating multiple cells/sectors
ı Omni/Uni directional UE pattern
ı Base Stations support multiple narrow beams (dynamically steered)
ı UE uses narrow beams with steering/tracking
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Massive MIMO (Sub-6GHz)
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It’s all about the cables….in 5G Massive MIMO
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Massive MIMO Active Antenna System (sub 6GHz)
64 - 128 Dual-Polarized Antennas…
.64 - 128 RF Transceivers FPGA + Fiber TRx
Dig I/Q
OTA for Integrated 5G DUTs
Traditional Test & Measurement
Base
band
Base
band
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Fraunhofer distance. Near field vs. far field
Near-field region =phase & magnitude
Very near-field region
Far field=magnitude
2D2 / λ0.62 D3 / λ
Near field measurements:• values depend on phase & magnitude⇒ not simple for modulated signals (wide bandwidth,
phase coherent receiver needed)• multiple samples are needed, i.e. on a ring trajectory⇒ near-field to far-field transformation isneeded (additional time + effort)=> single probe + rotation concept (accurate positionerneeded) or multi-antenna probe (calibration complexity)• Smaller chamber sizes
Far field measurements:• values depend on magnitude only⇒ suitable for modulated signals• one sample is sufficient, no NF/FF post-processing• Larger chamber sizes required or compact range
concept (higher complexity)
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Fraunhofer distance. Near field vs. far fieldBasestation 8 Element Array at 2.69 GHz
Near-field regionphase & magnitude
Required chamber size for far-field
AUT size (D) Frequency Chamber size
0.5 meters 6 GHz 10 meters
0.5 meters 30 GHz 50 meters
1.0 meter 6 GHz 40 meters
Very near-fieldregion (< 0.6m)
Near: Phase + Magnitude
Far: Magnitude
Far-field vs. near-field
Far fieldmagnitude
2D2 / λ = 4.1 m0.62 D3 / λ = 0.6 m
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What is the Quietzone (in Farfield)?
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Quietzone: Only for Far-field measurements
Near-field does not have a “quiet zone”
+D/2
-D/2
R
R
d
Point Source(Measurement Antenna)
Qui
et Z
one
(D)
φ(R)
φ(R+d)
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
4𝜆𝜆Δ𝜑𝜑𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚=𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷2
𝜆𝜆
Quiet Zone Phase Deviation vs. Measurement Error
Rmin(N) Phase Deviation
𝐷𝐷2/𝜆𝜆 45 degrees
2𝐷𝐷2/𝜆𝜆 22.5 degrees
4𝐷𝐷2/𝜆𝜆 11.2 degrees
8𝐷𝐷2/𝜆𝜆 5.6 degrees
𝑁𝑁 = ∞
-25 dB
-30 dB
-20 dB
𝑁𝑁 = 2𝑁𝑁 = 4
High Gain Antenna Pattern
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Far-Field Measurement Systems
Device Under Test
3D Rotation of DUT
DUT-MEAS Antenna Separation: R > 2D2/λ
R&S®Signal Analyzer
R&S®Signal Generator
Active Measurements
Passive Measurements
R&S®VNA
Dual-Polarized High-Gain Antenna
Far FieldMagnitude
Single Measurement point
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Near Field to Far Field Transform Steps
3. Far-field: Generated1. Complex Wave: Measurement
E-Field
E-Field
Near field E-field measurementsover surface
b
a
2. Fourier Transform: Software
Cylindrical Planar Spherical
Radiated Near Field RegionPhase & Magnitude
How to measure the phase for Massive MIMO DUT with no test ports?
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴�𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒+𝑗𝑗𝐤𝐤�𝐫𝐫 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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Near-field Systems: Phase Retrieval
Direct Device Access Two-Sphere Approach Interferometry (WPTC Spiral Scanner)
EiRP & EiS: Digital IQ and/or Test Interface
Radiated Near Field RegionPhase & Magnitude
DUT
Measurement Antenna
DUT DUT
Measurement Surface 1
Measurement Surface 2
Use Surface 1 to as phase reference for Surface 2 measurement (unproven for high-gain antennas).
Combine signal of known phase with signal of unknown phase in order to extract unknown phase (optics)
Measurement Surface
Rotating DUT
Measurement Antenna
Phase Shifterφ = [0, ± π/2, π]
Reference Antenna
Rotating DUT+ Reference Ant
EiS Test Mode: DUT Access Required
EiS Test Mode: DUT Access Required
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Massive MIMO: Near-Field Measurement System
Reference Antenna
Measurement Antenna
ActiveAntennaSystemDUT
Phase Shifterφ = [0, ± π/2, π]
R&S®VNANarrow-Band Signal
R&S®Signal Analyzer (Wide-band)
Modulated/CW
or
Each grid point measures two polarizations of E-field
Reference antenna injects 4 signals with different phase shifts
Phase Retrieval: Interferometric mixing of signal with known phase with signal of unknown phase
R&S®Signal Generator (Wide-band)R&S®Oscilloscope (Wide-band)
Results
Phase retrieval with reference antenna
Massive MIMO Array Size ~ 1 meter
Modulated LTE Signal (10MHz BW)
Measurement of 3D Gain
Measured Near Field
Far Field
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴�𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒+𝑗𝑗𝐤𝐤�𝐫𝐫 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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Example resultsReference antenna method verified
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x-y planex-z plane x-y planex-z plane
FF conditions reached at ~1m → Size of electrical active part of DUT was smaller than array size D → active part of DUT determining factor w.r.t. NF vs. FF
NF measurements NF-FF transformed
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Quiet Zone SizesBlackbox testing significantly increases chamber sizes
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DUT
TabletD = 40cm
R = 30 meters R = 4.2 meters
UE:D = 15cm
Blackbox: Antenna Location Unknown
DUT
Tabletd = 6 cm
R = 0.67 meters R = 0.3 meters
UE:d = 4 cm
Whitebox: Antenna Location Known
Near-Field Scan with holographic back projection
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴�𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒+𝑗𝑗𝐤𝐤�𝐫𝐫 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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Near-field to Far-field Transformation – FIAFTAPerformance Comparison
Probe Compensation
FeaturesEquivalent Sources
Arbitrary Grids
vs.
220 minutes 6 minutes
Transformation
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Far-field in Near-field Systems: Hardware Fourier Transforms
Complex near-field wave generated
Fresnel Lens (Fourier Optics) Reflector: Compact Antenna Test Range Other ideas
Amplitude Phase Plane wave far-field received
DUT
Measurement𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴�𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒+𝑗𝑗𝐤𝐤�𝐫𝐫 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Signal processing
concept
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Theory + ideas
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Far Field situation Like in optics: generate a far field with a certain size
3GPP TSG-RAN WG4 Meeting #78 R4-161372
Plane wave generation in condensed spatial environment
Utilization of a probe antenna array: Uplink & Downlink
Array spacing dependent on wavelength
Phase + Magnitude Magnitude
Required Chamber Size
AUT Size (D) Frequency (c/λ) FF Chamber Size
0.5 meters 6 GHz 10 meters
0.5 meters 30 GHz 50 meters
1.0 meter 6 GHz 40 meters
2D2 / λ
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Hardware oriented NF-FF transformation: first results
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DUT: High-Gain ArrayDimensions: 60x60cm
Far-field Range: 8m
R&S®Signal Analyzer (Wide-band)R&S®Signal Generator (Wide-band)R&S®Oscilloscope (Wide-band)
Single RF Cable
1.5 meters
Certified Lab Results(Spain)
Results1.5m from DUT
Single Antenna1.5m from DUT
Measurement Setup
Signal processing
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Additional Challenges: Active Return Loss Measurement (Mutual Coupling)Passive Return
Loss
Active Return Loss distorted by the mutual coupling
Passive Return Loss Single
Element
Antenna Array Return Loss Measurements
Active Return LossSimultaneous
Measurements
Source: Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, Jan 2013
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Additional Challenges: The Phase Calibration Problem
Phase/Magnitude/Frequency Tolerances (Static & Dynamic)
RFIC RFIC
LO
RF Feeding Network
Dynamic Thermal Effects in PAs
Timing Errors in ADCs Phase Error (Uniform)Comparison between ideal and non-
calibrated beam forming
Phase Shifter Tolerances
Group Delay Variations
Baseband
~20 dB
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Beamforming: antenna gain depending on temperatureR&S®ATS1000
Active or Passive
DUT
flexible size
lessons learned: antenna gain is depending on temperature
Source: IBM + Ericsson: insertion loss Tx/Rx switch and impacton beamforming gain
temperature controlled chamber
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mmWave Systems
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5G mmWave Transceiver & Antenna Measurements
mmWave Hybrid Beamforming Architecture
Analog or Switched Arrays
….
2-8 RF Transceivers
OTA measurement for mmWave DUTs
Low Frequency Test & Measurement
Base
band
Base
band
….
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How to measure EiRP/etc… for mmWave UEs?4G: 2.8 GHz UE 5G: 28GHz UE
Multiple directions
Narrow beams with beam steering/tracking
Omni/Uni-directionalSingle direction EiRP/EiS
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Cable Influences in 5G mmWave Systems3D Gain Patterns of mmWave UE antenna
No Measurement Cable With Measurement Cable
Antenna couples to all surrounding objectsConductive measurements introduce large error in RF measurements
10 20 30 40
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9
63
Frequency (GHz)
Inser
tion L
oss (
dB/m
)
50 60
Flexible mmWave Cable Losses
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Longer cables in measurement systems will require amplifiers or mixers…..
…..therefore need small and compact chambers for testing
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3GPP TR 38.803 NR FF Baseline Measurement Setup
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Center of beam measurement only setup, i.e. combined link and measurement antenna
Center / off center of beam measurement setup, i.e. independent link and measurement antenna
R4-1700530 (R&S) TP NR UE RF Testability
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/WG4_Radio/TSGR4_82/Docs/R4-1700530.zip
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Electromagnetic Fields: Where is the Far-field?Basestation Antenna Array at 28 GHz
Radiated Near Field RegionPhase & Magnitude
Far FieldMagnitude
Reactive Near Field Region
D
0.62 𝐷𝐷3
𝜆𝜆𝑅𝑅 =
2𝐷𝐷2
𝜆𝜆
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DUT
Laptop
R = 16 meters? R = 4.5 meters?
UE
R = 46 meters?
DUT
R
BaseStation
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1S - 5G test solutions
NF-FF Reference Antenna Measurement: 28GHz Basestation Array
ResultsSize of electrical active part of DUT is the determining factor w.r.t. NF vs. FF~10 cm x ~10 cm array sizeMeasurement distance of ~1 m results in FF conditions!Reference antenna method verified
Reference Antenna
Measurement Antenna
ActiveAntennaSystemDUT
Phase Shifterφ = [0, ± π/2, π]
R&S®VNANarrow-Band Signal
R&S®Signal Analyzer (Wide-band)
Modulated/CW
or
Each grid point measures two polarizations of E-field
Reference antenna injects 4 signals with different phase shifts
Phase Retrieval: Interferometric mixing of signal with known phase with signal of unknown phase
R&S®Signal Generator (Wide-band)R&S®Oscilloscope (Wide-band)
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Electromagnetic Fields @ 28GHzSize of electrical active part determines FF
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Radiated Near Field RegionPhase & Magnitude
Far FieldMagnitude
Reactive Near Field Region
D
0.62 𝐷𝐷3
𝜆𝜆 𝑅𝑅 =2𝐷𝐷2
𝜆𝜆 R = 1.87 m R = 48 cmR = 4.2 m
DUT DUT
Laptop
Rd = 10 cm d = 5 cmd = 15 cm
R = 30 m R = 4.2 mR = 92 m
D = 40 cm D = 15 cmD = 70 cm
D
D D
d
dd
November 2017
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Chamber Size: Far-field or Near-field?UEs: Dant ~ DUT
DU
T=10cm
Dant=4cm28GHz UE Subarray (HPBW=15°)
Criteria Far-field Distance
2λ/HPBW2 0.30 meters
28GHz Entire UE
2D2/λ 1.86 meters
HPBW (radians)Half-power beam
width
𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =2𝐷𝐷2
𝜆𝜆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜2𝜆𝜆
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2
3dB powerdifference
θ
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Near-field far-field aspects
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What is the size D of a UE? Shall we assume the maximumDUT size? Is this realistic according to chamber sizes?
𝐻𝐻𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅
~1
(𝑘𝑘𝑜𝑜)2
Friis equation:𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑘𝑘 = 2𝜋𝜋/𝜆𝜆
power measurementsidentify intersection of E/H-fieldand far-field
proof of concept: LTE band 3: known UE,far-field estimation based on power levels
source R4-1610010 and „R4-1700531
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Near-field far-field aspects
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𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 = 𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 �𝜆𝜆04𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅
2
� 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 � 𝐻𝐻𝑅𝑅 = 𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 �𝜆𝜆04𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅
2
� 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 � 1 − Γ𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 2 � 𝜂𝜂𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 � 𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅
= 𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 �𝜆𝜆04𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅
2
� 𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 � 𝐻𝐻𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 = 𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 �𝜆𝜆04𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅
2
� 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝐻𝐻
We have learned about near-field and far-field, but where to measure?reminder. a beamforming antenna has main lobe, side lobes, nulls + noise
measured power according to gain, antenna size D and Rx power P
𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 > 𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚with Pmin following noise level aspects:
𝑘𝑘 � 𝑇𝑇 � 𝐻𝐻 � 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚
40
50
60
70
80
0.1 0.4 0.7 1 1.3 1.6 1.9
dB
R [m]
Measurement path loss vs. distance R
28 GHz 67 GHz
90 GHz PLmax
=>far-field assumption for power levelsare only valid for main lobe ofbeamforming antenna
source R4-1610010 and „R4-1700531
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Near-Field Scan with holographic back projection
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴�𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒+𝑗𝑗𝐤𝐤�𝐫𝐫 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Quiet Zone Sizes: 3GPP Pre-Conformance
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DUT
Tablet30x30cm
R = 16 meters R = 4.5 meters
UE: 15x15cm
Blackbox: Antenna Location Unknown
DUT
Tablet30x30cm
R = 0.5 meters R = 0.3 meters
UE: 15x15cm
Whitebox: Antenna Location Known
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Measurement Comparison – Large Chamber vs. ATS1000Peak Gain & TRP
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WPTC-L Large Chamber: 5.2 x 4.2 x 4 meters
Peak Gain Difference1.1 dB
TRP Difference< 0.1 dB
ATS1000 Chamber: 1.9 x 1.0 x 0.85 meters
Horn: 28GHz Horn: 28GHz
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Measurement Comparison – Large Chamber vs. ATS1000Customer Device Comparison @ 28GHz
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DUTx
yz
Customer reference data: FF chamber with R = 6 meters
UE with PCB Antenna
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From Classical OTA to RF Characterization Systems… in One
R&S®ZVA
Classical OTA Measurements (CW)
EiRP, 2D/3D Gain
RF Transceiver Characterization: Tx & Rx
+
R&S®TS7830
EiRP, 2D/3D GainEVM, ACLR, SEM, …
Flexible Range Length
R&S®ATS1000 or R&S®TS8991
Signal Analysis/Generation
Clear Upgrade Path from Basic OTA Chambers to Advanced RF Conformance Systems
R&S®ATS1000 or R&S®TS8991
R&S®Mixers for higher frequencies
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Is the dynamic beamforming characteristic needed in all test cases?For efficiency reasons we should restrict this to minimum
ı Power control is an essential feature in any cellular network, however we have few test cases to ensure it’s functionality and performance
ı Dynamic beamforming is an essential feature in cm-/mm-wave spectrum, but we do not need to mimic it in any test case either
Nove
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RF
Single (main) beam sufficient
Demodulation
Baseband performance under
fading
RRM
Beam switching / handover require some dynamic
(spatial) scenarios
Protocol
Beam switching / handover require some dynamic
(spatial) scenarios
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mmWave: EiRP Measurements for Small DUTs
DUT 2D Beam-SteeringOTA RF Digital
DUT
RF
OTA Power Sensor: Vivaldi Antenna + Power Meter
R&S®TS7124Shielded Box
R&S®NRPM-A66/81OTA Power Sensor
R&S®NRPM3Power Meter
3D Beam-Steering
OTA
DUT
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R&S Test SolutionNRPM - OTA power measurement systemı Vivaldi antenna with integrated diode
detector for power measurements directly on the antenna
ı Absolute power measurementı Frequency range: 27.5 – 75 GHzı Will be extended to 22 – 81 GHz
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OTA System components: Wideband Measurement AntennasPatented low RCS dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna: TC-TA85CP/LP
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Parameter ValueFrequency range 4 - 87 GHzVSWR < 2.5Gain > 10 dBi from 20 GHzCross-polarization rejection >20 dB up to 40 GHz, >15 dBRadar Cross Section (RCS) -20 dBsm (Horn: -8 dBsm)Dimensions 76 x 48 x 34 mm3
3 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 85Frequency (GHz)
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
IEEE
Gai
n (d
Bi)
IEEE Gain comparison for ANT1
Second prototype without lens
Second prototype with lensNo Lens With Lens
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Future UE OTA Measurements in Production Environment
Step 2: Failure (individual testing)
Step 1:Whole Unit
…Beam 1:
Broadside Beam 2 Beam N
T
BL RP
Gain
EVM
ACLR
OOBMeasure joint
EVM/ACLR/OOB + 5-Point Gain for each
Beam
Sequential testing of each transceiver for EVM/ACLR/OOB + individual
antenna gain
…TRx + Antenna #1
TRx + Antenna
#M
…Gain EVM
ACLR
OOB
Phase/Amplitude
Calibration
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3D-MIMO Antenna Calibration Procedure M
IMO
Enc
oder
REFMEAS
Calibrated Phase Difference (σ = 0.25°)
Dig
ital B
eam
form
ing
Enc
oder
R&S®RTO2044
4 Phase Coherent Ports
Switch Matrix
phase coherent input signals
Beamforming Codebook
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Some discussion started…
ı Contribution to next ITU-R SG5 meeting (Terrestrial Services)ı It is expected that the BS location topic will step into the public when higher density of
transmitter will be discussed.
Nove
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“In this contribution there is included information that is intended for the use in preparation ITU-T Technical Report concerning impact of the 5G mobile systems on environment.”
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Food for thoughts…ı Two international bodies; ICNIRP and IEEE developed exposure guidelines and defined exposure
limits in terms of SAR and electric and magnetic field strength
Nove
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“A good channel of communication and information in partnership with operators associations and the help of national authorities will permit to show the benefits of 5G and to proactively answer to the public concerns.”
Basic restrictions and reference levels (average limits values shall be measured over a six minute time):
Compliance Distance for ICNIRP limits over antenna gain and input power
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R&S 5G OTA Product Matrix
Large Chambers:TS8991
OTA R&D:WPTC Spiral Scanner
OTA R&D and Production: ATS1000
OTA R&D:DST 200
OTA Production: NRPM OTA Power Sensors
DUT Size Car, TV, AppliancesBasestation, Laptops, & UE UE & CPE UE
UE & Laptops (28GHz+)
Frequency ~0.4 to 87 GHz ~0.7 to 87 GHz 18 to 87 GHz ~0.9 to 87 GHz ~22 to 81 GHz
Fields Near & Far Near & Far Near & Far Far Field Quasi-Far & Far
Signals Modulated/CW Modulated/CW Modulated/CW Modulated/CW Modulated/CW
Parameters EiRP, EiS, Gain, EVM, …EiRP, EiS, Gain, EVM, …
EiRP, EiS, Gain, EVM, …
EiRP, EiS, Gain, EVM, …
EiRP at single points
AvailabilityAvailable for purchase
Available for purchase
Available for purchase in 2017
Available for Purchase
Available for Purchase
Coming Soon
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R&S®NRPM
mmWave
mmWave Beamsteering
R&S Antenna Test Solutions SummaryMassive MIMO
Multiport Testing Production & Benchtop
PWC for Massive MIMO
R&S®ATS1000
CTIA Radiation Patterns
R&S®ZNBT
R&S®SMW200+6x R&S®SGT100
R&S®TS8991
R&S®FSV R&S®NRP
DUT
R&S®NRPM-A66
R&S®SMW200A
R&S®RTO2044
R&S®DST200
R&S®TS7124
R&S®RTO
R&S®FSV/FSP
R&S®ZVC/D
R&S®TS8991 R&S®ZVA/B/C/D
R&S®TS-F24
R&S®TS8991: WPTCRF Pre-Conformance
R&S®ATS1000
R&S®TS7830
R&S®ZVA
R&S®SMW200A
R&S®FSW
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Convergence of antenna OTA and conformance
Classical OTA & Antenna Tests
Full-dimension/3D-MIMO
Beamforming Patterns
Over-the-Air measurements
Classical Conducted Conformance TestsRF (Tx: Power, Power Dynamics, Signal Quality (EVM), Spectrum Emissions (ACLR), Timing…; Rx: Sensitivity,max. Input, ACS, Blocking, Spurious,…)
Demodulation performance
Radio Resource Management (idle and connected mobility, timing, measurement procedures and performance)
Protocol (idle mode, Layer 2, RRC, EPS mobility and session management)
LTE Core
5G NR
4G LTE
4G User & ControlPlane
4G/5G DualConnectivity
46November 2017
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“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb
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5G OTA Measurement aspects������Massive MIMO: There is a Principle Difference�Below 6 GHz versus above 24 GHzMassive MIMO (Sub-6GHz)It’s all about the cables….in 5G Massive MIMOFraunhofer distance. Near field vs. far field Fraunhofer distance. Near field vs. far field What is the Quietzone (in Farfield)?Far-Field Measurement SystemsNear Field to Far Field Transform StepsNear-field Systems: Phase Retrieval Massive MIMO: Near-Field Measurement SystemExample results�Reference antenna method verifiedQuiet Zone Sizes�Blackbox testing significantly increases chamber sizesNear-field to Far-field Transformation – FIAFTAFar-field in Near-field Systems: Hardware Fourier Transforms Theory + ideasHardware oriented NF-FF transformation: first resultsAdditional Challenges: Active Return Loss Measurement (Mutual Coupling)Additional Challenges: The Phase Calibration ProblemBeamforming: antenna gain depending on temperaturemmWave Systems5G mmWave Transceiver & Antenna MeasurementsHow to measure EiRP/etc… for mmWave UEs?Cable Influences in 5G mmWave Systems3GPP TR 38.803 NR FF Baseline Measurement SetupElectromagnetic Fields: Where is the Far-field?NF-FF Reference Antenna Measurement: 28GHz Basestation ArrayElectromagnetic Fields @ 28GHz�Size of electrical active part determines FFChamber Size: Far-field or Near-field?Near-field far-field aspectsNear-field far-field aspectsQuiet Zone Sizes: 3GPP Pre-ConformanceMeasurement Comparison – Large Chamber vs. ATS1000�Peak Gain & TRPMeasurement Comparison – Large Chamber vs. ATS1000�Customer Device Comparison @ 28GHzFrom Classical OTA to RF Characterization Systems… in OneIs the dynamic beamforming characteristic needed in all test cases?�For efficiency reasons we should restrict this to minimum mmWave: EiRP Measurements for Small DUTsR&S Test Solution�NRPM - OTA power measurement systemOTA System components: Wideband Measurement Antennas�Patented low RCS dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna: TC-TA85CP/LPFuture UE OTA Measurements in Production Environment3D-MIMO Antenna Calibration Procedure Some discussion started…Food for thoughts…R&S 5G OTA Product MatrixR&S Antenna Test Solutions SummaryConvergence of antenna OTA and conformanceSlide Number 47
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