5g-ensure_d2.1 use cases

DeliverableD2.1UseCases

Projectname 5GEnablersforNetworkandSystemSecurityandResilienceShortname 5G-ENSUREGrantagreement 671562Call H2020-ICT-2014-2Deliverydate 2016-02-01DisseminationLevel: PublicLeadbeneficiary EAB GöranSelander,goran.selander@ericsson.comAuthors EAB:MatsNäslund,GöranSelander

ITINNOV:StephenPhillips,BassemNasserLMF:VesaTorvinen,VesaLehtovirtaNEC:FelixKlaedtkeNIXU:SeppoHeikkinen,TommiPernilä,AlexanderZaharievORANGE:GhadaArfaoui,JoséSanchez,Jean-PhilippeWaryUOXF:PiersO'HanlonSICS:MartinSvensson,RosarioGiustolisiTASE:GorkaLendrino,CarlaSalasTIIT:MadalinaBaltatu,LucianaCostaVTT:JanneVehkaperä,OlliMämmelä,JaniSuomalainen

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Executivesummary

Thisdocumentdescribesanumberofusecasesillustratingsecurityandprivacyaspectsof5Gnetworks.Basedonsimilaritiesintechnical,serviceand/orbusiness-modelrelatedaspects,theusecasesaregroupedintousecaseclusterscoveringawidevarietyofdeploymentsincluding,forexample,theInternetofThings,SoftwareDefinedNetworksandvirtualization,ultra-reliableandstandaloneoperations.Theusecasesaddresssecurityandprivacyenhancementsofcurrentnetworksaswellassecurityandprivacyfunctionalityneededbynew5Gfeatures.Eachusecaseisdescribedinacommonformatwhereactors,assumptionsandasequenceofstepscharacterisingtheusecasearepresentedtogetherwithashortanalysisofthesecuritychallengesandthepropertiesofasecuritysolution.Eachusecaseclusterdescriptionisconcludedwitha“5GVision”outliningtheassociatedenhancementsinsecurityandprivacyanticipatedin5Gnetworksandsystems.Asummaryofthe5Gvisionsandconclusionsareprovidedattheendofthedocument.

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Foreword

Theoverallobjectiveof5G-ENSURE(seeSection1.1)istobecomethereferenceprojectforeverythingthatconcernssecurityandprivacyin5Gwhilecontributingto5Gresilience.Toachievethisoverallambitionanumberofspecificobjectivesaretargeted,including:

• Collect,analyseandprioritize5Gsecurityandprivacyrequirements• Defineasecurityarchitecturefor5G• Specify,developandtestaninitialsetofsecurityandprivacyenablersfor5G

Thesethreeobjectivesareinpartdependentonanalysing5Gsecurityrelevantusecases,whichisthecontentofthisdeliverableD2.1.HenceD2.1providesinputtotheworkonTrustModel(Task2.2),RiskAssessment,MitigationandRequirements(Task2.3)andtheSecurityArchitecture(Task2.4)withintheproject.Theusecasespresentedhereinalsoservetoprovideinitial“blue-prints”fortherequiredfunctionalityoftheso-calledsecurityenablersdevelopedbyWP3of5G-ENSURE.

D2.1isoneinstanceofthe5G-ENSUREmeasurableresultsandoneofthemilestones(MS2)ofthe5G-ENSUREproject.D2.1isthefirsttechnicaldeliverableoftheprojectandhenceisnotdependentonanyprevioustechnicaldeliverablewithintheproject.Theexternalsourcesforthisdeliverable,however,includeotherparallelprojectsrunningwithintheoverall5G-PPPand,conversely,cross-PPPcoordinationactivitiesareinplacetodisseminatetheresultstoother5G-PPPprojects.

Disclaimer

Theinformationinthisdocumentisprovided‘asis’,andnoguaranteeorwarrantyisgiventhattheinformationisfitforanyparticularpurpose.

TheECflaginthisdeliverableisownedbytheEuropeanCommissionandthe5GPPPlogoisownedbythe5GPPPinitiative.Theuseoftheflagandthe5GPPPlogotypereflectsthat5G-ENSUREreceivesfundingfromtheEuropeanCommission,integratedinits5GPPPinitiative.Apartfromthis,theEuropeanCommissionorthe5GPPPinitiativehavenoresponsibilityforthecontent.

AllUseCasesinvestigatedinthisdeliverableareintheresearchcontextofafuture5Gnetworkanddonotentailanycommitmenttobeimplementedinexisting2/3/4Gstandards.Allreferencesto4G/LTEorEPCplatformsareusedforillustrationofUseCasesandarenotcommittingtheprojectinanywaytoapredefined5Ginfrastructure(asaniterationonlyofexisting4Gstandardsforinstance).

Copyrightnotice

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Contents1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................7

1.1 5G-ENSURE..........................................................................................................................................8

1.2 Glossary...............................................................................................................................................8

1.3 Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................9

2 Background...............................................................................................................................................10

3 Cluster1:IdentityManagement...............................................................................................................12

3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................12

3.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................12

3.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................12

3.3.1 UseCase1.1:FactoryDeviceIdentityManagementfor5GAccess............................................12

3.3.2 UseCase1.2:UsingEnterpriseIdentityManagementforBootstrapping5GAccess.................14

3.3.3 UseCase1.3:SatelliteIdentityManagementfor5GAccess......................................................17

3.3.4 UseCase1.4:MNOIdentityManagementService.....................................................................20

3.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................21

4 Cluster2:EnhancedIdentityProtectionandAuthentication...................................................................22

4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................22

4.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................22

4.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................22

4.3.1 UseCase2.1:DeviceIdentityPrivacy.........................................................................................22

4.3.2 UseCase2.2:SubscriberIdentityPrivacy...................................................................................23

4.3.3 UseCase2.3:EnhancedCommunicationPrivacy.......................................................................24

4.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................25

5 Cluster3:IoTDeviceAuthenticationandKeyManagement....................................................................26

5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................26

5.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................26

5.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................26

5.3.1 UseCase3.1:AuthenticationofIoTDevicesin5G.....................................................................26

5.3.2 UseCase3.2:Network-BasedKeyManagementforEnd-to-EndSecurity.................................29

5.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................31

6 Cluster4:AuthorizationofDevice-to-DeviceInteractions.......................................................................32

6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................32

6.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................32

6.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................32

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6.3.1 UseCase4.1:AuthorizationinResource-ConstrainedDevicesSupportedby5GNetwork.......32

6.3.2 UseCase4.2:AuthorizationforEnd-to-EndIPConnections......................................................33

6.3.3 UseCase4.3:Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X).................................................................................34

6.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................35

7 Cluster5:Software-DefinedNetworks,VirtualizationandMonitoring....................................................36

7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................36

7.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................37

7.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................37

7.3.1 UseCase5.1:VirtualizedCoreNetworks,andNetworkSlicing..................................................37

7.3.2 UseCase5.2:Addinga5GNodetoaVirtualizedCoreNetwork................................................38

7.3.3 UseCase5.3:ReactiveTrafficRoutinginaVirtualizedCoreNetwork.......................................41

7.3.4 UseCase5.4:VerificationoftheVirtualizedNodeandtheVirtualizationPlatform..................42

7.3.5 Usecase5.5:ControlandMonitoringofSlicebyServiceProvider............................................43

7.3.6 UseCase5.6:IntegratedSatelliteandTerrestrialSystemsMonitor..........................................45

7.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................48

8 Cluster6:RadioInterfaceProtection........................................................................................................49

8.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................49

8.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................49

8.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................49

8.3.1 UseCase6.1:AttachRequestDuringOverload..........................................................................49

8.3.2 UseCase6.2:UnprotectedUserPlaneonRadioInterface.........................................................50

8.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................51

9 Cluster7:MobilityManagementProtection............................................................................................52

9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................52

9.2 Actors.................................................................................................................................................52

9.3 UseCases...........................................................................................................................................52

9.3.1 UseCase7.1:UnprotectedMobilityManagementExposesNetworkforDenialofService......52

9.4 5GVision............................................................................................................................................54

10 Cluster8:Ultra-ReliableandStandaloneOperations..............................................................................55

10.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................55

10.2 Actors...............................................................................................................................................55

10.3 UseCases.........................................................................................................................................55

10.3.1 UseCase8.1:Satellite-CapableeNB.........................................................................................55

10.3.2 UseCase8.2:StandaloneEPC..................................................................................................56

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10.4 5GVision..........................................................................................................................................57

11 Cluster9:TrustedCoreNetworkandInterconnect................................................................................58

11.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................58

11.2 Actors...............................................................................................................................................58

11.3 UseCases.........................................................................................................................................58

11.3.1 UseCase9.1:AlternativeRoamingin5G.................................................................................58

11.3.2 UseCase9.2:PrivacyinContext-AwareServices.....................................................................60

11.3.3 UseCase9.3:AuthenticationofNewNetworkElements........................................................61

11.4 5GVision..........................................................................................................................................63

12 Cluster10:5GEnhancedSecurityServices.............................................................................................64

12.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................64

12.2 Actors...............................................................................................................................................64

12.3 UseCases.........................................................................................................................................64

12.3.1 UseCase10.1:BotnetMitigation............................................................................................64

12.3.2 UseCase10.2:PrivacyViolationMitigation.............................................................................66

12.3.3 UseCase10.3:SIM-basedand/orDevice-basedAnonymization.............................................67

12.4 5GVision..........................................................................................................................................68

13 Cluster11:LawfulInterception...............................................................................................................69

13.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................69

13.2 Actors...............................................................................................................................................69

13.3 UseCases.........................................................................................................................................70

13.3.1 UseCase11.1:LawfulInterceptioninaDynamic5GNetwork................................................70

13.3.2 UseCase11.2:End-to-endEncryptioninLI-awarenetwork...................................................72

13.4 5GVision..........................................................................................................................................74

14 Summary:UseCaseClusters...................................................................................................................75

15 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................................77

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1 IntroductionThisdocumentdescribesusecasesillustratingsecurityandprivacyaspectsof5Gnetworks.Theseusecasesprovideabasisforunderstanding5Gsecurityandwillbeusedinseveralwayswithinthe5G-ENSUREproject(seeSection1.1):

• Theprojectwillanalysepotentialthreatsandvulnerabilities,andidentifysecurityandprivacyrequirementsbasedontheseusecases.

• Theusecaseswillbeusedtodefineatrustmodelbetweenthevariousactorsina5Gsystemaddressingthemultiplicityofactorsandalsotakingintoaccountthemachine-to-machineinteractionscharacterisingnextgenerationnetworks.

• TheusecasesprovideinputtothesecurityenablersinscopeoftheprojectcoveringtheareasAAA,Privacy,Trust,SecurityMonitoring,andNetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation.

• Theitemsabove,aswellastheusecasesthemselves,arethemajorbuildingblocksusedtodefinethe5Gsecurityarchitectureintheproject.Cross-PPPcoordinationactivitiesareinplacetodisseminatetheresultstootherprojectsofthe5G-PPP.

Theusecases illustratespecific5Grelatedsecuritychallenges.Therearetwocategoriesofusecasesandassociatedchallenges:

1. Forusecasesillustratingsecurityissuesinheritedfromcurrentgenerationnetworks,thechallengeistoprovideanimprovedlevelofsecurityandprivacy.1

2. Forusecasesillustratingnewfeaturesintroducedin5G,e.g.supportforMachineTypeCommunications(MTC)andSoftwareDefinedNetworks(SDN),thechallengeistoprovideanappropriatelevelofsecurityandprivacy,aswellaspotentialnewsecurityfunctionalityillustratedbytheusecase.

Inthefirstcategoryofusecase,thefocusisonthevulnerabilitiesandpotentialcountermeasuresaddressingtheidentifiedsecurityissues.Inthesecondkindofusecasethefocusisontheadditionalsecurityfunctionalityneededtosupportthenewfeatures.

Thisprocessofgeneratingusecasesmayhypotheticallyresultinnewdesired5Gsecurityfeaturesforwhichitishardoreveninfeasibletoprovidesolutionswhicharebothcost-efficientandadequate.However,thepurposeofthisdeliverableisneithertodoriskanalysis,nortospecifydetailedsolutionsforwhichthereareotheractivitieswithin5G-ENSURE(seeForeword).Hence,theresultingusecasesshouldnotbeinterpretedasfunctionalitythatunconditionallywillbesupportedin5G,butasanexplorationofinterestingrelevantscenarios,andastartingpointforfurtheranalysis.

Thisdocumentisorganisedasfollows:TheremainderofSection1containsaglossaryandalistofabbreviationsoftermsused.Section2providesabackgroundontheusecaseclustersandhowtheyarecompiled.Sections3to13containtheactualusecaseclustersandtheconstituentusecases.Section14summarisestheusecaseclustersandSection15providesthemainconclusionsderivedfromthisusecasecompilationactivity.Referencesareprovidedattheend.

1Thisshouldnotbeunderstoodasastatementthatcurrentnetworksarenotsecure,butratherthatchangesinthethreatlandscapewarrantsconsiderationsofadditionalcounter-measures.

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1.1 5G-ENSURE

5G-ENSUREbelongstothegroupofEU-fundedprojectswhichcollaborativelydevelop5Gundertheumbrellaofthe5GInfrastructurePublicPrivatePartnership(5G-PPP)intheHorizon2020Programme.Theoverallgoalof5G-ENSUREistodeliverstrategicimpactacrosstechnologyandbusinessenablement,standardisationandvisionforasecure,resilientandviable5Gnetwork.Theprojectcoversresearch&innovation-fromtechnicalsolutions(5Gsecurityarchitectureandtestbedwith5Gsecurityenablers)tomarketvalidationandstakeholdersengagement-spanningvariousapplicationdomains.

1.2 GlossaryThissectioncontainsterminologyforthreatanalysisusedwhendiscussingthevulnerabilitiesoftheusecases.ThetermsarebasedontheInternetSecurityGlossary[RFC4949].

• Adversaryo Anentitythatattacksasystem.

• Attacko Anintentionalactbywhichanentityattemptstoevadesecurityservicesandviolatethe

securitypolicyofasystem.Thatis,anactualassaultonsystemsecuritythatderivesfromanintelligentthreat.

• Counter-measureo Anaction,device,procedure,ortechniquethatmeetsoropposes(i.e.,counters)athreat,a

vulnerability,oranattackbyeliminatingorpreventingit,byminimizingtheharmitcancause,orbydiscoveringandreportingitsothatcorrectiveactioncanbetaken.

• Deceptiono Acircumstanceoreventthatmayresultinanauthorizedentityreceivingfalsedataand

believingittobetrue.• Disruption

o Acircumstanceoreventthatinterruptsorpreventsthecorrectoperationofsystemservicesandfunctions.

• Threato Apotentialforviolationofsecurity,whichexistswhenthereisanentity,circumstance,

capability,action,oreventthatcouldcauseharm.o Threatsdonothavetobelinkedtoanattacker:avulnerabilitycombinedwithhumanerror

forinstancecanalsoleadtoconsequencessuchasexposure,corruptionorincapacitation.• Unauthorizeddisclosure

o Acircumstanceoreventwherebyanentitygainsaccesstoinformationforwhichtheentityisnotauthorized.

• Vulnerabilityo Aflaworweaknessinasystem'sdesign,implementation,oroperationandmanagement

thatcouldbeexploitedtoviolatethesystem'ssecuritypolicy.

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1.3 Abbreviations

AAA Authentication,AuthorizationandAccountingAKA AuthenticationandKeyAgreementB/OSS BusinessandOperationalSupportSystemsCC ContentofCommunicationCN CoreNetworkEAP EnhancedAuthenticationProtocoleNB EvolvedNodeBEPC EvolvedPacketCoreESIM EmbeddedSubscriberIdentityModuleGAN GenericAccessNetworkGUTI GloballyUniqueTemporaryIdentityHN HomeNetworkHSS HomeSubscriberServerID IdentifierIMEI InternationalMobileEquipmentIdentityIMSI InternationalMobileSubscriberIdentityIRI InterceptRelatedInformationLEA LawEnforcementAgencyLI LawfulInterceptionMME MobilityManagementEntitymMTC MassiveMachine-TypeCommunicationMNO MobileNetworkOperatorNMS NetworkManagementSystemPLMN PublicLandMobileNetworkSA SecurityAssociationSatAN SatelliteAccessNetworkSatNO SatelliteNetworkOperatorSDN SoftwareDefinedNetworksSIM SubscriberIdentityModuleTA TrackingAreaTAU TrackingAreaUpdateUE UserEquipmentuMTC Ultra-reliableandlow-latencyMachine-TypeCommunicationxMBB EnhancedMobileBroadbandV2I Vehicle-to-InfrastructureV2P Vehicle-to-PedestrianV2V Vehicle-to-VehicleV2X Vehicle-to-EverythingVMNO VirtualMobileNetworkOperatorVN VisitedNetwork

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2 BackgroundTheusecasesdescribedinthisdocumentwereselectedtoillustratesecurityorprivacyaspectsrelevantfor5Gsystems.

Theseusecasesarebasedoninputfromexternalsources(e.g.other5G-PPPprojects,3GPPNewServicesandMarketsTechnologyEnablers(SMARTER)[TR22.891],publicationsofvulnerabilitiesandpotentialattacksoncellularnetworks,etc.)combinedwiththeexpertiseandexperienceprovidedbythepartners.Theexternallysourceddedicated5Gusecasesturnedouttobeoflimiteddirectapplicabilitysincemostofthesedonothavesufficientsecurityfocus,seefurtherdiscussioninSection15.

Theusecasesaregroupedintoclustersaccordingtotopic,seeTable1.Theclustertopicshavebeendefinedbasedoncommonalitiesintheusecasesintermsofprovidedsecurityfunctionalityorcommontechnology.Eachclustercontainsthedescriptionoftheactorsinvolvedinthedescribedusecases,theactualusecases,andthe“5Gvision”–illustratingthesecurityfunctionalitywhicha5Gsystemisenvisionedtoencompass.Thefocusontheactorsismotivatedbytheircriticalroleintheupcomingtrustmodellingworkintheproject.

Eachusecaseisstructuredasfollows.Firstthepre-conditionsarelisted,illustratingthesettingbeforetheactualusecasetakesplace.Thisisfollowedbyadescriptioncontainingthesequenceofstepsillustratingtheusecase.Thestep-by-stepdescriptionisintendedtopavetheroadfortheupcomingthreatandriskanalysisintheproject.Subsequently,thereisoptionallyashortanalysisoftheusecaseinquestion,followedbyanoutlineofsecuritypropertiesofasolution.Finally,theusecaseisclassifiedintermsofrelevantcandidatesecurityenablersintheproject(seeSection1),andapplicablenextgenerationradiotechnologyusecases:EnhancedMobileBroadband(xMBB),MassiveMachine-TypeCommunication(mMTC),Ultra-reliableandlow-latencyMachine-TypeCommunication(uMTC)[METIS2015].Theseclassificationsareincludedtopositiontheusecasebothwithinthe5G-ENSUREprojectandinthecontextofother5G-PPPprojects,andalsotosimplifythelocationoftheusecasesofrelevancetothereader.

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Table1:Tableofusecasesandclusters

Clusterno.

Clustername/topic Usecaseno.

Usecasename

1 IdentityManagement 1.1 FactoryDeviceIdentityManagementfor5GAccess1.2 UsingEnterpriseIdentityManagementfor

Bootstrapping5GAccess1.3 SatelliteIdentityManagementfor5GAccess1.4 MNOIdentityManagementService

2 EnhancedIdentityProtectionandAuthentication

2.1 DeviceIdentityPrivacy2.2 SubscriberIdentityPrivacy2.3 EnhancedCommunicationPrivacy

3 IoTDeviceAuthenticationandKeyManagement

3.1 AuthenticationofIoTDevicesin5G3.2 Network-basedKeyManagementforEnd-to-End

Security4 AuthorizationofDevice-to-

DeviceInteractions4.1 AuthorizationinResource-ConstrainedDevices

Supportedby5GNetwork4.2 AuthorizationforEnd-to-EndIPConnections4.3 Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X)

5 Software-DefinedNetworks,VirtualizationandMonitoring

5.1 VirtualizedCoreNetworks,andNetworkSlicing5.2 Addinga5GNodetoaVirtualizedCoreNetwork5.3 ReactiveTrafficRoutinginaVirtualizedCoreNetwork5.4 VerificationoftheVirtualizedNodeandthe

VirtualizationPlatform5.5 ControlandMonitoringofSlicebyaServiceProvider5.6 IntegratedSatelliteandTerrestrialSystemsSecurity

Monitor6 RadioInterfaceProtection 6.1 AttachRequestDuringOverload

6.2 UnprotectedUserPlaneonRadioInterface7 MobilityManagement

Protection7.1 UnprotectedMobilityManagementExposesNetwork

forDenial-of-Service8 Ultra-ReliableandStandalone

Operations8.1 Satellite-CapableeNB8.2 StandaloneEPC

9 TrustedCoreNetworkandInterconnect

9.1 AlternativeRoamingin5G9.2 PrivacyinContext-AwareServices9.3 AuthenticationofNewNetworkElements

10 5GEnhancedSecurityServices 10.1 BotnetMitigation10.2 PrivacyViolationMitigation10.3 SIM-basedand/orDevice-basedAnonymization

11 LawfulInterception 11.1 LawfulInterceptioninaDynamic5GNetwork11.2 End-to-EndEncryptionforDevice-to-Device

Communications

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3 Cluster1:IdentityManagement

3.1 IntroductionCluster1containsfourusecasesdescribingvariousaspectsofidentitymanagementin5Gnetworks.

Inusecase1.1welearnhowtosecure5Gconnectivityandmobilityoffactorydeviceswithpre-existingAAAcredentialsmanagedbythefactoryowner.Usecase1.2demonstratesanotherwaytogain5Gaccess,byestablishmentofSIMcredentialstobootstrapenterpriseemployeecredentials.Usecase1.3elaboratesonidentitiesandauthenticationforroamingintoasatellitenetwork.Usecase1.4describesanMNOprovidinganidentitymanagementservicetoaserviceprovideronbehalfofauser.

3.2 ActorsTheactorsinthisclusterare:

• MobileNetworkOperator(MNO)• Mobiledeviceusers(Alice,Bob)• Maliciousparty(Mallory)• FactoryRobot(Rob)• FactoryOwner(FO)• ServiceProvider(SP)• SatelliteNetworkOperator(SatNO)

3.3 UseCases

3.3.1 UseCase1.1:FactoryDeviceIdentityManagementfor5GAccess

3.3.1.1 IntroductionIndustryautomationtodayusesproprietaryradioaccesstechnologies,ornon-3GPPtechnologiessuchasWLAN.New5Gradioaccessesareforeseentobedesignedtooffercompetitiveadvantagesintermsofcost,qualityofservice,mobility,etc.,thatmakesthemattractiveforindustryautomation.Thus,inthisusecase,weconsiderfactoryrobotsaccessingafactorynetworkover5GconnectivitybutusingcredentialsandAAAmanagedbyaFactoryOwner,assumingthattheMNOcanagreetosuchaconfiguration.Thissettingisalsodiscussedin[TR22.891].Thefactoryownerinstalls5GbasestationsinthefactorybutwillrelyonMNOtoperformservicessuchasIPconnectivityandmobility.

TheagreementbetweenFOandMNOcoversaspectssuchaschargingpolicies,securitypoliciesandconfigurationdata(e.g.certificates),liabilitiesoftheparties,etc.Itshouldbenotedthatsuchagreementwouldrequireamajorchangeinthetrustmodelcomparedtocurrentroamingagreements,whichtodayonlyexistsbetweenMNOs.

3.3.1.2 PreconditionsThepreconditionsareillustratedinFigure1.

• TheFactoryhasitsownAAAserverforrobots.

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• TheMNOhasadedicatedIndustrialAutomationControl(IAC)servertoconnecttothefactoryAAAserverforAAApurposes.TheIACmaycomprisepartsofMMEfunctionalityoraninterfacetotheoperator’sMME.Thefullfunctionalityanditsrealization,e.g.intermsofvirtualization,isoutofscopeoftheusecase.

• 5Gbasestationsownedanddeployedinfactory,butthefactoryhasnoother5Gnetworkcoreequipment.ThebasestationsusesomespectrumallocatedtotheMNO.

• FOandMNOhaveanagreementallowingfactorybasestationstoconnectsecurelytotheMNOcorenetworkoveraninterfacewedenote“S1”(seebelow)andallowingthefactory’sAAAservertoconnectsecurelytotheMNO’sIACoveraninterfacewedenote“S6”(seealsobelow)inordertoestablishnetworkaccesscredentials.

• “S1”denotesapresumed3GPPreferenceinterfacebetweentheRadioAccessNetworkandCoreNetwork(CN)handlinge.g.authenticationsignallingbetweentheIACandUEvia5Gbasestations.TheS1interfaceisassumedtobesecuredby,forinstance,IPsecSecurityAssociations(SA)establishedusingcredentialswhicharepartoftheagreementbetweentheFOandMNO.

• “S6”denotesapresumed3GPPreferenceinterfacebetweentheservingnetwork(MNOIAC)andasubscriberdata-base(aAAA-typeserver).TheS6interfaceisassumedtobesecuredby,forinstance,IPsecSAsestablishedusingcredentialswhicharepartoftheagreementbetweenFOandMNO.

3.3.1.3 DescriptionWhenpowerisswitchedon,Rob,afactoryrobot,connectstotheFactoryNetworkusingfactorycredentialsasillustratedinFigure1.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Robispoweredup2. Robrequestsaccesstothefactory5GbasestationpresentingaFOidentifier3. RobisnotyetauthenticatedandthebasestationcontactstheIACintheMNOCNoverS14. TheIACrecognizes,e.g.usingnamespaceanalysisoftheFOidentifier,thatRobbelongstothe

factoryandthisIACconnectstothefactoryAAAoverS65. TheFOAAAprovides,basedonRob’sFOidentifier,atemporarycredentialtotheIACwhich

enablestheIACtoauthenticateRobtothissession6. Mutualauthentication,basedonRob’stemporarycredential,isperformedbetweenRobandthe

MNOnetwork.Asaresult,cryptographickeysaremadeavailableforthepurposeofprotectingtheconnectionbetweentherobotandthefactorybasestation,andbetweentherobotandtheIAC

7. RobisprovidedIPconnectivityandmobility

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Figure1:Factory5Gdeployment

3.3.1.4 Propertiesofasolution

• SecureconnectionsbetweenfactoryandMNO,forexampleIPseconS1andS6,wheretheagreementbetweenMNOandFactoryshouldcontainthecredentialsforestablishingIPsec.

• EAP-basedauthenticationtofactoryAAA.WhichEAPmethodstobeallowedcouldbespecifiedintheagreementbetweenMNOandFactory,butweakmethodssuchaspasswordswillmostlikelynotbeallowedinanysuchagreement.

• The5Gauthenticationprocedurecanbedesignedtobecompatiblewithwhateverfactorycredentialsthatareused.

• TheMNOneverdistributesthecustomer’scredentials(whetherMNOrelatedorFOrelated)toanythirdparty

• AcandidatesolutionisusinganMNOimplementationofGBA[TS33.220]

3.3.1.5 Usecasecategories

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC

3.3.2 UseCase1.2:UsingEnterpriseIdentityManagementforBootstrapping5GAccess

3.3.2.1 IntroductionTheenterprisewantstoprovideitsemployees’deviceswith5Gconnectivitytouseintheofficeorwhenbeingmobile.Sincetheenterpriseinanycaseneedstomanagetheemployees’credentialsitisconvenient

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tousethesecredentialstobootstrap5Gcredentialsusedforconnectivity.However,theenterprisedoesnotwanttomanageanHSS.TheenterpriseandMNOsignanagreementthattheemployeedevicescanbecomeprovisionedwith5Gcredentials,assumingthattheMNOcanagreetosuchaconfiguration.Theenterprisemayextendcoverageandcapacityofthe5Gnetworkbyinstallingadditional(e.g.indoor)5Gbasestations,butthisisnotnecessaryiftheexisting5Gaccesssuffices.

Itshouldbenotedthatthiskindofagreementwouldrequireachangeinthetrustmodelcomparedtocurrentsubscriptionprovisioningmodels.

3.3.2.2 Preconditions• MNOhasitsownIACtocoverindustryneeds• TheenterprisehasitsownAAAfortheemployees.• Bob,anenterpriseemployee,hasaUE(e.g.mobilephone,laptop,etc.)whichisprovisionedwith

enterprisekeys.• TheenterpriseandMNOhavemadeanagreementallowingsubscriptionparametersassociatedwith

newemployeestobestoredintheMNOIAC.TheMNOIACgeneratesthesecredentialsbyrequestfromtheenterpriseAAA.Thecredentialscouldforexamplebe(U)SIM-compatibleparameterstobeusedwiththeAuthenticationandKeyAgreement(AKA)protocol.Theagreementcoversaspectssuchashowtosecurethecredentialprovisioning,chargingpolicies,liabilitiesoftheparties,etc.Tothisend,theMNOandenterpriseareassumedtohavemadeariskassessmentthattheenterpriseAAAissufficientlysecure,andhasanacceptablerisklevel,whenenteringintotheagreement.

• AfterbeingauthenticatedandauthorizedbytheAAA,Bob’sUEisbeingprovisionedfromMNOIACwithcredentialsforestablishinga5Gsession.ThecredentialsareprotectedintransportbetweenMNOIACandBob’sUEbasedontheenterpriseAAA.

3.3.2.3 DescriptionBob,anenterpriseemployee,switchesonhisUEwhichattachestotheMNObasestationandauthenticatestothenetwork.Thisauthenticationproceduremaybedifferentdependingonhow/whatcredentialthatwasprovisioned.TheflowisdepictedinFigure2.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Bobrequests5GcredentialsfromtheEnterpriseAAA.TherequestisauthenticatedusingBob’senterprisekeys.

2. TheEnterpriseAAArequeststotheMNOIACprovisioningof5Gsessioncredentials3. Bob’sUEissecurelyprovisionedwith(U)SIM-typecredentialsfromtheMNOIACbasedonthe

employeeAAAcredential4. Bob’sUEauthenticatestothe5Gnetwork5. Bob’sUEisreadytouse

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Figure2:Enterprise5Gdeployment

Alternativeflowofevents:

Inthisflow,insteadof(U)SIM-typecredentials,somenon-SIMcredentialofsufficientstrengthisassumed,undertheconditionwherethesecurestorageanduseofthosecredentialsinBobDevicehasbeenqualifiedbytheMNOassufficientintermofsecurestorage,assuranceetc.inrelationtoexistingUSIMcard,andcouldbecontrolledbyMNO.Inparticularthesecuritylevelofthisstorageshouldpreventcredentialcloning.Aprotocolsuchase.g.EAPmaybeusedtocarrytheauthenticationsignalling.

1. Bob’sUEbeenprovisionedwithnon-SIMtypecredentialsviatheMNOIAC2. Bob’sUEauthenticatestothe5Gnetworkusingthecredentials,e.g.bymeansofEAP3. Bob’sUEisreadytouse

• ESIMprovisioninginitiatedbyenterprisenetwork• EAPbasedauthenticationtoenterpriseAAA• Inthefirstflow,nonewcredentialsneedtobesupportedbythe5Gauthenticationprotocol

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB

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3.3.3 UseCase1.3:SatelliteIdentityManagementfor5GAccess

3.3.3.1 IntroductionThisusecaseexplorestwoidentity-managementsituationsinvolvingsatellitenetworksandadualsatelliteandterrestrial5Gaccess:oneinwhichthe5Gdeviceattachestothesatellitenetwork;theotheroneinwhichthe5Gdeviceidentifiesineitherthesatellitenetworkortheterrestrialnetwork,andthenduetocoverageissuesthe5Gdeviceperformsaroamingtotheothernetwork.

3.3.3.2 Preconditions• SatNOhasitsownAAAforitssubscribers.• SatNOandMNOhasaroamingagreementallowingeachother’suserstoroamintheother’snetwork.

3.3.3.3 DescriptionBobswitchesonhisdualsatelliteandterrestrial5GUEwithasetofcredentialsthatallowsaccesstobothnetworks,andisinitiallyconnectedtothesatellitenetwork(seeFigure3).Duetocoverageissueshemayneedtoroambetweenthenetworks(seeFigure4).

PleasenotethatAAAServersdepictedinFigure3andFigure4aredepictedseparatelyforlogicalreasons,buttheirphysicallocationmightbethesame–theycanphysicallyevenbeonesingleAAAServer.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Bob’sUE,locatedforinstanceinamovingtruckinanisolatedarea,canonlyofferBobconnectivitythroughsatellitewhenheturnsontheUE.

2. BobchoosestoconnecttheUEthroughsatellite,andtheauthenticationandauthorizationprocessisperformedbetweentheUEandthesatelliteAAAServerandbetweenthesatelliteAAAServerandthe5GAAAServer.

Thefine-grainedaccesspoliciesat5GAAAServerprocesstheauthenticationrequestfromBob’sUEandestablishesthat,forthecredentialsprovided,accesscanbegrantedtotheUEintothesatellitenetwork,withanauthorizationlevelA(whichmayconsistforexampleofcertainpeakdatarate,certainsustaineddatarate,certainservicesenabled,etc.).

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Figure3:IntegrationofAAAsystemmechanismsin5Gdevicewithsatellitecoverage

Theeventscanbeseenasanextensionofthebasicflowinwhichtheroamingaspectisincorporated.

1. Bob’sUE,locatedforinstanceinamovingtruckinanisolatedarea,canonlyofferBobconnectivitythroughsatellitewhenheturnsontheUE.

2. BobchoosestoconnecttheUEthroughsatellite,andtheauthenticationandauthorizationprocessisperformedbetweentheUEandthesatelliteAAAServerandbetweenthesatelliteAAAServerandthe5GAAAServer

3. BobparksandtakeshisUEinsideabuildingunderterrestrialcoveragecompliantwithUEterrestrialconnectivity

4. TheUEdetachesfromthesatellitenetworkandautomaticallytriestoattachtotheterrestrialnetworkusingtherelevantcredentials.

5. Thecredentialsareroamedfrom5GAAAServertoTerrestrialAAAServerandTerrestrialnetworkauthorizesBob’sUE.Atthispointthe5GdevicehasregainedconnectivityafteraroamingprocessthathasbeenvirtuallyseamlesstoBob.

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Asexplainedinthebasicflowofevents,thefine-grainedaccesspoliciesatthe5GAAAServerprocesstheauthenticationrequestfromBob’sUEandestablishesthat,forthecredentialsprovided,accesscanbegrantedtotheUEintothesatellitenetwork,withanauthorizationlevelA(whichmayconsistforexampleofcertainpeakdatarate,certainsustaineddatarate,certainservicesenabled,etc.).

Now,duringtheroamingprocess,aroamingrequestfromtheTerrestrialAAAServerarrivesatthe5GAAAServer,whichprocesstheauthenticationcredentialsfromBob’sUE(givenbytheSatelliteAAAServer)andestablishesthat,forthecredentialsprovided,accesscanbegrantedtotheUEintotheterrestrialnetwork,withanauthorizationlevelB(whichmayconsistforexampleofcertainpeakdatarate,certainsustaineddatarate,certainservicesenabled,etc.).

Figure4:IntegrationofAAAsystemmechanismswith5Groamingfromsatellitetoterrestrialnetworks

• (U)SIM-typecredentialsforsatelliteaccessmaybeoneapproachtoallowingroamingfromterrestrialnetworkintosatellitenetwork,e.g.usingEAP-AKAauthentication[EAP-AKA].

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB,mMTC,uMTC

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3.3.4 UseCase1.4:MNOIdentityManagementService

3.3.4.1 IntroductionThisusecasedescribesanMNOprovidinganidentitymanagementservicetoa3rdpartyserviceprovideronbehalfofauser.

3.3.4.2 Preconditions• UserBobisasubscriberofanMNO• TheMNOassociatestoBoba“NetworkID”(e.g.,amobilephonenumbertoBob’sUE)• Bobusesaservice,S,providedbya3rdpartyserviceproviderSP(e.g.abank)• Bobsubscribestoacustomisedservice,S,providedbya3rdpartyserviceproviderSP(e.g.,a

bank)basedonsomeinformationthatcanbeprovidedbytheMNO.Theserviceagreements(betweentheuserBobandMNOandSP,respectively)detailwhatinformationcanbecollectedbytheMNO,whatinformationcanbesharedwiththeSP,thedeactivationofthisoption,etc.

• TheserviceproviderassignstoBobalocalidentity(i.e.anidentityassociatedtothisservicesuchasabankaccountnumber)

• TheservicelocalidentityofBobencompassessomeattributesrelatedtohis“NetworkID”

3.3.4.3 DescriptionForthesakeofconcreteness,weconsiderabankingserviceexample,seeFigure5.

Bobwouldliketoaccesssomeresourcesassociatedtohisbankaccount,e.g.,performatransferofmoney,changehissecretcode,etc.ThebankrequeststheoperatorinformationwithrespecttoBobsuchasBob’saccessnetworktype,Bob’sequipment,usedauthenticationscheme,location,andsoforth.Dependingontheprovidedinformation,thebankadjustsitssecuritypolicy.ThebankmayforexampleaskBobforfurther(secondfactor)authenticationormodifythewaytodelivertheservice.

Asaconsequence,thebankwillmanagetohavethesamesecuritylevelwhendeliveringaservice,e.g.iftheuserisconnectedviaapublichotspotthenperhapsadditionalauthenticationandprotectedcommunicationisneeded.ThisisowingtodynamicsecuritypoliciesthatarebasedoninformationprovidedbytheMNO.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Bob’sUEisauthenticatedtotheMNO2. Bob’sUErequestsaccesstoaserviceataserviceprovider(Step(a)inFigure5)3. Uponrequest,theoperatorcollectsinformationaboutBob(and/orhisUE)andsharesitwiththe

serviceprovideraccordingtothetermsoftheserviceS(Steps(b),(c)and(d)inFigure5)4. TheserviceproviderauthorizesorpersonalizesaservicetoBobbasedonthereceivedinformation

(Steps(e)and(f))

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Figure5:5GNetworkOperatorasTrustProvider

• Useofsuitable(secure)attributesharingmechanism.

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB

3.4 5GVision

5GprovidesavarietyofidentitymanagementserviceswhichexpandsthecapabilitiesofdevicesandnetworksbeyondthelegacyUEtoRANservice.Adeviceprovisionedwithappropriatecredentialscanget5Gaccessinaflexiblewaydrivingdowncostinlargescaledeployments.Newsubscribersormachinescanbeenrolledin5Gnetworks,usingtheirpre-existingidentitymanagementschemes,whilerespectingtheirprivacy.Thisattractsnewcategoriesofuserstothe5Gecosystem.

5Gidentitymanagementprovidesforbetterintegrationbetweencellularandsatellitenetworks,includingroaming.5GAAAServersincludespecificintelligencetoconferanauthorizationlevelsuitedtotheauthenticationcredentialsforaparticularaccessnetwork,inparticulartheyassigntheauthorizationlevelseamlesslytotheenduserduringtheroamingbetweentwoaccessnetworks.Moreover,the5GAAAServersinsatellitenetworksofferultra-fastloginswithoptimizeddataexchangeinordertolowerthelatencyandmaximizethespectralefficiency.Finally,5GAAAServersarecapableofsupportinghundredsofthousandsofsimultaneouslogins,incompliancewiththerequirementsimposedby5G.

AnMNOcanofferidentitymanagementservicessuchastrustedassertionsandsecureidentifiersofsubscribers,whilerespectingtheagreeduponprivacypolicy.

5G Network

5GNetwork Operator

Bankserver (a)Request

(f)CustomizedReply

(c)Data Collect

(e)Update SecurityPolicies

(b)Bob?

(d)Networkcontext

associatedtoBob

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4 Cluster2:EnhancedIdentityProtectionandAuthentication

4.1 IntroductionTheseuse-casesaddresstheareaofenhancementstoidentityprotectionandauthenticationin5Gcomparedtoexisting3Gand4Gnetworks.Specificallytheyfocusonthreeuse-cases,thefirstofwhichtacklesprivacyfordeviceidentifierswhichneedtobeappropriatelyprotectedand/oranonymised.Theseconduse-caseaddressestheareaofsubscriberidentityprivacywhichalsoneedstobesuitablyprotectedand/oranonymised,particularlywhentraversingaccessnetworks.Thefinaluse-casetacklestheprovisionofperfectforwardsecrecytocombatthethreatofpassiveattacks,particularlyinthecaseofsubscriberkeycompromise.

• User(Alice)• Alice’sUE(UE)• Malicioususer(Mallory)• MobileNetworkOperator(MNO)

4.3 UseCases

4.3.1 UseCase2.1:DeviceIdentityPrivacy

4.3.1.1 Preconditions• Alice’sUEisswitchedon

4.3.1.2 DescriptionAlice’sUEconnectstothemobilenetworkandwantstheidentityofherUEtobeprivate.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Alice’sUEconnectstothe5GnetworkovertheAirInterfaceorviaGenericAccessNetwork(GAN)2. Alice’sUEauthenticatestothe5Gnetworkusing(U)SIMcredentials3. Alice’sUErespondstotheMME’srequestfortheInternationalMobileEquipmentIdentity(IMEI)of

herUE,andrequestvalidation4. Alice’sUEisreadytouse

1. Alice’sUEconnectstothe5GnetworkovertheAirInterfaceorviaGenericAccessNetwork(GAN)withanAttachType"Emergency"

2. Alice’sUEincludestheIMEIinplaintextintheAttachrequestduringanemergencycallsituation,whereitdoesnothaveavalidGloballyUniqueTemporaryIdentity(GUTI)orInternationalMobileSubscriberIdentity(IMSI)

3. Ifthenetworkisconfiguredtosupportemergencyservices,Alice’sUEgetsemergencybearerallocated

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4.3.1.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences• UsersdonotwanttobetrackedviatheirUEidentifiers• Certainusergroupsdonotwanttheirsubscriberidentityandtheirdevice’sidentitylinked

4.3.1.4 PropertiesofasolutionThesolutionspaceincludesexplorationofprotocolenhancementsandinvestigationintostate-of-theartend-to-endanonymizationtechniques,offeringprotectionagainstdeviceidentitydisclosureandunauthorizeddevicetracking.AswithLTE,5GshouldensurethattheIMEIissentonlyinaconfidentiality-protectedmessage,asopposedtoGSMandUMTS,wherethenetwork,andhenceanattacker,mayrequestdeliveryoftheIMEIintheclear.InadditiontheenhancementaimstoalsoaddresstheemergencycallcasewheretheIMEIissentoverthenetworkunprotected,sinceasecuritycontextcannotbecreatedandusedtoprovideforconfidentiality.

4.3.2 UseCase2.2:SubscriberIdentityPrivacy

4.3.2.1 Preconditions• Alice’sUEisswitchedon.• MallorysetsupafakeBaseStation(foractiveattacks)ormonitoring(forpassivelisteningof

transmissionsoflegitimatebasestation).

4.3.2.2 DescriptionAlice’sUEconnectstothemobilenetworkandwantshersubscriberidentityandlocationtoremainprivate.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Alice’sUEconnectstothe5Gnetwork,identifiedbyherGUTI/IMSI2. MalloryobservesGUTI/IMSI,orelicitsAlice’sIMSI,andcantrackAlice’sUE3. Alice’sUEauthenticatestothe5GnetworkusingtheSIMcredentials4. Alice’sUEisreadytouse5. MallorytracksAlice’scurrentlocationbytriggeringthemobilenetworkintoinitiatingthe

generationofpagingmessagestoAlice’sUE(e.g.byusingsocialmediaapplicationtoinitiateunobtrusivecommunications)

6. MalloryobservesthepagingmessagessentandcanpotentiallycorrelatethecontainedGUTIwithAlice’ssocialnetworkidentity

1. Alice’sUEconnectstothe5Gnetwork,identifiedbyherGUTI/IMSI2. MalloryobservesGUTI/IMSI,orelicitsherIMSI,andcantrackher3. Alice’sUEauthenticatestothe5GnetworkusingtheSIMcredentials4. Alice’sUEisreadytouse

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5. MalloryforcesAlice’sUEtoconnecttoMallory’srogueeNBbyexploitingthefeature“absoluteprioritybasedcellreselection”

6. Malloryinitiatesa“RRCConnectionReconfiguration”message7. Alice’sUErespondswitha“Measurementreport”andtheGPScoordinatesofherUE,ifherUE

supportsthe“locationInfo-r10”feature8. MalloryisabletodetermineAlice’slocationbytrilateration,orthesuppliedGPScoordinates

4.3.2.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences• Thesubscriber’sidentifierortemporaryidentifiersallowsfortrackingofauser• Temporaryidentifiers(pseudonymslikeGUTIorTMSI)arebroadcastedincleartextsothatAlice’s

UEcanidentifytargetedcommunications.Ifsuchidentifiersarenotchanged(re-pseudonymized)beforeMalloryisabledeterminewhichbelongstoAlice,Alice’slocationcanbetracked

• BroadcastingaGUTI,whichisknownorsuspectedtobelongtoAlice,isanindicationthatAliceisclosetothebroadcastingbasestation.Byanalysingsignaldirections,MallorymaybeabletodetermineUE’slocationmoreaccurately.However,locationtrackingbasedupontrackingidentifiersalonedoesnotalwaysprovideapreciselocationforAlice.AlicemaybeindifferentlocationtoherUE,orherUE’scommunicationmayberelayed,atthephysicallayer,toanotherlocation

• Usersdonotwanttheirsubscriberidentityandtheirdevice’sidentitylinked• Thecurrentstandardsallowmeasurementreportstobesentwithoutsecurity,whichenables

MallorytoretrievethereportstodeterminethelocationofAlice’sUE[Shaik2015]

4.3.2.4 PropertiesofasolutionPotentialsolutionstoprovideforsubscriberprivacyincludeencryptionoftheIMSIand/oruseofimprovedpseudo-identifiers.Anonymisationsystemsmaybeinvestigatedtoprovideforunlinkabilityofsubscriberanddeviceidentities.

4.3.3 UseCase2.3:EnhancedCommunicationPrivacy

4.3.3.1 Preconditions• Alice’sUEisswitchedon• Malloryhasa5GaccessnetworkmonitorandisinpossessionofAlice’suser-specifickey,K

4.3.3.2 DescriptionAlice’sUEconnectstothemobilenetworkandwantshercommunicationstobeprivatetopassivemonitoring,despitecompromiseofheruser-specifickey.TheassumptionthatMalloryhasobtainedKisnormallyanextremelyunlikelyevent.Neverthelessclaimsofsuchsituationsarisinghaveoccurred[SchahillBegley2015].

Basicflowofevents:

1. Alice’sUEconnectstothe5Gnetwork

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2. Alice’sUEauthenticatestothe5Gnetworkusingthe(U)SIMcredentials3. Malloryobservestheauthenticationandderivesthesessionkeys(CK,IK),usingAlice’skey,K4. Alice’sUEisreadytouse

4.3.3.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences• Users’communicationsmaybedecryptedthroughpassivemonitoringofaccessnetworktraffic• Usersmaybeimpersonated

4.3.3.4 PropertiesofasolutionApotentialsolutionwouldbetointroducemechanismstoprovideforperfectforwardsecrecyofthecommunications.Thusonlyanactiveattackercouldascertainthesessionkeysintheeventofauser-specifickeycompromise.

4.4 5GVision

Itisessentialthatusershavecontrolovertheprivacyoftheirsubscriberanddeviceidentifiersin5Gandhaveevenhigherassurancethatprivacyoftheircommunicationsareupheld.Thepervasivenatureof5Gmeanstherewillbemanymoredeploymentoptionsfordevices.Thususerswanttohavewiderscopeandcontrolovertheirsubscriberanddeviceidentities,andtoensurethatcommunicationsaresecuredagainstwiderthreats.5Gnetworksshouldguaranteeuserprivacybyprovidingsecuritypropertiesincludingconfidentialitytosubscriberanddeviceidentities,untrackabilityoftheuserlocation,perfectforwardsecrecyforencryptedcommunicationsandunlinkabilitybetweentheusersubscriptioninformationandthedeviceidentity.

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5 Cluster3:IoTDeviceAuthenticationandKeyManagement

5.1 IntroductionThisusecaseclusterfocusesonIoTdeviceauthenticationandkeymanagementanditincludestwousecases:“AuthenticationofIoTdevicesin5G”and“Network-basedkeymanagementforend-to-endsecurity”.

ThefirstusecasefocusesonauthenticationofconstrainedIoTdevices[RFC7228]whichmightnothavedirectaccesstothe5Gnetworkormightbenefitfromgroup-basedauthentication,wheremassivegroupsofIoTdevicesareauthenticatedsimultaneously.Thegroupisdefinedbyoneormoreattributes,suchasthedevicelocation,typeofdeviceortypeofapplication,etc.Thus,group-basedauthenticationconsistsofasetofprotocolsthatallowsmembersofthegrouptobeauthenticated.

Thesecondusecasefocusesonnetwork-basedkeymanagementwherethenetworkprovidesaserviceforkeyexchangetobeusedforsecuredend-to-endcommunication.

• 5GNetworkOperator(MNO)• Mobiledeviceuser(Bob)• AAAServerin5Gnetwork• Keymanagementservicein5Gnetwork• IoTdevice1(Sensor1)• IoTdeviceN(SensorN)• IoTgateway• IoTbackendservice(operatedbyAlice)

5.3 UseCases

5.3.1 UseCase3.1:AuthenticationofIoTDevicesin5G

5.3.1.1 Preconditions• MobiledeviceuserandIoTgatewayhave5Gcredentials• AlargenumberofIoTdevices(Sensor1,SensorN)requireaccesstoservices/Internet• IoTdevices(Sensor1andSensorN)maynotbeabletoaccessservices/Internetbythemselves

5.3.1.2 DescriptionThegroupofIoTdevices(Sensor1,SensorN)areconstraineddeviceswithdifferentnetworkaccessandsecuritytechnologiesandmayneedaccessservices/Internet,whicharereachablebymeansofa5Gnetwork.TheIoTdevicescanbegroupedintotwocategories:IoTdeviceswithanonboardradiointerface,hencearecapableofradiosignallingwiththe5Gnetwork;andIoTdeviceswithout5Gradioaccess,butwithothercommunicationtechnologies,e.g.WiFiorBluetooth,thereforerequiringanIoTGatewaythatprovidesthe5Gconnectivity.ThepresenceoftheIoTgatewaymaypotentiallyobstructthepossibilityto

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robustlyidentifyindividualdevicesattheapplicationlayer.Whileagroupidentitymayofcoursebeused(e.g.relatedtoIMSI),thisusecaseseekstoenablemorerobustidentificationalsoofindividualdevicesbyleveragingthestrongsecurityoftheSIMcredentials.

Existingauthenticationprotocols,e.g.LTE-AKA,mightnotbesuitabletoefficientlysupporttheexpectednumberofauthenticationrequestsgeneratedbytheboomofconnectedIoTdevices.Thismightresultinunwantedlatencieswhennumerousdevicesinthesamegroupinitiatessimultaneousauthenticationrequests.Thisisespeciallyimportantinhighlymobiledevicesduetothemanyrequestsofauthenticationvectorstothehomenetwork.Asolutiontothiscanbegroup-basedauthentication,inwhichoverheadmaybereducedaseachdeviceofagivengroupdoesnothavetoexecutethecompleteauthenticationprotocol[Chengzhe2013].

Additionally,athirdscenarioisthatthenetworkbroadcastsasessionrequesttoagroupofdevices,onbehalfofauserorservice.Oneofthegroupmemberswillauthenticatewiththe5Gnetwork,presentingitsuniqueidentity,anditsgroupidentity[TS22.368]

Basicflowofevents:

1. TheIoTgatewayauthenticatestotheAAAserver,orthemobiledevice(Bob)authenticatestotheAAAserver,usingUSIMAKA.Thus,the5Gsubscriber’sidentity,i.e.IMSI,isensuredandcanbecollectedbythenetwork.

2. TheIoTSensor(Sensor1,SensorN)authenticatestotheIoTgatewayortothemobiledevicesusingradioaccessspecifictechnology.TheIoTsensorsandtheconnectedIoTgatewayormobiledevicesareownedbythesamesubscriber.

3. TheIoTsensorshaveaccesstoservices/Internetandareabletosendandreceivedata,eitherviaBob’sdeviceorviatheIoTgateway.Intheirrequesttoservicestheymightreusethe5Gsubscriber’sidentity.

1. TheIoTgatewayauthenticatestotheAAAserver,orthemobiledevice(Bob)authenticatestotheAAAserver,usingUSIMAKA.Thus,the5Gsubscriber’sidentity,i.e.IMSI,isensuredandcanbecollectedbythenetwork.

2. TheIoTSensor(Sensor1,SensorN)authenticatestotheAAAserver,byassistanceoftheIoTgatewayorthemobiledevice(Bob),toestablishitselfasapointofpresenceinthe5Gnetworktoenableaservicedifferentiationonanetworklevel,e.g.differentQoSclasses.TheIoTsensorswillbeuniquelyidentifiedinthenetworkinadditiontotheIoTgatewayormobiledevice(Bob).Allinvolvedequipmentareownedbythesamesubscriber.

3. TheIoTsensorshaveaccesstoservices/Internetandareabletosendandreceivedatadirectly,eitherviaBob’sdeviceorviatheIoTgateway.

1. TheIoTdevicesdynamicallyformgroupsaccordingtotheirsimilarity(typeofdevice,location,application).TheIoTdeviceshavethenecessarycredentialstoauthenticatewiththeAAAserver.

2. Group-basedauthenticationisperformedforagroupofIoTdeviceswiththeAAAserverauthenticatingagroupofdevicessimultaneously.

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Figure6:AuthenticationofIoT/M2Mdevicesin5G

5.3.1.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesThesecuritythreatscouldberelatedtoaman-in-the-middletakingpartintothebootstrappingprocedure.AspecificsecuritythreatrelatedtothealternativeflowcouldberelatedtoamaliciousIoTdevicewhichisgroupedwithotherIoTdevicesandisauthenticatedtogetherwithotherIoTdevices.Inaddition,theconstrainednatureofIoTdevicesmightmakeiteasiertosubvertthesecurityofthesedevices(e.g.,theydon’thaveenoughprocessingpowertousestrongeralgorithms).

5.3.1.4 Propertiesofasolution5GUserEquipment(Bob’smobiledeviceorIoTgateway)mayactasa5Gbootstrappingdeviceforanumberofconstraineddevices,sensors,andactuatorsthatarenotabletoaccessthe5Gnetworkthemselves.

Groupbasedauthentication,whereIoTdevicescanformagroupbasedonphysicallocation,typeofsensor/actuator,typeofapplication,orothersimilarityfactor,IoTgatewayormobiledeviceactingasarelaycouldperformsimultaneousauthenticationforgroupofdevices.Inagroupbasedauthenticationscenario,theAAAoverheadwillbegreatlyreducedaseachdevicedoesnothavetoexecutethecompleteprotocol.

5G Network

IoTSensor1

IoTSensorN GroupofIoT

sensors

IoTGateway

Bob’sdevice(relay)

Authen

tication

viaIoT

ay Authenticationviarelay

Group authentication

AAAserver

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EnsureEnablers AAANextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC

5.3.2 UseCase3.2:Network-BasedKeyManagementforEnd-to-EndSecurity

5.3.2.1 Preconditions• IoTdevices(endpoints)have5Gcredentials• IoTbackendservice(endpoint)operatedbyAlicehas5Gcredentials• 5Gnetworkprovidesnetwork-enabledkeymanagementservice• Thekeymanagementservicecanauthenticateactorswith5GcredentialsusingtheAAAserverin5G

network• Aliceisabletoprovidepoliciesforthekeymanagementservicetocontrolwhichendpointscanshare

5.3.2.2 DescriptionAnIoTdeviceisconnectedto5Gnetworkandauthenticatedtousethenetwork.TheIoTdeviceneedstocommunicatewiththebackendservice(operatedbyAlice).Thecommunicationshouldbeend-to-endsecured(encryptedandauthenticated)buttheendpointshavenomeanstoconnecteachothersecurely(e.g.,theydonotsharesecretkeys).TheconnectedIoTdeviceutilizesanetwork-enabledkeymanagementserviceprovidedby5Gnetworktoachievesecureend-to-endcommunicationbetweenthedeviceandtheIoTbackendservicelocated,e.g.,inthecloud.

Basicflowofevents:

1. TheIoTserviceisconnectedtothekeymanagementserviceandauthenticated2. Alice(operatingIoTservice)providespoliciescontrollingwhichIoTdevicesmayshareakeywith

theIoTservice3. IoTdeviceisconnectedto5Gnetworkandauthenticated4. IoTdevicenegotiatessecuritykeysfordataencryptionusingthekeymanagementserviceprovided

by5Gnetwork5. IoTdeviceencryptsandauthenticatesdatatobetransmittedusingkeysprovidedbythenetwork

andstartssendingthedatatotheIoTserver6. TheIoTserverdecryptsandverifiesreceiveddatausingthekeynegotiatedwiththekey

managementservice

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Figure7:Network-basedkeymanagementforend-to-endsecurity

5.3.2.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesMissingend-to-endsecurityleavescommunicationvulnerableforcompromisedormaliciousnetworkcomponents.End-to-endsecurity,wherekeysaremanagedbytheservices/devicesthemselves,preventslawfulinterceptionandmaywasteresourcesasoperators’maystillsecurecorenetworkcommunicationwiththeirownmechanisms.

Thekeymanagementsolutionprovidedby5Goperatorsissuitableforcaseswheretheend-pointstrusttheoperatorandoperator’scapabilities(e.g.toprovidetrulyrandomkeyswhichdonotleaktoadversaries).Inhighlycriticalapplicationssuchtrustassumptionsmaynotalwaysbejustified.Availabilityofend-to-endconnectionsmayinthesecasesachievedbyreplacingthekeymanagementthatisprovidedbya5Goperatorwithamoretrustedalternative.

5.3.2.4 PropertiesofasolutionNetwork-enabledkeymanagementavailablein5Genablescommunicationtobeencryptedandauthenticatedfromendtoend.Theconnecteddevicecanutilizenetwork-enabledkeymanagementprovidedby5Gnetworktoachievesecureend-to-endcommunicationbetweenthedeviceandtheservicelocatede.g.inthecloud.Byprovidingnetwork-enabledkeymanagement,5Gnetworkcanprovidesecurecommunicationandatthesametimeenablelawfulinterception.

5G Network

Keyman

agement

IoTSensor

IoTService

KeyManagement Service

Keymanagement Encrypteddata

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Thekeymanagementservicemayprovidebothdevicespecifickeyforunicastcommunicationaswellasgroupspecifickeysformulticastcommunication.

Thesolutionmaybelinkedtoservice/devicediscovery.AnIoTdeviceisnotrequiredtoprovideanyconfigurationinterfacesthatwouldenableitsownertoinputconfigurationdatasuchastheaddressoftheremoteIoTservice.Adevicethathasbeenboughtdirectlyfromashopmaye.g.haveonlyaninterfacetoinsert5Gcredentials(likeUSIMcard).Alicemayprovidethisconfigurationthroughthe5Gmobileoperator(keymanagementservice)whoforwardstheconfigurationinformationalongsidewiththekeysfortheauthenticatedandauthorizeddevices.Authentication(orSLA)betweenkeymanagementservice(providedbyanoperatororthirdparty)anddevices/servicesutilisingthekeymanagementserviceisneededbeforetheactualkeyexchange.

IntermsofLI,thesolutionproposedshouldbetransparent,whichmeansthat5GNetworkoperatorsshouldbeabletosupportinterceptionwithouttheneedofKeyManagementServer(incaseitisoperatedbythirdpartytobeinvolved).Thispointisrelatedtocountrysovereignty.

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC

5.4 5GVision

5Gshouldsupportgroup-basedauthentication,whereIoTdevicescanformagroupbasedonthesimilarity(location,typeofsensor/actuator,application,…)toreduceAAAoverheadwhereeachdevicedoesnothavetoexecutethecompleteAAAprotocol.5GshouldalsobeabletoserveIoTdevicesbehindarelay/gatewaysecurelyevenwhenIoTdevicesdonothavedirectaccessto5Gnetwork.

5Gnetworksshouldalsoprovideasecurityenablerforthekeymanagementwhichenablescommunicationtobeencryptedandauthenticatedfromendtoend.Theconnecteddevicecanutilizenetwork-enabledkeymanagementprovidedby5Gnetworktoachievesecureend-to-endcommunicationbetweenthedeviceandtheservicelocated,e.g.,inthecloud.Byprovidingnetwork-enabledkeymanagement,5Gnetworkcanprovidesecurecommunicationandatthesametimecomplywiththelawfulinterceptionrequirements.

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6 Cluster4:AuthorizationofDevice-to-DeviceInteractions

6.1 IntroductionThisclustercontainsthreeusecasesaboutauthorizationofdevice-to-deviceinteractions:thefirstusecaseconsiderstheauthorizationinresource-constraineddevices[RFC7744]bymeansoftokenbasedon5Gcredentials;thesecondusecaseconsiderstheauthorizationbya5GoperatorofdirectIPconnections;thelastusecaseconsidersauthorizationinvehicle-to-everythingcommunications.

• User(Alice)• Sensors’Owner• Sensors’Owner’sAAAServer• Sensor1• Sensor2• 5Goperator• Vehicle1(Ann)• Vehicle2(Bob)• Pedestrian(Charlie)• VehicleManufacturer

6.3 UseCases

6.3.1 UseCase4.1:AuthorizationinResource-ConstrainedDevicesSupportedby5GNetwork

6.3.1.1 Preconditions• Everyactorholds5Gcredentials• TheAAAServercanauthenticateuserswith5Gcredentials• TheAAAServermaintainsadatabasethatstoresaccessrightstothesensors.

6.3.1.2 DescriptionSensor1andSensor2areresource-constraineddevices[RFC7228]thatwanttooutsourceauthorizationservicestoaAAAServer.Thus,theAAAServershouldsupportaninterfacethatallowsthesensors’ownertoissuesecuritypoliciesviathe5Gnetwork.Also,theAAAServershouldsupportaninterfacetoissueauthorizationtokensbasedonthe5Gcredentials(seeFigure8).

Basicflowofevents:

1. Thesensors'ownerissuessecuritypoliciestotheAAAServerconcerningaccesstoitssensors.2. AliceauthenticatestotheAAAServerandrequiresaccesstothesensors.3. TheAAAServerissuesanauthorizationtokenbasedon5GcredentialsofAliceaccordingtothe

securitypolicies.4. Alicehasaccesstothesensor(s)usinghertokenand5Gcredentials.

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6.3.1.3 VulnerabilitiesandConsequencesThemainthreatsareduetoamalicioususerwhomaywanttoaccessthesensors’datawithoutauthorization.Suchamalicioususermayeithertrytogenerateafaketokenortrytomodifythesecuritypolicytogetaccesstothesensors.Moreover,theAAAservermayintroduceseveralvulnerabilitiesinthe5Gnetworkinfrastructure,whichhavetobecarefullyinvestigated.Inanycase,aninvestigationofliabilitiesbetweenpartieswillhavetobeperformed(AAAowner,sensorownerand5Goperator).

Figure8:SettingforAuthorizationinResource-ConstrainedDevices

Thegenerationoftheauthorizationtokenshouldbebasedbothonthesecuritypolicy,asdefinedbythesensorowner,andonthe5Gcredentialswhichprovidestheoveralltrust.TheAAAserveractivitiesshouldnotaffectthesecurityofthe5GNetworktowhichitisconnected(forexamplenotcontributetootherattackssuchascloning,eavesdropofcommunication,networkelementcompromise,etc.).

EnsureEnablers AAANextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB,mMTC,uMTC

6.3.2 UseCase4.2:AuthorizationforEnd-to-EndIPConnections

6.3.2.1 Preconditions• AliceandSensor1hold5Gcredentials

SecurityPolicy

User AAA

Sensor Owner Sensors

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• 5GoperatorcanauthenticatebothAliceandSensor1• Sensor1isabletoperformaccesscontrol

6.3.2.2 DescriptionAlicewantstoaccessthedataprovidedbySensor1,henceshewantstobuildend-to-endIPconnectionsthroughthe5Gnetwork.The5Goperatorshouldbeabletoauthorizesuchconnections.

Basicflowofevents:

1. AliceandSensor1areauthenticatedbythe5Gnetworkandconfiguredtothesame5Gslice2. AlicebootstrapsadirectIPconnectionwithSensor1via5Gnetwork3. The5GoperatorauthorizesthedirectIPconnection4. Sensor1sendsitsdatathroughtheestablishedsecuredirectIPconnection

6.3.2.3 VulnerabilitiesandConsequencesOnepotentialvulnerabilityappearsifthesolutionwouldallowadirectIPconnectionwithoutauthorization.Inotherwords,amalicioususermightthenestablishsuchaconnectioneventhoughthe5Goperatorshouldhaveblockedit.

6.3.2.4 PropertiesofasolutionToprohibitunauthorizedaccessandillicittraffic,usingthedirectIPconnect,the5Gnetworkmayrequirethatdirectconnectionsmustfirstbeauthorizedbythenetwork,oruseanIPwhitelist,combinedwithaserviceswhitelist.The5Goperatormightalsodoalayer7verificationoftheIPtrafficsenttothesensors,todetectknownexploitattempts.

EnsureEnablers AAA,NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB,mMTC,uMTC

6.3.3 UseCase4.3:Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X)

6.3.3.1 Preconditions• Everyactorholds5Gcredentials• 5Goperatorcanauthenticatevehicles• Mutualauthenticationbetweenvehicleandvehiclemanufacturer

6.3.3.2 DescriptionAnnandBobmaywanttoexchangedata(Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)communication)via5Gnetworktoshareknowledgeinordertoprovidemoreintelligentservices,suchastrafficjaminformation.AnnmayalsowanttoexchangedatawithCharlie(Vehicle-to-Pedestrian(V2P)communication)via5Gnetworktosupportcooperativecollisionwarning.Finally,Annmaywanttoconnectwithhervehiclemanufacturerinfrastructure(Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)communication)todownloadasoftwareupdate,ortosendanalyticsreportsfromthevehicletotherepairshop.

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V2V,V2P,andV2Ihavedifferentsecurityneeds,andthe5Goperatorshouldgrantauthorizationtothe5Gnetworkaccordingly.

Basicflowofevents:

1. AnnestablishesaconnectionwithBob2. BobsendstoAnninformationabouthislocationandspeed3. AnnprocessesBob’sinformationtogeneratethetrafficstatus

1. AnnestablishesaconnectionwithCharlie2. CharliesendshispositiontoAnn,andAnnherstoCharlie3. AnnandCharlieprocesstheinformationaccordingacollaborativecollisionwarningsystem.

1. AnnestablishesanIPconnectionwithavehiclemanufacturer2. Annsendshersoftwareversioninformationtothevehiclemanufacturer3. ThevehiclemanufacturersendsasoftwareupdatetoAnn

6.3.3.3 VulnerabilitiesandConsequencesIndicationabouttrafficjamsmightuseagroupsecurityassociationwhereidentifyingandauthenticatinganindividualsendermaynotberequired.However,ifgroupsecurityassociationisusedforsendinganalyticstotherepairshopfromavehicle,amaliciousgroupmember(e.g.Eve)couldbeabletosendunauthorizedanalyticsdatatotherepairshoponbehalfofthevictim(Ann).

6.3.3.4 Propertiesofasolution• Enrolmentinnationaltrafficmanagementinfrastructure,assoonasborderispassed.• Symmetrickeysforencryption• Asymmetrickeysforsignature,providingnon-repudiation

EnsureEnablers AAA,Trust,NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation

6.4 5GVision

5Gshouldsupportauthorizationofdevice-to-deviceoperationsatdifferentlevels.Attheapplicationlevel,the5Ginfrastructureprovidesthecredentialstosupportthegenerationofsecuritypoliciesandauthorizationtokens.Atthenetworklevel,the5Goperatorshouldbeabletoauthorizedirectandsecureend-to-endconnectionsbetweendevices.Moreover,theuseoflicensedspectrumof5Gshouldbeauthorizedinasecureway.5Gshouldcopewiththedifferentlevelsoftrust,forinstance,accordingtotheV2Xscenario,andalsotaketherelevantlegislationandregulationintoaccountinthedesignofthe5Gsolution.

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7 Cluster5:Software-DefinedNetworks,VirtualizationandMonitoring

7.1 IntroductionTolowerthecostandallowmoreflexibility,e.g.rapiddeploymentofnewnetworkfunctionality,5Gwillrelyonvirtualization.Inaddition,networkvirtualizationintheformofnetworkslicescanbeameanstoisolatedifferenttypesoftrafficandtoprovidebettersecurityandnetworkattackresistance.

By“networkslice”wemeanaportionoftheunderlyingnetworkusedtoprovidenetworkserviceswithparticularproperties.Forexampleaslicecouldbeusedtoprovide:

• HighQoSforreal-timestreaming/video• Delaytolerantnetworking• SpecialenterpriseorM2Mtraffic• Strongsecurityproperties(e.g."isolating"trafficfrompotentialeavesdropping,DoSetc.)

Theusecasesoninthisclusteraredividedintothreecategories:

1. TheuserplaneofanSDNnetwork:Thiscategorycomprisesusescasesthatdealwiththevirtualizationofthenetwork,i.e.,the5GCoreNetworkintheformofaNetworkSlice.Thefirstusecasebelongstothiscategory.

2. ThecontrolplaneofanSDNnetwork:Thiscategorycomprisesusecasesthatdealwithmechanismsofvirtualizingthenetwork,andhowthevirtualizednetworkisoperated.Thisincludesthetoolsforcreating,maintaining,andremovingNetworkSlices,andNetworkNodesintheseSlices.Italsoincludestherouterinfrastructure,SDNprogramminginterfaces,clouds,andtheVNFs(VirtualizedNetworkFunctions).Thesecondandthirdusecasesbelongtothiscategory.

3. Monitoringandcontrolofthevirtualized5Gnetworkandofthevirtualizationinfrastructure:Thiscategorycomprisesusescasesthatdescribemonitoring,verifying,andcontrollingthevirtualized5GCoreNetwork,andinthevirtualizationinfrastructure.Thefourth,fifthandsixthusecasesbelongtothiscategory.

Figure9:Userplane,controlplaneinSDNandmonitoringandcontrolofvirtualized5Gnetwork

Virtualizationinfrastructure(NFVs,routers,CloudHW),andthemanagementoftheforwardingplane

Verification,andassuranceofvirtualizednetw

ork,andthevirtualizationinfrastructure

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

The user plane of SDN (5G Network Slice & micro-segments)

The control plane of SDN

Virtual Core NetworkNetwork Slice

Alice @ VIP Carol @ VMNO

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing

5G User Plane

Processing Monitoringandcontrolofsub-slice

Sub-slice

Dave @ SP

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• VirtualMobileNetworkOperator(VMNO)• VirtualizedInfrastructureProvider(VIP)• Infrastructurecomponents,thesearethenetworkcomponents(physicalorvirtualized)• 5GNodeProvider(5GNP),thisisthesoftwarevendorofa5Gnodethatisrunningontopofthe

VirtualizedInfrastructure• ServiceProvider(SP)runningaserviceontopoftheVMNO’snetwork• Employee(Alice)usingtheAPIinInfrastructureside,couldbeanemployeeofSatNO,VMNOorVIP• Consumer(Bob)andhis5Gdevices(e.g.xMBBormMTCdevices)• Employee(Carol)usingthemonitoring/assuranceAPI,couldbeanemployeeofVMNO,VIP,5GNP• Employee(Dave)oftheSPusinganAPItotheVMNO.

7.3 UseCases

7.3.1 UseCase5.1:VirtualizedCoreNetworks,andNetworkSlicingThisusecasebelongstocategory1:theuserplaneofanSDNnetwork.

7.3.1.1 Preconditions• TheVirtualizedInfrastructureProvider(VIP)andtheVirtualMobileNetworkOperator(VMNO)havea

businessagreement,andtheyhaveinstalled,andconfiguredaVirtualCoreNetwork(VCN)consistingoftwoNetworkSlices.OnesliceisservingxMBBsubscribers,andtheothermMTCsubscribers.

• TheVCNisconnectedtoaninfrastructureof5GbasestationsthatinthisusecasearesharedbetweenmultipleVMNOs.TheRANconsistsofcomponentsownedbydifferentVMNOs.

• TheNetworkSlicesareconfiguredinsuchwaythatoneslicedoesnotacceptcommandsfromanotherslice.

• Micro-segmentationsplitsnetworkslicesintosmallerpartswithmorerestrictedandcontrolledsecuritypoliciesdedicatedforspecificapplicationservicesorusers.Bycombiningmicro-segmentssimilarguaranteedsecuritylevelscanbeprovidedevenovermultiplenetworkdomainsandmultiplenetworkoperators.

• Bobhasa5GxMBBdevice,andasubscriptionofVMNOtothatdevice.• Bobhasalsoasensorthatisa5GmMTCdevice,andincludesasubscriptionofVMNO.• VMNOisprovidinganInternetaccessibleAPIfor5GmMTCdevicesubscriberstocontrolthebehaviour

ofthemMTCdevices.

7.3.1.2 DescriptionBobturnsonthepowerinhis5GxMBBdeviceand5GmMTCsensor,andtheattachrequestsareroutedviathe5Gradionetworktothecorrespondingnetworkslices.Devicesandthenetworknegotiatesecuritymechanismandalgorithmsinasecureway,andafterthesecurityisturnedon,thedeviceshaveaccesstotheservicesinthedifferentnetworkslices.

Thisusecaseassumesthatthedevicesareauthenticatedaftertheyhaveaccesstotheslice,however,thereareotheroptionslikeauthenticationofthedeviceataspecialsliceselectionfunction.

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Basicflowofevents:

1. The5GxMBBdevice,and5GmMTCdevicearepoweredup.2. Thedevicesattachtothe5Gbasestation.3. Thedevicesareauthenticatedaftertheattachment.4. ThebasestationcontactstheMMEsintheVMNOnetworkslicesforxMBBandmMTC.5. TheVMNOdecidestocreateamicro-segmentforBob’smMTCcommunications.Thismicro-

segmentisextendedtoincludethis5Gbasestationifnotalreadyincluded.6. Beforecreatingthemicrosegments,thedevicesandtheslicesmutuallyauthenticate.

Authenticationcouldhappenalsoinanearlierphasebetweenthedeviceandaspecialsliceselectionfunction.

7. Themicro-segmentsareallocatedforthedevicesthatareauthorizedforit.Themicro-segmenthasasecuritymechanismofitsown.

8. Bobuseshis5GxMBBdevicetoconfigurethebehaviourofthesensorviatheAPI.

7.3.1.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesHavinglargesegmentedsecurityzonescancreatesignificantattacksurfacesandenablethreatstomovethroughoutlargeportionsofthe5Gsoftwarenetworkunrestricted.

7.3.1.4 PropertiesofasolutionBydividingthenetworkintosmallerparts,i.e.,networkslices,sub-slicesandmicro-segmentsitwouldbeeasiertomonitorandrespondtoanomalousbehaviour.Inthisway,thesurfaceforattacksandthreatscanbereducedsignificantly.Networkslicing(andfurthersub-slicing)couldbeusedtocreateportionsoftheunderlyingnetworkwhichcanbefurtherusedtoprovidenetworkserviceswithparticularproperties.Micro-segmentationcouldprovideamorefine-grainedapproachthantraditionalnetworkslicingandwithmicro-segmentationitmaybepossibletocreatesecuresegmentswheremoregranularaccesscontrolsandstrictersecuritypoliciescanbeenforced.

EnsureEnablers NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation,Trust

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases uMTC,mMTC,xMBB

7.3.2 UseCase5.2:Addinga5GNodetoaVirtualizedCoreNetworkThisusecasebelongstocategory2:thecontrolplaneofSDN.

ThegeneralSDNapproachthatcouldbeusedtoimplementthisusecase,wouldtypicallyusethefollowingconcepts.ThecontrolplaneofSDNintermediatesbetweentheapplicationplaneandthedataplane,whereastheuserplaneofSDNiscomposedofnetworkapplicationsthatsendinstructionstothecontrolplane,theSDNcontroller,viathenorthboundapplicationinterface.ThoseinstructionswillbetranslatedbytheSDNcontrollerintosuitableactionssentviathesouthboundprotocolinterfacetothedataplane.Forinstance,toinstallanend-to-endpathbetweentwonodes,theSDNcontrollerwilltakethisinstructionsentbyanetworkapplicationanditwillgenerateaseriesofflowstobeinstalledontheappropriateswitchese.g.viaOpenFlow,toensurethatpath.

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7.3.2.1 Preconditions• TherearetwoVirtualMobileNetworkOperators,VMNO1andVMNO2.• EachVMNOhasitsownvirtualcorenetwork,VCN1andVCN2.• VCN1andVCN2sharethesamephysicalnetwork.• Amulti-slicesystem,wheretheslicesconsistofvirtualtopologiessimultaneouslydeployedoverthe

samecorenetwork(physicalinfrastructure).ThisphysicalinfrastructureisoperatedbyaVirtualizedInfrastructureProvider(VIP).

• BothcorenetworksVCN1andVCN2areisolatedbyusinganisolationmechanism.• VMNO1hasrequestedtheVIPtoconstructanewNetworkSlice.Thisrequesthasbeendoneina

secureway.

7.3.2.2 DescriptionNetworkApplicationsineachVirtualizedCoreNetworkmodifytheforwardinglogicofthesharedphysicalnetwork.

TheNetworkApplications(suchasanMME)arenotabletoreadormodifyphysicalnetworkresourcesbelongingtotheotherVirtualizedCoreNetwork.Furthermore,modificationstothephysicalnetwork,whichmightoriginatefromareconfigurationofoneofthevirtualcorenetworks,shouldnotconflictwiththecurrentconfigurationsoftheothervirtualcorenetwork.Intheflowbelow,theMMEisassumedtobeassociatedwithaslice.Thus,thisonlysupportsthemodelinwhichUEdevicesareassignedtoslicesbeforetheyhavebeenauthenticated,evenif,asmentioned,otheroptionsarepossible.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Alice,anemployeeofaVIP,startsconfiguringanewNetworkSliceonVCN1bycreatinganewvirtualMME.TheMMEsoftwareiscomingfroma5GNodeProvider(5GNP).

2. AlicecreatesthevirtualspaceforMME,andinstallstheMMEsoftwareontopofthat.3. AliceconfigurestheforwardinglogicrelatedtothenewMME.

7.3.2.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesTheMMEsoftwareintheVCN1shouldnotbeabletoseeormodifytheforwardinglogicrelatedtoVCN2.Theremaybepolicyconflictswhendifferentnetworkapplicationsineachvirtualizedcorenetworktrytomodifytheforwardinglogicofthesharedphysicalnetworkelements,becausethosecaninjectcontradictorypolicies,orevenonenon-authenticatednetworkapplicationscantrytoinjectmaliciouspoliciestotheSDNcontroller.

Ontheotherhand,thehighdynamicityinSDNandNFV-basedenvironmentscomesfromthefactthattheSDNcontrollerensurestheconnectivityamongvirtualnodescomprisingtheslicesbychoosingaphysicalpathatrun-time.Apartfromthis,whenSDNiscombinedwithNFVthenetworkbecomesevenmoredynamic,sincevirtualnodeshostVNFswhichmaybemigrated,leadingtosubsequentrecalculationofthepathallocatedbytheSDNcontroller.Thisdynamicityleadstoalackofcontrolontheestablisheddependenciesbetweentheslicetopologiesandthephysicalinfrastructure,sinceitdependsontheSDNcontrollerwhichmaychangethosedependenciesdynamically.Asaconsequence,faultisolationonmulti-slicesystemsneedstobeensured.FaultisolationensurestheresilienceofVNFsandvirtuallinkscomposingtheslices,anditconsistsofensuringthatthosevirtualresourcesaredisjointlyallocated(i.e.ensuringthoseslicesdonotshareresources)inthenetworkinfrastructureoratleastensuringthereisenoughredundancy

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tomigratethemtoavoidserviceoutages.Otherwise,afailureonthesharedphysicalresourcescouldpropagatetobothslices.

Securitypolicies:

Theauthenticityandintegrityofthereceiveddataandcommandsineachslicemustbeensured.Tocontroltheaccessbetweenslices,securitymechanismsmustbeabletocheckifthereceiveddata/commands,originatedfromwithinthesliceornot(fromalegitimateentity).Inotherwords,itmustbeabletocheckitstrustworthiness,topreventaccessfromotherslices.

ThesecuritysystemmustensurethedifferentSLAobjectivesforthedifferentslicesaremet.TheSLAobjectiveswillbedifferentdependingontheusecase(e.g.autonomousdriving,health,massiveIoT,etc.)

Thepoliciessentbynetworkapplicationsshouldbefirstinjectedtoapolicycheckerblock[Paladi2015]toanalysethepoliciesfromnetworkapplicationstowardstheVCNstoavoidincoherenciesbetweenpoliciesand/orsecurityissues.ThispolicycheckerblockverifiesandenforcespoliciesandcontrolstheaccessofnetworkapplicationstotheSDNcontroller.Thisblockhastwocomponents:areal-timepolicycheckerblockthatverifiestheincomingpoliciesandtagsthemwhithissuingentity,andaofflinepolicycheckerblockthatensuresisolation,networkreachabilityandliveness.Inthisusecase,thenetworkapplicationsshouldnotbeabletoreadormodifynetworkresourcesofotherVCNs,sotherulessentfromnetworkapplicationsshouldbeinjectedintoapolicycheckerblockabletounderstandtheirorigin,identifywhetherornottheyarenotallowedtoaccesstothatVCNandrejectthemifnecessary.TheSDNcontrollershouldonlyinstallthosepoliciesacceptedbythepolicycheckerblock,oncethisblockchecksthatthosepoliciescomefromauthenticatedandauthorisednetworkapplications.

• Ina5Gnetwork,theisolationofslices(isolationassurancewithin5Gnodes)mustbeensured.Thisassurancemustbeprovidedattwolevels,atsecuritylevel(threatspropagatingthroughtheslices)andatresiliencylevel(faultsinthephysicalinfrastructurepropagatingthroughtheslices).

• Acompromisedslicemaycompromisethesecurityofotherslicessharingthesamephysical5Gnodes.

• Unavailabilityofaphysicalnetworkresource(physical5Gnode)servingNslices,duetointentionaloraccidentalintentions,maypropagatetotheNslices(a.k.acascadeeffect)

• Integrityandauthenticityofthedata/commandsuploaded/downloadedbya5Gcontroller/a5Gobjectmustbeensuredtoavoidanysecurityissues.

Resiliencypolicies:

Aresilientsystemmustpreventcascadeeffectsbetweendifferentslices,bycheckinginrealtimewhichpartofthephysicalinfrastructureisensuringtheintegrityofagivenslicetopologyandproposemigrationswhendetectingvulnerable,attacked,compromisedoraffectedphysicalresources.Forthat,itisnecessarytosupporttheretrievalon-the-flyofthedynamicdependenciesbetweentheslicesandthephysicalinfrastructureinordertocalculatethepropagationoffaultsandattacksinagivenslice.

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NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC,xMBB

7.3.3 UseCase5.3:ReactiveTrafficRoutinginaVirtualizedCoreNetworkThisusecasebelongstocategory2:thecontrolplaneofanSDNnetwork.

7.3.3.1 Preconditions• ThereisoneVirtualMobileNetworkOperator,VMNO1.• VMNO1hasitsownvirtualcorenetwork,VCN1.• NetworktrafficinVCN1isrouted(reactively)byanetworkapplication.Thefunctionofthisnetwork

applicationistoreceivepacket-inmessagesandreconfiguretheflowtablesoftheswitchesaccordingly.

• Thisusecaseassumesthatthevirtual5Gcoreisawareofvirtualization.(Itcouldalsobepossiblethatthedynamicbehaviourisdonetransparentlytothevirtual5Gcore.)

• AconsumerofVMNO2,Bob,accesseswithhismobiledeviceaserviceintheinternet.BobisaroamingsubscriberintheVCN1.

7.3.3.2 DescriptionWhenBobaccessesthephysicalcorenetworkforwhichnomatchingflowrulesareinstalled,theVCN1’snetworkapplicationistriggered.ThereconfigurationofVCN1iscompileddowntoareconfigurationofthephysicalnetwork.ThereconfigurationhandlesBob’snetworkflowtoaccesstheremoteinternetservice.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Bob’sdevicestartssendingnetworkpacketstothecorenetwork.2. Sincethenetworkpacketsdonotmatchanyflowrule,thecorenetworkgeneratesacorresponding

packet-inmessageforVCN1.3. VCN1triggersitsnetworkroutingapplicationforthereceivedpacket-inmessage.4. ThenetworkapplicationestablishesanetworkflowinVCN1.5. ThereconfigurationofVCN1iscompileddownsothatacorrespondingnetworkflowinthephysical

networkisestablished.6. Bobstartscommunicatingoverhismobiledevicewiththeinternetservice.

7.3.3.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesThetimeofreconfiguringthephysicalnetworkcanbemeasuredbyanattacker.Inthisway,anattackercangaininformationaboutwhichandwhenanetworkpackettriggersareconfigurationofnetworkcomponents.Thiscanbeexploitedtomountpowerfuldenial-of-serviceattacks,whereanattackeroverloadsthecontrollerofVCN1bysendingpacketsthat,withhighprobability,triggerareconfigurationofthenetworks.Furthermore,notethatinstallingflowrulesinstate-of-the-arthardwareswitchesisacostlyoperation.Thismeansthateventheperformanceofthephysicalnetworkmightbedecreased.

7.3.3.4 PropertiesofasolutionAsolutionshouldnotdecreasenetworkperformancesignificantly.Thismeans,forexample,thatdelayingeverynetworkpacketthatdoesnottriggeraninteractionwiththecontrolplaneataswitchbefore

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forwardingitisnotaworkablesolution.Althoughanadversarywouldnotgainanyknowledgewhenmeasuringthetimingsofsendingandreceivingpackets,thewholenetworktrafficwouldsignificantlybesloweddown.However,onecandelayafewpacketsofanetworkflowtoobfuscatethetimingmeasurementsofanadversary.Thefewdelayedpacketsfakeaninteractionbetweenthenetwork’sdataplaneandcontrolplane.Thesedelayscanbedonedirectlyattheswitchesoradedicated,newdata-planecomponent.Thereisnoneedforanyinteractionwiththecontrolplane.Theselectionofthepacketsandthedelayisspecifictoanetwork,andneedstobeconfigured.

7.3.4 UseCase5.4:VerificationoftheVirtualizedNodeandtheVirtualizationPlatformThisusecasebelongstocategory3:themonitoringofthevirtualized5Gnetworkandofthevirtualizationinfrastructure.

7.3.4.1 Preconditions• AnewMMEhasbeenvirtualized,anditisrunningontopofaVirtualizationPlatform.• TheMMEisdeployedaspartofaVCN,andaNetworkSlice.• ThereisacertificationsystemforVirtualizationPlatformsthatissue“level1certification”tothirdparty

products.

7.3.4.2 DescriptionCarolisrunningvarioustestsontheVirtualizedNode,andtheVirtualizationPlatform.CarolneedstocheckthatthenewnodemeetstherequirementsoftheVirtualMobileNetworkOperator.ThissliceisusedforeHealthservices,anditneedstofulfilcertainsafety,securityandprivacystandards:inthisexampleweassumethatallpartsoftheVCNarephysicallywithinFrance.

Basicflowofevents:

1. CarolstartsbycheckingthatthephysicalcomputeroftheVirtualizationPlatformislocatedinFrance.ThephysicalcomputeristheonewheretheVirtualizedNodeistobeinstalled.

2. Caroladdsamonitoringpolicythatallowshertoreceiveanotificationifthelocationischanged,andanalarmmessageifthelocationmovesoutsideofFrance.

3. CarolrunsatestonthevirtualmachineoftheVirtualizationPlatform,andverifiesthatitisabletofulfilthesecurityandprivacyrequirements.CarolisabletoverifythattheVirtualizationPlatformhasbeencertifiedbyanexternalparty,andithas“level1”certification.

4. CarolthencheckstheintegrityoftheMMEsoftwarethatisrunningontopofthevirtualmachine.5. CarolverifiesthatthesecuritytowardstheothernodesintheVirtualCoreNetworkisconfigured

correctly,andonlyauthenticatedandprotecteddata/commandsareabletopass/accesstheMME.6. Carolchecksthattheslicetopologycorrespondstoaphysicalinfrastructurewhosephysicalnodes

complywiththegeographicalconstraintsforthisusecase.

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7.3.4.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesInthise-healthservice,thesliceshoulddependonlyon5GnodeslocatedinFranceoroperatedbyagivenMNO,thatiswhyCarolischeckingthattheunderlyingnodesofthesliceprovidedcomplywithsuchageographicalconstraint.

Privacyandsecurityissuesshouldberespected,especiallyinhighlysensitiveserviceslikee-health.Forinstance,ifthee-healthflowofagivencountrygoesthroughanynon-French5Gnodes,itmaynotrespecttheservicesecurityorprivacypolicy.

A5Goperatormustbeabletoensureatalltimesthatagivenslice(service)resourcearelocatedinagivengeographicalarea.Aserviceprovidermustbeabletocheckthatthedataflowoftheservicetransitswithinagivenarea.Thisispossibleifweareabletoretrievetheunderlyingphysicalnodeidentifiersbelongingtoeverysliceatrun-timeandverifytheirgeographicallocationinordertoensurethattheirlocationdoesnotviolatethegeographicalconstraintsimposedbythee-healthcase.

VNFscanbeprovidedbythirdparties,soanotherthreatiswhenVNFsbecomecompromised.Anetworkoperatormustbeabletocheck,inrealtime,theintegrityoftherunningcodeinaNFVandthatit(theNFV)iscomplianttowhathepreviouslydefined,thatiswhyoneofCarol’sroleistochecktheintegrityoftheMMEsoftwarerunningontheVM.

AnotherthreatiswhenSDNistheunderlyinginfrastructureofNFV-basedservices,whereSDNisensuringtheconnectivityamongVNFs.Inthisscenario,theSDNcontrollercanbecomecompromised,becauseSDNcontrollersarevulnerabletoDDoSattacks(DistributedDenialofService).

7.3.4.4 PropertiesofasolutionOnebasicapproachistoverifyandthoroughlytestthedeployedsoftwarethatcontrolsthenetwork.Thereshouldbededicatedtoolsthatsupporttheseverificationandtestingtasks.Another,complementaryapproachistomonitortheinteractionsbetweenthenetwork’splanes.Theseinteractionsarecheckedagainstgivensecuritypolicies.Noncompliant,malicious,andsuspiciousinteractions(orsequencesofinteractions)arereported.Thecheckingcaneitherbedoneonlineoroffline.Inthelattercase,theinteractionsareloggedandthencollectedandauditedlater.

EnsureEnablers NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation,SecurityMonitoring,Trust

7.3.5 Usecase5.5:ControlandMonitoringofSlicebyServiceProviderThisusecasebelongstocategory3:monitoringandcontrolofthevirtualized5Gnetwork.

7.3.5.1 Preconditions• ThereisaVirtualisedInfrastructureProvider(VIP).• ThereisaVirtualMobileNetworkOperator(VMNO).• TheVIPhasdeployedaVirtualCoreNetwork(VCN)fortheVMNO.• ThereisaServiceProvider(SP).• TheVMNOhasdeployedasub-slicefortheSPwithcertainSLAconstraints.

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7.3.5.2 DescriptionAServiceProvider,forinstanceamassivelymultiplayeronlinegame(MMOG)host,requiresasecurenetworkwithsomeQoSguaranteestobeusedbytheircustomers(gameplayers).TheServiceProviderhasacontractwiththeVMNOfortheVMNOtosupplyasuitablesub-sliceoftheVCNfortheServiceProvider’scustomerstouse.TheServiceProviderneedstobeabletomonitorthesub-slicetoensurethattheVMNOisprovidingwhatisrequiredbythecontract,andalsoneedstobeabletovarytheparametersofthesub-slicewithinsomepredefinedboundsastheservice’spopularitychanges.

Theterm“sub-slice”isherebeingusedtomeanaportionofanetworkslice.ThisusecasemaintainsmostofitsfeaturesiftheServiceProviderisadirectcustomerofaMNOandtheMNOprovisionsa“slice”ofthecorenetworkfortheSP.ByhavingtheSPinteractwithaVMNOwedemonstrateafurtherpotentiallevelofcomplexity.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Dave,anemployeeoftheSP,usingthetoolsprovidedbytheVMNO,monitorstheQoSbeingprovidedtothegameplayersinthesub-slice.

2. Dave,usingtheServiceProvider’sgamemonitoringsystem,predictsthatthenumberofplayersthiseveningwillincreasebeyondthecapacitythatthesub-slicewasprovisionedforandthattheperformanceofthegamefortheplayerswilldegradetoanunacceptablelevel.

3. Daverequeststhatthecapacityofthesub-sliceisincreasedtodealwiththeadditionaldemand.4. TheVMNOdetermines(automaticallyormanually)thattheVCNcansupporttheincreased

capacityofthesub-slicewithoutdegradingtheQoSofothercustomersandsoincreasesthesub-slicecapacity.

5. TheVMNOchargestheSPfortheextracapacity.

7.3.5.3 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesTheusecasedemonstratesthatacustomerofaVMNOcanrequest,use,monitorandcontrolasub-sliceofthenetwork.Thisrequiresre-sellingofcapacitybyaVMNOalongwithQoStermscontainedinanSLA.TheusecasealsodemonstratesthedynamicnatureofallocationsbyallowingtheServiceProvidertohavesomedegreeofcontrolovertheirsub-slice.Toensureanacceptablelevelofservicefortheircustomers,theServiceProviderwouldneedtobeabletoassessthetrustworthinessoftheVMNObeforeenteringintoacontractwiththem.TheVMNO’ssystemsdependenceon(atleast)theVIPmakesthechainoftrustquitecomplex.

• controlofsub-slicemaybeaddressedwithdelegation• hierarchicalassertedidentitiesofactors• SLAwherepartsoftheagreementrelatestoestablishingnewSLAs• atooltoassessthetrustworthinessofasystem(includingnetworkcomponentsandactors)based

onknownthreatsandpriorexperience

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7.3.6 UseCase5.6:IntegratedSatelliteandTerrestrialSystemsMonitor

7.3.6.1 IntroductionThisusecasebelongstocategory3andisrelatedtobroadbandtelecommunicationsystemsortelecommunicationgroundusersegments.TheinfrastructureforbuildingtheSatAN(SatelliteAccessNetwork)comprisethefollowingnetworkcomponents(seeFigure10):

• SatelliteHub:satelliteearthstationconnectedtothe5Gnetwork.• Satellite-capableeNB:traditionaleNBimprovedwithasatellitelink.• DifferentUEs:

o SatelliteTerminals(Kaband):satelliteterminalwithaKabandantenna.o SatelliteModems:end-usersatelliteterminalconnectedtoasatelliteantennausinga

communicationssatelliteasarelay.o 5Gdevices.

Thesenetworkcomponentsaredistributedinawide-areaandduetothesatellitesupportensurehighnetworkavailabilityandservicereliabilitywitha100%geographiccoverage.

Thesenetworkcomponentsperiodicallycollectinformationfromthemselves(hardwarestatus,alarms…)andcountersfromthespecificbusinesslogic(transferrate,numberofrequests…).Thisinformation,calledindicators,isusedtomonitorthenetwork.

Theseindicatorscanbeclassifiedinthreecategories:

• Healthstatus:o Intrusiondetection.o Alarmsscannedbysatellitenetworkdevices.o Excessiveload.

• Configurationstate:o Networkstatus.o Credentialstatus.

• Counters:o Volumecounters.o Efficiencycounters.

Thesenetworkcomponentsaresupervisedandcontrolledusinganetworkmanagementsystem.Thisnetworkmanagementsystemiscomposedof:

• Securitymonitor:receivessuchindicatorsandisinchargeofcarryingoutanactivesecurityanalysistodetectattacksandmaliciousbehaviour.Furthermore,thesecuritymonitorusesdataanalytics

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andintelligence-drivensecuritytoresponsetotheidentifiedthreats(e.g.notifytheoperator,balancetheload,…).Someofthethreatsidentifiedare:

o Attackonnetworkcomponents:RFinterference,powerorcommunicationslines…o Attackonthenetworkmanagementsystem:intrudingthesystembyhijacking,

blackmailing,placingorimpersonatingtheoperator,toobtaincredentialsor/andgaincontrolofthesystem,…

o Denialofservice:floodthenetworkwithdummyindicatorstomakethenetworkunusable,preventinganyusefulcommunicationswiththenetworkmanagementsystem.

• B/OSS(BusinessandOperationalSupportSystems)monitor:receivessuchindicatorsandisinchargeofserviceprovisioning,networkconfigurationandbilling.

7.3.6.2 Preconditions• Thenetworkcomponentsperiodicallycollectindicators.

7.3.6.3 DescriptionOnceregistered,networkcomponentsdelivertothesecuritymonitoringtheindicatorscollected.Later,securitymonitoringusesactivesecurityanalysiswiththeseindicatorsinordertodetectthreats.

SatNOconnectstothesecuritymonitortocheckthesystemsstatus(e.g.faultmanagement,performancemonitoring)and,ifneeded,respondstotheidentifiedthreats.

AServiceProvider(i.e.telecommunicationscompany)hasacontractwiththeSatNOtosupplyasuitablesystemcapacitywithsomeQoSguaranteestobeusedbyitscustomers.TheServiceProviderimplementspre-paid/post-paidservicesandconnectstotheB/OSSmonitortoensurethattheSatNOisprovidingwhatisrequiredbythecontractandperformssomecontroltasks(managementofsystembandwidthandpowertooptimizeglobalcapacity,configurationofnetworkcomponents,…).

Basicflowofevents:

1. Uponactivation,eachnetworkcomponentidentifiesitselfwiththenetworkandregisterswiththenetworkmanagementsystem

2. Thesecuritycredentialsofthesenetworkcomponentsneedtobeperiodicallyupdated3. Onceregistered,networkcomponentsdeliverperiodicallythecollectedindicatorstothenetwork

managementsystem4. Networkmanagementsystemreceivesfromthenetworkcomponentsalargeamountofindicators5. Securitymonitorusesactivesecurityanalysiswiththeseindicators

1. Alice,aSatNO,connectstothesecuritymonitortocheckthesystemstatusandthesecurityanalysisprovidedbythesecuritymonitor

2. Securityalarms(e.g.attacks,maliciousbehaviourdetected,…)mayrequirearesponsefromAlice(e.g.allow/denyaccesstoonenetworkcomponent)

1. Carol,anemployeeoftheSP,connectstotheBSS/OSSmonitortochecktheQoS2. Carolmayrequestincreasecapacitytodealwithadditionaldemand

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Figure10:Satelliteand5GMonitor.

7.3.6.4 VulnerabilitiesandConsequencesTheusecasedemonstratesthedynamicnatureofallocationsbyallowingtheServiceProvidertohavesomedegreeofcontrolovertheirmicro-slice.Thesecuritycredentialsofthesemicro-slicecomponentsmayhavebeencompromisedanditisneededtoforceanupdateofthesecredentialstomaintainthesecurityofthenetwork.

Theoriginofmostfraudulentaccessesorsecuritybreachescanbesummarizedaseithertechnicalidentityalteration(afteranillegalorillegitimateprivilegeaugmentation)orsignallingmessagesreceivedoutsideofthenormalsequences.

7.3.6.5 PropertiesofasolutionTheuse-caserequiresre-sellingofcapacitybyaSatNOalongwithQoStermscontainedinanSLA.

• Securemechanismtostoreandupdatethesecuritycredentialsforthenetworkcomponents• Genericsecureinterfacetoprovideindicatorsfromaheterogeneousnetworkandtoupdatethe

securitycredentials• Realtimedataanalyticsandintelligence-drivensecuritytodetectthreatsbasedonsecuritymetrics

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7.3.6.6 UsecasecategoriesEnsureEnablers SecurityMonitoring,NetworkManagement&

VirtualisationIsolation

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC

7.4 5GVisionItisenvisionedthatthevirtualizationofthecorenetworkisanessentialfeatureof5G.Avirtualizedcoreisdescribedhereasa“networkslice”.Mobileoperatorsareabletoprovidedifferentcorenetworkslicesfordifferenttypesofsubscribers.ThisincludesdifferentUEtypes,suchasmMTCorxMBBbutalsocustomerspecificslicessuchaseHealthorsatellitecommunications.Networkslicesmayprovidedifferentservices,andshareacommonradionetwork.Thevirtualizationmayalsoincludemorefine-grainedfeatures,suchasmicro-segmentationwithintheslice.Isolationofnetworkslicesisessential.

Techniquesthatareavailableforimplementationofthevirtualizationaremany,e.g.Software-DefinedNetworking,VirtualizedNetworkFunctionsandCloudtechniques.Virtualizationismostlikelytobetransparenttomany5Gnodes,however,theremightalsobesome5Gnodecomponentsthatareactivelymodifyingthestructureandbehaviourofthecorenetwork,adaptingtoe.g.subscriber/devicecontext.VirtualizationismostlikelyanddesirabletobetransparenttotheUserEquipment(UE),andthesubscriber.TheUEdoesnotneedtobeawareoftheinternalstructureorimplementationofthecore.

Virtualizationbringnewtypesofactors,androlesintothepicture.Itisenvisionedthatitispossibletoseparatetherolesofthe5GNodeProvider,theVirtualizationInfrastructureProvider,andtheVirtualMobileNetworkOperator.Thisalsomeansthatnewtypesofsecuremonitoringandassuranceinterfacesareneededifallthenewrolesaretakenbyseparateactors.Actorsthatareoperatingontopofvirtualizedplatformneedtomonitor,verifyandcontrolwhatishappeninginthevirtualizednetworkaswellasinthevirtualizationinfrastructure.

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8 Cluster6:RadioInterfaceProtection

8.1 IntroductionThisclusterdescribestwousecasesaddressingavailabilityandintegrityoftheradiointerface.Usecase6.1considersoverloadanddenialofserviceattacksoftheradiointerfaceandhowdeviceswithpriorityshouldbeprioritizedinordertobeabletoattachevenduringahighloadsituation.Usecase6.2considersuserplanedataintegrityprotection.

• MobileNetworkOperator(MNO)• Communicationdevice(D)• User(Bob)

8.3 UseCases

8.3.1 UseCase6.1:AttachRequestDuringOverload

8.3.1.1 Preconditions• TheRANisservingmultiplerecentattachrequests• Availableradioresourcesaredepleted

8.3.1.2 DescriptionAcriticalcommunicationdeviceD,e.g.servingcriticalinfrastructureorusedbyuserBobinanemergencysituation,istryingtoattachtotheMNO’snetwork.ThenetworkisbusyservingmanyotherattachrequestssoDdoesnotgetimmediateaccesstothenetwork.Evendeviceswhichareattachedbutloseradiosynchronizationarerequiredtoperformtherandomaccessprocedureandmaybecomelockedoutofthenetworkinthesesituations.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Dmakesanattachmentrequesttothebasestation2. Thebasestationisbusyservingotherrecentattachmentrequestsorhasnoradioresources

available3. Dgetsnoaccessorbecomesdelayed

1. Disattachedtothenetwork2. Dlosesradiosynchronization3. Disre-attaching4. Availableradioresourcearedepletedandthenetworkcan’tofferDaccess5. Ddoesnotregainconnectivity

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8.3.1.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences• Currentnetworksperformpreliminaryradioresourceallocationandsignallingprocedureswhich

consumesprocessingandotherresourcesintheRANandonthebackhaul,beforetheauthenticationprocedure

• Illegitimaterequestscannotberejectedatanearlystage,andtherearenomeanstogiveprioritytoimportantrequests

• Anadversarycansaturatetheradionetwork(ortheuplinkresources),e.g.usingsoftwaredefinedradios(SDR),orusingmultiplelegitimatedevices,e.g.likeinabotnetsetting

• Whenattacheddeviceslosesradiosynchronization,theyarerequiredtoperformtherandomaccessprocedureandmaybeunabletoreconnect,despitebeingallocatedradioresources

Potentialconsequencesinclude:

• Disruptedavailabilityofcriticalcommunicationsnetwork.Deceptiveillegitimaterequestsmaycausedisruptioninnetworkaccess

• Emergencyandcriticalcommunicationrequestscannotgethigherprioritythannon-urgentattachmentrequests

• Asecuremethodforpriorityofaccessrequests• Saveresourcesbyrejectingillegitimateornon-prioritizedrequestatearlystage,i.e.enable

integrityprotectionatalowlayerintheradionetworkstack• Givepriorityforre-attachmenttodeviceslosingradiosynchronization• Threatsofcyber-attacksdirectlytargeting5Gnetworksneedstobedealtwithinthe5Gdesign

8.3.2 UseCase6.2:UnprotectedUserPlaneonRadioInterface

8.3.2.1 Preconditions• TheUEisinConnectedMode• Signallingisintegrityprotected• Userplanedataisnotintegrityprotected• Encryptionmaynotbeallowedontheradiointerfaceduetoregulatoryconstraints

8.3.2.2 DescriptionSignallingbetweentheUEandnetworkisintegrityprotected,butinsomescenarios,theamountofsignallingneededbeforesendinguserdataisminimizedtosavebattery,sometimessignallingbeforesendinguserdataiscompletelyremoved.ThedataconnectionisleftopentothenetworkwhentheUEgoestosleepmode.

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Userplanedataisnotencryptedduetoregulatoryconstraints.Sinceuserplanedataisnotintegrityprotectedeither[TS33.401],thisleavestheuserplanedatatotallywithoutprotection.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Dattachestothenetworkandestablishesintegrityprotectionforsignalling.Encryptionisnotusedforsignallingnorforuserplanedata

2. ThenetworkreceivesunprotecteduserplanedatafromD3. Dgoestosleep.Thedataconnectionisleftopen.4. Dwakesupandsendsdataonthedataconnection

1. Dattachestothenetworkandestablishesintegrityprotectionforsignalling.Encryptionisnotusedforsignallingnorforuserplanedata

2. ThenetworkreceivesunprotecteduserplanedatafromD3. Dgoestosleep.Thedataconnectionisleftopen4. Adversarysendsdataontheopendataconnection

8.3.2.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences

• Thenetworkcannotverifyauthenticityofthereceiveduserplanedata• Anadversarymayusetheopenuserdataconnection

Asaconsequence,theuserplanedataiscompletelyunprotectedandtheMNOcannotprovideanyservicerelyingonthecontent.

• Introduceintegrityprotectionofuserplaneinadditiontointegrityprotectionofcontrolplane• Replacespecificintegrityprotectionofcontrolplanewithcommonintegrityprotectiononuserand

controlplanelowerintheradionetworkstack

8.4 5GVisionThe5Gnetworkshouldberobustagainstoverloadanddenialofserviceattacksoftheradiointerface.Prioritizeddevicesshouldbegettingpriorityandbeabletoattachevenduringhighloadsituations.Also,alreadyattacheddeviceslosingsynchronizationshouldregainaccessduringhighloadsituations.Userplanedatashouldbeintegrityprotectedenablingtrustworthyservicestobebuiltontop,andillegitimateandlowpriorityrequestsshouldberejectedatanearlystage.

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9 Cluster7:MobilityManagementProtection

9.1 IntroductionThisclusterdescribesdifferenttechniquestocauseapersistentdenialofserviceattackoftheUE,illustratedbythreedifferentflowofevents.Thedenialofserviceattacksarepossiblesincenoneoftheexploitedmessagesrequireconfidentialityorintegrityprotectioninthecurrent3GPPstandard,thusenablingtheattackertointercept,decodeandalterthemessages.

• Mobilephonesubscriber(Bob)• Maliciousattacker(Mallory)• MobileNetworkOperator(MNO)• Sensor1

9.3 UseCases

9.3.1 UseCase7.1:UnprotectedMobilityManagementExposesNetworkforDenialofService

9.3.1.1 Preconditions• BobhasavalidsubscriptionwiththeMNO• Mallory’srogueequipmentisphysicallylocatedinthesamearea(TAorCell)asBoborSensor1• MalloryhasaccesstoherownrogueeNB

9.3.1.2 DescriptionBobpowersonhisphone,aspartoftheLTEspecification[TS33.401]thephonewillinitiatean“Attachrequest”tothebasestation(eNB).OnceconnectedtotheMNO,theuserequipment(UE)willsendperiodictrackingareaupdate(TAU)requestmessagesintendedfortheMNO’sMobilityManagementEntity(MME).

Thisuse-caseisvalidforalltypesofconnecteddevices,i.e.BobcanbesubstitutedwithSensor1.

Basicflowofevents:

1. BobisatworkandhashisphoneturnedonandisconnectedtohisMNO2. Bob’sphonesendsaTAUrequestmessagetotheMMEofhisconnectedMNO3. MalloryinterceptstheTAUrequestandrespondswithaTAURejectwithEMMcausenumber7

“LTEServicesnotallowed”orcausenumber8“LTEandnon-LTEservicesnotallowed”.SeeFigure11andFigure12.

4. Bob’sphoneacceptstheTAURejectmessageandactsaccordinglya. IfEMMcausenumber7,Bob’sphonewillconsideritselfinvalidforLTEservices.If

supportedthephonewillconnecttoavailable3Gor2Gnetworksb. IfEMMcausenumber8,Bob’sphonewillconsideritselfinvalidforallservicesandenter

thestateEMM-DEREGISTERED.

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1. Bobpowersonhisphone.2. Bob’sphonesendsan“Attachrequest”totheMNO.3. Malloryinterceptthe“Attachrequest”.4. Malloryaltersthemessageandreplacethe“VoicedomainpreferenceandUE’susagesetting”with

“Additionalupdatetype–SMSonly”andforwardsthemessagetotheMNO.5. TheMNOacceptsthemessageandproceedswiththeAKAprotocol,furthermoretheMNO

configurestheprofileoftheUEintheMMEwiththecapabilitiessentbyMallory,therebyrejectingallvoicecapabilities.

1. Bob’sphonecontinuouslysendsregistrationrequeststothenetworkswiththebestcoverage.2. Malloryrespondswiththerejectmessage“ForbiddenPLMN”.3. Bob’sphoneacceptstheunprotectedrejectmessageandreconfigurestheUSIMaccordingly,hence

denyingallservicestotheindicatedpubliclandmobilenetwork(PLMN)untilthephonehasbeenturnedoff/onortheUSIMhasbeenre-inserted.

Figure11:(from[Shaik2015])DoSattack-denyingLTEnetworkservices

Figure12:(from[Shaik2015])DoSattack-denyingallmobilenetworkservices

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9.3.1.3 Vulnerabilitiesandconsequences• TheTAURequestissentwithoutconfidentialityprotection,hencetheattackercandecodeit.• TheTAURejectmessageisacceptedbytheUEwithoutintegrityprotectionandwithoutanestablished

securitycontextbetweentheUEandnetwork.• The“Attachrequest”issentunprotected,hencethelistofthenetworkcapabilitiescanbealteredby

theattacker.• The“ForbiddenPLMN”areacceptedbytheUEwithoutintegrityprotectionandwithoutanestablished

securitycontextbetweentheUEandnetwork.

Thesevulnerabilitiescanbeusedtoperformadenialofserviceordowngradeattacks,whichpersistsuntiltheuserreinsertstheUSIM,rebootstheUE,orinonecase,physicallymovestheUEtoanewtrackingarea.

SecuritymonitoringcouldbeonesolutiontocapturethoseattackswhereUEisforcedtouseweakerservices.UEthatpreviouslyhasbeenabletousefullservices,typicallydoesnotdowngradeitsowncapabilities.

IftheTAURejectmessagesweredigitallysigned,whichareverifiedbytheUE,anadversary’smessageswouldberejectedbytheUE.ThiswouldrequiretheintroductionofMNOspecificpublickeys.

Amitigationthatmakesitmoredifficulttoimplementapersistentdenialofserviceattackwouldbetointroduceamechanismbasedonatimerorcountervalue,toallowtheUEtore-attachitselftothenetworkafteracertaintime.

Tomitigatetheman-in-the-middleattackontheAttachrequest,the5GnetworkcouldrequireanidenticalintegrityprotectedreconfirmationofthenetworkcapabilitiesasisrequiredforthesecuritycapabilitiesinLTE.

EnsureEnablers AAA,NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation,SecurityMonitoring,Privacy

9.4 5GVision5Gprovidesrobustnetworkserviceswithconsiderableavailabilityguarantees.Thesignallingmessagesexchangedbetweentheuserequipmentandthe5GnetworkshouldhavetheappropriateprotectiontocombatknownweaknessesinLTE.Suchprotectioncanbebuiltfromexistingmechanisms,whichinLTEprovideamatchinghistoryoftheuserequipment’ssecuritycapabilities.In5Gthesemechanismscanbeexpandedtoincludeasimilarcheckofthenetworkcapabilities.Additionally,theintroductionofanoperatorpublickeycanbringthenecessaryprotectionofcapabilityliststhatarebroadcastedbythenetwork.

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10 Cluster8:Ultra-ReliableandStandaloneOperations

10.1 IntroductionThisclusterincludestwousecasesforultra-reliableandstandaloneoperations.Thefirstoneisthesatellite-capableeNBthatprovidesconnectivitytothecorenetworkifthenormalbackhaulislost.Thesecondcasedescribesstandalonecorenetworkservicesthataresimilartoisolatedpublic-safetyservicesbutareinthiscasecommercial.

TheusecasestalkaboutMacroEPCwhichisthe5Gcorenetworkthatisusedinnormalmodeofoperation.MacroEPCprovidesservicestothesubscribersthatareinthehomenetwork,orwhichareroaminginsomevisitednetworks.TheMacroEPCisreachedviathesatelliteinthefirstusecasewhenthenormalrouteisnotpossiblebecauseofanaturaldisaster.

ThestandaloneEPCisanentitywhichprovidesfunctionalitythateNBsinstandalonemodeofoperationuse,insteadoftheMacroEPC,inordertosupportlocalservices.Thisisassumedtobeacommercialservice,andconnectiontotheMacroEPCisstillpossible.

• Ad-hocroaminguser(Alice)• SatNO(Bob)• VisitedNetwork(VN)• HomeNetwork(HN)

10.3 UseCases

10.3.1 UseCase8.1:Satellite-CapableeNB

10.3.1.1 IntroductionThisusecasefocusesonevolvingtheTransportNetworkArchitecture(TNA)bycombiningbothsatelliteandterrestrialtransportarchitectures.Theinfrastructurecomprisesthefollowingcomponents:

• SatelliteHub:satelliteearthstationconnectedtothe5Gnetwork.• Satellite-capableeNB:traditionaleNBimprovedwithasatellitelink.• Networkmanager:performstopologycalculationsanddistributestheupdatednetwork

configuration.

Themaingoalistheabilitytoofferresiliencetocasesoflinkfailure.Thesatelliteconnectivityaddsflexibilitytobackhaulingnetworks.Also,thisusecaseprovidesoffloadingcapabilityviasatellitetothebackhaulnetworkincaseofcongestion.Thisisakeyenhancementin5G,asthisusecasecanonlybeservedbysatellites,orforwhichsatellitesprovideamoreefficientsolution.

Thetopologymanagementobjectiveisthatnonodesinthemeshnetworkareleftun-connected,whilecoveringalltheneededarea.Topologyalgorithmshallbebasedonuserpriorityandbandwidth.

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10.3.1.2 Preconditions• MacroEPC:theEPCwhichservesaneNBinnormalmodeofoperation.• Thereisasatellite-capableeNBthathasthecapabilityofconnectingtotheMacroEPCviasatellite,and

providesIPconnectivitytotheUEswhentheeNBhaslostthewiredroutetotheMacroEPC.• Intheeventthatthesatellite-capableeNBdoesnotbelongtotheHNandthatthereisnostatic

roamingagreementbetweentheVNandtheHN,theroamingagreementisdynamic,andvalidonlywhenspecialconditionslikeanaturaldisasteroccur.

10.3.1.3 DescriptionAliceisinholidayinanareawhichisabruptlyturnedintoanaturaldisasterarea.AliceisabletocommunicateevenwhenthereisnostaticroamingagreementbetweentheHNandtheVN.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Thenaturaldisasteroccurs.TheeNBloosestheconnectiontoMacroEPC.2. Thenetworkmanagerdetectsthefailureeventandperformstopologycalculationstoguarantee

ultra-reliableservices3. Thenewtopologyisforwardedtothenetworkcomponents4. Thesatellite-capableeNBactivatesthealternativeroutetoMacroEPCviathesatellite.5. Thesatellite-capableeNBstartstobroadcastthatitsupportsthead-hocroamingmode.Itoffers

SMSservicestoeveryoneinthearea.Thevoiceservicesarenowreservedforpublicsafetyusersonly.

6. Alice’sphoneloosestheconnectiontothenetwork.7. Alice’sphoneattachestothesatellite-capableeNBoftheVN.8. Alice’sHNauthorizesthead-hocroamingintheVN.9. AlicereceivesanSMSfromtheembassyaskingifsheandherfamilyaresafe.10. Aliceinformstheembassythateveryoneinherfamilyissafe.

10.3.1.4 Propertiesofasolution• Dynamicroaming• Non-satellite5Gdeviceusingsatellite-capableeNB• Satellite-based5Gtopologyreconfiguration

10.3.2 UseCase8.2:StandaloneEPC

10.3.2.1 Preconditions• Thereisastandalone-capableeNBthathasthecapabilityofstandalonemodeofoperation,which

providescommerciallocalIPconnectivitytotheUEsviaaStandaloneEPC.

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• ThereisastandaloneEPCwhichprovidesfunctionalitythateNBsinstandalonemodeofoperationuse,insteadoftheMacroEPC.StandaloneEPSprovidesIPaddressassignmentandlocalroutingwithinthestandaloneEPC.

10.3.2.2 DescriptionAliceisinamegaeventwith100.000otherpeople.SheusestheservicesthatareavailableinthestandaloneEPC.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Whenthemegaeventstarts,thestandalone-capableeNBstartstobroadcastsupportofthead-hocroamingmodetothelocalEPC.ItofferslocalIPconnectivitywithinthestandaloneEPC.

2. Alice’sphoneattachestothestandalone-capableeNBofthestandaloneEPC.Alice’sphonedoesnotloosetheconnectiontotheHN.

3. Alice’sHNauthorizesthead-hocroamingtothestandaloneEPC.4. AliceusestheservicesinthestandaloneEPC.5. AlicealsousestheservicesintheHN.

10.3.2.3 Propertiesofasolution• Dynamicroaming• CommercialstandaloneEPC

10.4 5GVision5Gnetworkismorereliableintermsofhavingdynamic,alternativeroutesfromtheradionetworkintothecorenetwork(suchassatelliteconnection)andmoreflexibleintermsofdynamicroaming.eNBshavingsatellitecapabilitiesareespeciallyinterestingbecausetheycanprovidesatellitecapabilitiestonon-satellite5Gdevices.Newcommercialpossibilitiesonstand-aloneradionetworks,andstand-alonecorenetworksarealsoenvisioned.

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11 Cluster9:TrustedCoreNetworkandInterconnect

11.1 IntroductionTheseusecasesdealwithtrustedcorenetworkandinterconnectionbetweendifferententities.The5Gnetworkshouldbesuchthatitisabletoensurethattheinteractingentitiesareauthenticonesandspoofingofmessagescannottakeplace.Thisshouldnotbebasedonimplicitsecurityassumption,butratheruseexplicitsecuritysolutions.

• Mobilephonesubscriber(Bob)• Adversary(Eve)• HomeNetwork(HN)• VisitedNetwork(VN)

11.3 UseCases

11.3.1 UseCase9.1:AlternativeRoamingin5G

11.3.1.1 IntroductionWhenentitiesareroaminginavisitednetwork,itstillneedstobeensuredthattherelatedmessagesareauthenticinsteadofimplicitlyrelyingontheassumptionthatthetrafficisoriginatingfromacertainnetwork.Thus,messagesneedtobeboundtothecorrectentities,sothatspoofingcannottakeplace.Theentitiesalsoshouldhaveclearunderstandingwhichentitiestheyarecommunicatingwith.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhentherearerealworldconsequences,suchascharging.

11.3.1.2 Preconditions• TheHNandtheVNhavearoamingagreement

11.3.1.3 DescriptionBobneedstheassistanceofthehomeAAAinfrastructureinordertoauthenticatehimselftotheVN.HomeAAAissuesanauthenticationchallenge.ThisprocessalsoidentifiesboththeVNandtheHN,sothattheinvolvedpartiesareidentified.Inthecourseofthisprocess,BobalsoauthorisestheVNtoprovideservicestohim.

Atthesametime,accountingmechanismsaresetup.TheHNnetworkcanthereforehaveassurancethatanybillingrelatedinformationistiedtoBob.Thus,theVNcannotmakefalseclaims.Similarly,Bob’sfalseclaimscanbedeniedbasedonassuredaccountinginformation.Bob’sdeviceisinvolvedintheprocess,sothatthereistransparencyoftheincurredcoststoBobaswell.

Basicflowofevents(seeFigure13):

1. TheVNisadvertisedtoBob2. BobidentifieshisHNandauthorisestheVNtoofferservicestohisidentity3. TheHNdetectsthatriskstatusoftheVNissuchthatinteractioncanproceed4. TheHNsendsanauthenticationchallengetoBobandalsoidentifiestheVNtobeused

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5. Bobchecksthatheisusingthecorrectnetworkandrespondstothechallenge6. TheHNverifiesthechallenge-responseandinformstheVNthatBobisauthentic7. AuthenticationresultistransmittedtoBob8. Bobnegotiatestheuseofservicesforhisidentity9. TheVNbindsitsownidentitytotheservicenegotiation10. Non-repudiableservicerecordsarecreated

Figure13:BobattachestotheVNwhileroamingabroad

11.3.1.4 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesThisusecasedepictsthefollowingvulnerabilitiesandtheirconsequences.

• Unauthoriseddisclosureofsensitiveinformationo Ifcorenetworkelements,interconnectnetworks,orotheroperatorsareexpectedtobe

trustedentitieswithnoadditionalverification,sensitiveinformationwillbedisclosedtounauthorisedentities[Nohl2014]

• Spoofingofsignallingmessageso Ifunauthenticsignallingmessagescanbesentandaccepted,thebehaviourofthenetwork

canbechangedinanunauthorisedway,i.e.,integrityofthenetworkiscompromisedo Iftrafficthathasimpactonchargingisneitherauthenticatednorclearlyboundtothe

entitywhichisresponsibleforthetraffic,fraudcanbeperformed.Thisislikelytodecreasetheusertrusttothesystem.

11.3.1.5 PropertiesofasolutionIfnetworkentitieshavecryptographicidentities,thenmessagescanbeboundtothemstrongly.Thisprovidesmoreflexibility,whenreferringtootherentitiesoutsidethetwo-wayinteraction.

Serviceusagecanbenegotiatedinsuchawaythatbothpartieshaveanunderstandingoftheincurredcosts.Thisinvolvesusingthesaididentitiesguaranteeingthatassuredaccountingrecordscanbecreated.

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11.3.1.6 UsecasecategoriesEnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,Trust

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB

11.3.2 UseCase9.2:PrivacyinContext-AwareServices

11.3.2.1 IntroductionThecontextoftheuserisbeneficialforprovidingbetterservices.However,privacyissuesariseastheremightbeunintentionaldisclosureofuserrelatedinformation[Vallina-Rodriguez2015].Anothersideofthecoinisthatifpurelyencryptedtrafficisused,thenitishardertotakeadvantageofflowsemanticstooptimisetheuserexperience[Smith2015].

11.3.2.2 Preconditions• TheHNandtheVNhavearoamingagreement

11.3.2.3 DescriptionTheVNandtheHNmayexchangeinformationregardingtheBob’scontext.ThisinformationcanbeusedtocustomisethenetworkinordertosatisfyBob’sservicerequirementswithoutrevealinganyunnecessaryinformation.

Basicflowofevents(seeFigure14):

1. Ondemand,theVNsendsinformationaboutBob'scontexttotheHN2. TheHNsharessomeofthecontextinformationwithcontentprovidersasallowedby(privacy)

policies

Figure14:DisclosureofusercontextinformationcontrolledbyHomeNetwork

1. Bobauthorisesvisitednetworktodisclosesomeofthecontextinformationasperhisdefinedprivacypolicies

2. TheVNsharessomeofthecontextinformationwithcontentproviders

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11.3.2.4 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesUsertrafficcanbeenrichedinvariousways,suchasproxiesincludingadditionalheaderstotheusertraffic.However,thisinformationcanleakandbeabusedbypartiesforwhichtheinformationwasnotintended.Thisviolatesuserprivacy.

Itisworthnotingthatintheabovealternativeflowthecontrolofdisclosurelieswithinthevisitednetwork.Eventhoughtheusercanstatehisprivacypolicies,hecannotverifyhowwellthisishonouredastheuser’scontractualrelationshipiswithhishomenetwork.Ontheotherhand,nothing(saveregulatorysanctions)preventsvisitednetworkfromdisclosingthisinformationanyway.

11.3.2.5 PropertiesofasolutionContextinformationisdisclosedincontrolledfashionanditismadeavailableinastandardisedwaysothatitisnotnecessarytodevisenon-interoperableorpotentiallyvulnerableschemes.Inaddition,thecontextinformationcanbeusedincaseofencryptedflows.

11.3.2.6 UsecasecategoriesEnsureEnablers Privacy,Trust

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB,uMTC

11.3.3 UseCase9.3:AuthenticationofNewNetworkElements

11.3.3.1 Introduction5Gnetworksallowmoredynamismthroughvirtualisationandnewfunctionscanbeintroducedtothenetworkonthefly.Astheseenvironmentsaremorevirtualised,thereisalwaysadangerthatsomeonemanagestointroduceamaliciousfunctionintothenetwork.Similarly,unauthorizedphysicalelementscouldbeattachedtothenetwork,iftheirauthenticityisonlybasedonthelocationinthenetwork.

11.3.3.2 Preconditions• TheHNandtheVNhavearoamingagreement• TheVNdoesnothaveup-to-datepatchmanagement• ThereisanexploitablevulnerabilityintheVNinfrastructure• PoorphysicalsecurityoftheVNhasresultedintheinstallationofunauthoriseddevice

11.3.3.3 DescriptionUnbeknowntoBob,EvehasmanagedtoinfiltratetheVNandinstalledadeviceintothelocalnetwork(Figure15).Thedeviceisnotrecognisedasanauthorisednode,soitcannotinjectnetworktraffic,however,itdetectsanunpatchedvulnerableserverandinstallsmaliciousnetworkfunctiontosubvertusertraffic.However,asallthesignallingrelatedtoBobisstronglyboundtohis(temporary)identity,Eve’sattemptstoinjectmessagesmasqueradingasBob,sothatBobwouldsuffertheincurredcosts,aredetectedasspoofingattempts.Basedonthisfinding,theHNnetworkreportsthepossiblemisusetotheVN.Basedonitspolicies,theVNwillconsidersomemeasurestoaddresstheproblem.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Eveinstallsamaliciousnetworkdevice

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2. Evenattemptstoinjectsignallingmessages,buttheyarerejectedbecauseofanunauthorisedsender

3. LocalnetworkhasanunpatchedserverandEveisabletotakeadvantageoftheexistingvulnerability

4. Maliciousvirtualfunctionisinstalledontheserver5. MaliciousfunctionattemptstosendspoofedmessageclaimingtocomefromBob6. TheHNnetworkdetectsBob’sspoofedidentitycomingfromtheVN7. TheVNisinformedofthemisuse

Figure15:EvehasinfiltratedVNandtriestosubvertBob’straffic

11.3.3.4 AlternativeDescriptionUnbeknowntoBob,EvehasmanagedtoinfiltratetheVNandinstalledadeviceintothelocalnetwork.Thedeviceisrecognisedasanauthorisednode,soitcaninjectdatatoBob’susertraffic.Eve’sinjectionisdetectedasspoofingattemptsbecauseofbehaviouralanalysisonBob’strafficprofileintheHNnetwork.Basedonthisfinding,theHNnetworkreportsthepossiblemisusetotheVN.Basedonitspolicies,theVNwillconsidersomemeasurestoaddresstheproblem.

1. Eveinstallsamaliciousnetworkdevice2. NetworkhasavulnerableAAAserverandEveisabletotakeadvantageofthevulnerability3. Thedeviceisrecognisedasanauthorisednode4. Maliciousdeviceinjectsspoofedmessages5. TheHNnetworkdetectsabnormaltrafficbehaviourforBobcomingfromtheVN6. TheVNisinformedofthemisuse

11.3.3.5 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesThefollowingvulnerabilitiescanbeintroducedwhenmoredynamismisintroduced.

o Unauthorisednetworkelementsaredeployedintothecorenetworko Ifanadversaryisabletodeploydevicesorfunctionsintothenetwork,variousmaninthe

middleattackscanbecomepossible.Theadversaryhasapotentialtoeavesdrop,modify,deleteorinjectnewtraffic.Inthecaseofsignallingtraffic,thewholenetworkcouldbecompromised.Dependingontheleveloftrustrelationships,thepropagationoftheattacktoothernetworksmightbeadditionallyfacilitated.

o Asmoreelementsrelyonsoftwareandvirtualisation,properpatchmanagementneedstoexist

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o Ifelementsarenotkeptup-to-date,lackofpatchingmayleadtoexistenceofexploitablevulnerabilitiesinthesoftware.

o Compositionofnetworksornetworkelementsisnotauthentic(orauthorised)o Ifnew5Garchitectureallowsdynamiccompositionofnetworksornetworkelements,lack

ofauthenticationandauthorizationcanleadtocompromisednetworksimilarlyasinthepreviouscase.Thecompositionneedstodefinetheconstraintsonthelevelofintegration,i.e.,whatresourcesareavailableandwhatsortofsecuritylevelsareexpected.Liabilityaspectsneedtobetakenintoaccountaswell.

11.3.3.6 PropertiesofasolutionWhennewelementsareintroducedintoadynamicnetwork,ithastobeensuredthattheyareauthenticcomponents.Monitoringandtestingoftheenvironmentcanhelpindetectingpossibleviolationsofsystemintegrity.Monitoringoftrafficpatternscanalsohelpindetectedsubvertedelements.

EnsureEnablers AAA,Trust,NetworkManagement&VirtualisationIsolation,SecurityMonitoring

NextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases xMBB,uMTC

11.4 5GVision5Gnetworksareenvisionedtodynamicallyadapttotheuserneeds.Thisdynamismsetsmorerequirementsontheauthenticityoftheentitiesasnewentitiesemergeinthenetworkandoldonesareremoved.Operatorsshouldnotbeforcedtoresortofimplicitsecurityassumptionsaboutthesecurityofthecorenetworkoftheinteractingpartner,i.e.,thereshouldbemoreassurancethatthetrafficisindeedoriginatingfromalegitimateentityandisboundtoalegitimateentity.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenanysignallinghaseffectoncharging,thusitshouldbeensuredthattheusersdonotfaceunfoundedservicecharges.Thisappliestotheidentityoftheusersaswell,i.e.,itshouldnotbepossibletospooftheidentityoftheuser.Ontheotherhand,theservicechargesoughttobeattributabletotheusersothattheuserisnotabletodenytheuseofservice.

Inordertoenrichandoptimisetheuserexperience,contextinformationoughttobeavailableforuse.However,onealsoshouldensurethatwhendoingsotheuserprivacyishonoured.Thus,thereoughttobeacontrolledandstandardisedwayofprovidingcontext-awareservices.

Asthenetworkcouldbeconstantlyevolvingduetovirtualisationanddynamicinteraction,oneshouldensurethatthesecurityofthenetworkismonitoredaswell.Whilemonitoringofthenetworkiscommonplaceactivityevennowadays,itismainlydonebyadd-ondevicesthatmaynothaveaholisticviewofthenetwork.Insomecasesitmightbeevenenvisionedthatdynamiccompositionofelementswouldwarrantsecuritytestingofthosecomponentsbeforetheyareallowedtointeract.Thiscouldsimplybestraightforwardvulnerabilityscanning,butmorecomplexscenarioscouldinvolve,e.g.,sandboxtesting.Correlationofinformationfromseveralsourcesshouldinanycasebeusedtomakemoreeducatedguessesregardingthepossibleexistenceofongoingattacks.

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12 Cluster10:5GEnhancedSecurityServices

12.1 IntroductionCluster10containsthreeusecasesdescribingvariousenhancedsecurityservicesthatcanbeofferedin5Gnetworks.

Inusecase10.1welearnapossiblewaytocounteractmobilebotnetsBotNetbyofferingaservicetoaidtheuserstoidentifyanomalousactivityfromtheirmobiledevicesandtoreportthisactivity.Usecase10.2proposesaservicethatcanhelpprotecttheuser’sprivacyattheapplicationlayer,bymeansofappsanddeviceprivacychecks.Usecase10.3offerananonymizationcapabilitytoall5GsubscribershavingananonymizationSIM.Inadditiontothiscapabilitymoreservicesmaybeenvisionedthatareabletoanonymizeuser/deviceidentifyingdataand,therefore,canhelptoprotecttheuser’sprivacy.

• Mobilephonesubscribers(Bob,Alice)• HomeMobileNetworkOperator(HMNO)• Maliciousattacker(Mallory)

12.3 UseCases

12.3.1 UseCase10.1:BotnetMitigation

12.3.1.1 IntroductionA botnet is a network of hijacked agents/clients which are remotely controlled, often associated withintroducing malicious software. Botnet infrastructure is increasingly being used for performing criminalactivity that involves the use of computers or networks such as the Internet. Although the networkoperatorsarenothighlyimpactedasyet,thesituationwillmostlikelychangeinthefuture,becauseoftherapidlygrowingtrendofdatatrafficinmobilenetworksandincreasedcapabilityofmobiledevices.Inthisusecaseanattackerremotely instructsandendusermobiledevicetosendapremiumSMStoanumbercontrolledbytheattacker.

12.3.1.2 Preconditions• BobhasavalidsubscriptionwiththeMNO• Mallory’sinfectedapplicationisuploadedtoBob'spreferredapplicationsstore/market

12.3.1.3 DescriptionBobisstayingathomeandbrowseshisBob'spreferredapplicationsstore/market.Hefindsafreeversionofapopularandtrendygame(oranyotherapplication)uploadedbyanunknownpublisher(i.e.Mallory)anddecidestogiveitatry.Bobdownloadsitandinstallsitafteracceptingeverythingthegame(application)requirestorun.HowBob’sdevicegetsinfectedisirrelevanthere,itcouldbealsobyattachinghisphonetoaninfectedPC/laptop,orbyopeningalinkreceivedinphishingmail.Thesalientaspectisthattheinfectionpropagatesthroughmobiletraffic.HereweobservethecasehowBob’sdevicegetsinfectedviaoperator’snetwork.

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ThefreeversionofthepopularandtrendygameapplicationismodifiedinawaythatinadditiontothemainfunctionalityitalsoaddstheSMSsendingfunctionality,andtransformsthephoneintoabotremotelycontrolled,byaCommandandControlCentre(C&C)pilotedbyMallory.AfterBob’sdevicehasbeeninfected,Mallorycanremotelyperformvariousmaliciousactivitiesonthedevice,suchasSMSsendinginthebackground.Forthisparticularattack,Malloryhadregisteredapremiumnumberwithanoperator,whichcouldbeevenlocatedinanothercountry,andonce(ortwice)permonthMallorycouldconfiguretheC&Ctoinstructallofhis“puppets”(i.e.remotelycontrolledmobiledevices)tosendSMStothatpremiumnumber.Bobandthousandsofotheruserswillveryunlikelybeabletodetecttheincreasedmonthlybill,especiallyiftheincreaseamountstoonlyacoupleofeuros.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Malloryregistersapremiumnumberwithanoperator.2. MalloryconfigurestheCommandandControlCentre(C&C)robottoinstructallpuppetstosend

SMStothatpremiumnumber.3. BobisconnectedtotheMNOandbrowsestheapplicationmarketonhismobiledevice.4. BobinstallsaninfectedapplicationandbecomesoneoftheC&C’spuppetsunknowingly.5. WithoutBob’sknowledge,hismobiledeviceisusedforbotnetactivitysuchasSMSsendingand

Bob’smonthlybillisincreased

Figure16:MalwareinfectedUEsendingpremiumSMS

12.3.1.4 VulnerabilitiesandconsequencesVulnerabilitiesinmobiledevicesaswellastheingenuityoftheiruserscanleadtosubvertingtheintegrityofthedeviceandinstallationofmalware.Asaresult

• Mobiledevicecouldbecontrolledremotely• Mobiledevicescouldbeusedformaliciousactivities

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Unwantedcommunicationcouldleadtomonetarylossfortheendusersthroughtheirmonthlybills,regardlesshowinsignificanttheamountisforeachindividual.

12.3.1.5 PropertiesofasolutionOnewaytoapproachthisproblemfromtheMNOpointofviewistoemploytheservicesofananomaly-basednetworkintrusiondetectionorpreventionsystemwithinthecorenetwork,sothatthesystemdetectsatypicalindividualbehaviour.AnothersolutioncouldbeprovidingtheenduserwithvisuallyrepresentedhistoricaldataoftheiractivitywithintheMNO,which,inadditiontothetargetednumberandthepartywhoownsit,andalsocontainsarepresentationofwhichcountryandMNOthatnumberisregisteredin.Thiswouldaidtheuserstoidentifyanomalousactivityfromtheirmobiledevicesandtoreportthisactivity.Furthermore,theMNOcouldofferservicestotheenduserstodefinetheirownatypicalbehaviourintheMNO,sothatuserscouldforinstancerestrictanyoutgoingSMStospecificforeigncountries,ordisplayamessagepriortosendinganyoutgoingSMS.

12.3.2 UseCase10.2:PrivacyViolationMitigation

12.3.2.1 IntroductionMobiledevicesandtheinstalledapplicationsdisclosealargeamountofprivateinformationbothpersonalanddevice-relatedinformation.Therearemanymisbehavingapps,PUAs(PotentiallyUnwantedApplications),adwareandransomwareinthewildandspywareisnotsouncommoneveninofficialappstores!Currentlythemobilenetworkhasnomeanstoprotecttheuser’sprivacyattheapplicationlayer.

Somemobilesubscribershaveprivacyconcernsandwouldliketoknowiftheirdeviceandtheapplicationsinstalledthereinareinvolvedinactivitiesthatviolatetheirprivacy.

12.3.2.2 Preconditions• AlicehasavalidsubscriptionwiththeMNO• Alicealsosubscribestotheprivacyserviceprovidedbyhermobilenetworkoperator(andpossibly

installsaprivacyapp).

12.3.2.3 DescriptionAlicehasjustinstalledanewgameapponhermobiledevice(UE)fromalinkreceivedinsideanSMSfromaWhatsappcontact.Sheisconcernedthatappmayviolateherprivacyinsomewayandsousesaservice(andpossiblyalocalapp)tocheck.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Aliceactivatestheprivacyservice.2. Alicelauncheshernewgameapp.

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3. Theprivacyserviceonthe5GnetworkdetectssomeanomalouseventfromtheUE(e.g.,botnetrelatedcommunications)andsendsanotificationtoAlicetoaskhertoactivateaprivacyrelatedanalysis.

4. Aliceagreestotherequest,anddata(e.g.alistofinstalledapplications)issentfromherphonetotheprivacyserviceforanalysis.

5. Theprivacyservicerespondswithanotificationcontainingthenameofthenoncompliantappifany,asummaryofitsprivacyviolationactivity,andthesuggestiontouninstallit.

1. Alicestartstheprivacyappandconfiguresherprivacypreferences.2. Aliceinstallsthenewgameapp,startsitandthegameattemptstoaccessthecorrespondingserver

whichhasalsoconfigureditsprivacypolicy.3. TheprivacyappchecksAlice’sandtheserver’sprivacypolicies.4. Aprivacy-relatedwarningcontainingthenameoftheviolatingappandserverisshowntoAliceif

thepoliciesdonotmatch.5. Alicecandecideiftoproceedwiththeapp/serverornot.

• The5Gnetworkdeployssomeanomalydetectionormalwareactivitydetectionmechanismsorprivacyviolationmechanism[Razaghpanah2015],[Ren2015].

• The5Gnetworkadoptsaprivacypolicycontainingvariousprivacyparameters(relatedtodeviceandappsactivityonuserdata)thatcanbecontrolledonuser’sdemandoruponsomeanomalouseventdetection.

• The5Gnetworkofferstosubscribersaservicethatcheckstheprivacyriskofdevicesandtheirinstalledapps.

• Ausefultoolforthisserviceistorequirethemobileapplicationsandserverstodeclareahumanreadableprivacypolicyandtoofferatooltotheuser’sdevicetoverifyit.

EnsureEnablers Privacy,SecurityMonitoring,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC,xMBB

12.3.3 UseCase10.3:SIM-basedand/orDevice-basedAnonymization

12.3.3.1 IntroductionMobiledevicesand/ortheinstalledapplications(malware/spyware,misbehavingapplicationsandalsocommonapplications)disclosealargeamountofpersonalanddeviceidentifyinginformation(e.g.,IMSI,phonenumber,locationdata,IMEIetc.).Ifsuchprivateinformationisaccessedbyapplications,theuserswouldliketobeabletoprotectitwithappropriate(e.g.,formatpreserving)anonymizationalgorithmsresidingpreferablyontheSIM.ThisservicecanbeofferedbytheMNOattheapplicationlayere.g.,throughanapplicationrunningonthedeviceand/orontheSIMitself.AdeviceimplementationshouldpreferablybeintegratedintotheOStoprovideprotectionagainstmisbehavingapplications.Ontheotherhand,aSIM-basedimplementationmayhaveevenstrongersecurityadvantagesandalsoprovides“plasticroaming”,e.g.,theservicecanbeenjoyedeveniftheuserchangesdevice.WestressadifferencetoUse

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Cases1.4and2.2.Inthefirstcase,theidentityprotectionisprovidedthroughanetwork-basedfunction.Inthesecondcase,theidentityprotectionis,asinhisusecase,providedinthedevice,buttheprotectionistargetingthelower(radio)layersoftheprotocolstack,ratherthantheservice/applicationlayer.

12.3.3.2 Preconditions• AlicehasavalidsubscriptionwiththeMNOandaSIMthathasanonymizationcapabilities• Alicehasameanstoconfigureandactivateheranonymizationpreferences(profile).

12.3.3.3 DescriptionAliceconfiguresheranonymizationprofilesuchas,forexampletheIMSIisneverdisclosedtotheapplicationsrequestingit,butreturnedinananonymizedway(e.g.,withformatpreservinganonymization).

Basicflowofevents:

1. Alicebrowsesapplicationmarketonhermobiledevice2. AliceinstallsanentertainmentapplicationthatcanreadtheIMSIandsendittoaremoteserver

togetherwithotherapprelateddata.3. Aliceactivatestheanonymizationprofileandstartstheapp.4. WhentheapplicationasksfortheIMSI,itgetsitanonymizedandsendstheanonymizedIMSItothe

remoteservertogetherwithotherapprelateddata.

12.3.3.4 Propertiesofasolution• Networkprovidesananonymizationservicethatcanbesubscribedbyusersneedingit(usersthat

haveprivacyconcernsregardingtheirdata)• NetworkofferstosubscribersaSIM(oradevice)thatimplementsanonymizationalgorithmslike

forexamplelightweightformatpreservingalgorithmsthatcanbeimplementedwithlittlecomputationalresources.

• Networkofferstosubscribersameanstoconfiguretheiranonymizationpreferences.

12.3.3.5 UsecasecategoriesEnsureEnablers Privacy,TrustNextGenerationRadioTechnologyUsecases mMTC,uMTC

12.4 5GVisionIn5G,MNOsshouldbuildanddriveinternationallycoordinatedAnti-BotNetactivitiesorprograms.AlldetectionandpreventionmethodsshouldbeembeddedintheMNOinfrastructure,sincetheMNOsdonothavecontrolsontheenduserdevicesandhowusersusetheconnecteddevices.

The5Gnetworkscanofferadditional(optional)enhancedsecurityservicestousersthatsubscribethem,especiallyusersconcernedwithsecurityandprivacyissuesarisingfrommobilemalwareandmisbehavingorunwantedapplications.Suchservicesmaydetectandnotifytotheuserbotnet-relatedactivityandprivacyviolationactivity.SIM-based(orpossiblyevendevice-based)anonymizationservicescanaswellbeprovidedtouserswhowanttobeabletocontrolandprotecttheprivacyoftheirowndata.

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13 Cluster11:LawfulInterception

13.1 IntroductionIn this cluster, we introduce the use cases that are relevant to lawful interception in a 5G context. AsdescribedinFigure17,Lawfulinterceptioninvolvesseveralactorsthatwedetailinwhatfollows.Foreveryuse case, we give one or multiple flows of events, the potential vulnerabilities that may arise and itsassociatedconsequences,thesecuritypropertiesthatasolutionshouldsatisfy,andtheusecasecategory.Attheendofthissection,wegiveanindicationofthepotentialenhancementsin5G.

Figure17:LawfulInterceptionEcosystem

13.2 ActorsAlawfulInterceptionecosystem,asdescribedinFigure1,involvesfouractors.

• LawEnforcementAgency(LEA):thisistheauthoritythatintendstocarryoutalawfulinterceptiononauser,alistofusers,aserviceoralistofservices.

• Amobilephonesubscriber(e.g.,Alice,Bob)• A5GOperator• Courtofjustice:thisistheauthoritythatdeliverstheauthorizationtoperformalawfulinterception.

LINetworkFunction

LawEnforcementAgency

5G Operator

5G Network

Alice Bob

Users’equipment

Interceptrequest

thoriza

Interceptrequest &Authorization

Activate &Instanciate

InterceptRelatedInformation

ContentofCommunication

CourtofJustice

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13.3 UseCases

13.3.1 UseCase11.1:LawfulInterceptioninaDynamic5GNetwork

13.3.1.1 Introduction5GinvolvestheemergenceofnewtechnologiessuchasSDNandNFV,andnewconceptslikeslicing.Thenetworkisevolvingfromastaticonetoaprogrammable,hencedynamic,one.AnMNOwill,therefore,havenewresponsibilities.Inadditiontomanaginghardware-basednetworkequipment’s,MNOwillhavetoensurethemanagementandsecurityofvirtualizedresources.Virtualization,in5G,bringsoutnewopportunitiesmainlyadynamicnetworktopology.Thisdynamicitywouldenhancethenetworkresourcemanagement,soastohavetheabilitytosupportdifferentserviceswithdifferentrequirements,e.g.ultra-reliableusecases,massiveIoTusecases.

Inthesecircumstances,weattempttoshowthenecessaryarrangementsinordertoensuretheLIfunctions.Inwhatfollows,forthesakeofsimplicity,weconsiderthatLEAwouldliketointerceptBob’sactivitiesinagiventelecommunicationservice.

13.3.1.2 Preconditions• LEAidentifiesthesuspectedcriminal(i.e.,Bob)tobesurveilled.• LEArequiresanauthorizationfromthecourtofjusticeinordertoperformalawfulinterceptionon

13.3.1.3 DescriptionOndemand,a5Goperatorshouldbeabletoansweranyinterceptionrequestregardlessofthetargetentity/userortargetservice[TS33.106].

Basicflowofevents:

1. LEAtransmitstheLIrequestandthegrantedauthorizationtothedesignatedserviceofthe5GoperatortoconducttheinterceptionwithregardstoBob.

2. Thedesignatedserviceof5Goperatorchecksthevalidityoftherequest.3. Depending2ontheintercepttype(i.e.,onlyInterceptRelatedInformation(IRI-only),IRIand

ContentofCommunication(CC))andtheservicetobeintercepted,the5Goperatorinstantiates/activates/initiatesaNetworkfunction(wecallit,inwhatfollows,LIfunction)thatwilldelivertotheauthoritiestherequiredinformation.

4. Attheendoftheauthorizedperiod,the5GoperatordeactivatestheLIfunction.

2Thestep3maybeinterpreteddifferentlydependingonthe5Garchitecture.Forinstance,

- Inavirtualization-basedarchitecturefor5Gnetwork,theLIfunctionshouldbeavirtualisednetworkfunction(VNF).

- Inaslice-basedarchitecturefor5Gnetwork,theLIfunctionshouldbeabletodetecttheinvolvedslice.Iftheuserissubscribedtovariousservices(i.e.,slices),theLIfunctionshouldbeacommonVNFtoallslices.

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13.3.1.4 Vulnerabilities&consequencesThemainissuesthatmayariseareresultingfromacompromised/maliciousLIfunction.Wegivefurtherdetailsabouttheseissuesinwhatfollows.

- Unauthorizeddisclosure:o AcompromisedLIfunctionmaybeactivated/initiatedwithoutbeingtriggeredbythe5G

operator.o AcompromisedLIfunctionmayprovidetoLEAinformationaboutusersthatdonotbelong

tothedeclaredlistintheauthorization.o AcompromisedLIfunctionmaydeliverinformationtoanexternalattacker.o AcompromisedLIfunctionmaycontinuedeliveringinformationevenaftertheendofthe

designatedperiodintheauthorization.

- Disruption:o AcompromisedLIfunctionmayimpactthequalityagivenservice.

- Deception:

o AcompromisedLIfunctionmaydelivertoLEAfakeinformation(e.g.,servicestowhichtheuserissubscribed(slices))aboutthesuspecteduser.

13.3.1.5 PropertiesofasolutionInthissection,wedescribethepropertiesthataLIimplementationshouldsatisfyandsomepossiblewaystodoso.Thosechoicesmayvarybasedontheadopted5Gnetworkarchitecture.

• Transparencyo The LI function,whenactivated, shouldnot bedetectable.Any thirdparty (e.g., through

observation)oruser (e.g., throughqualityofservice)shouldnotnoticeanychangewhenthisfunctionisactivated.

• Confidentialityo Onlyconcernedentities(i.e.,the5GoperatorLIserviceandLEA)haveaccesstothelistof

thewiretapped.àThe5GoperatormustbeabletoanswertheLIrequestwithoutrequiringanythirdpartyevenwhentheuserissubscribedtoservicesthatarenotofferedbytheNetworkoperator,butaredeliveredbythe5Gnetwork.àThispropertyimpactstwoaspects:theLIfunction“location”withinthenetworkanditsbehaviour.RegardingtheLIfunctionlocation,twocandidatesolutionsarise:aLIfunctionperservice(hence,withinaslice)oracommonLIfunction.Thefirstcandidatesolutionmayviolatethefirstandsecondproperties(i.e.,transparencyandconfidentiality)ifthe5Goperatorwillhavetoasktheserviceprovider(i.e.,sliceowner)toactivatetheLIfunction.Now,ifweconsiderthatthe5Goperatorwillnotmakeanyrequesttothesliceowner,thismayquestiontheintegrityoftheservice/slice.Thisiswhy,wepromotethesecondcandidatesolution(i.e.,acommonLIfunctionforalltheslices).Ofcourse,acommonLImustbeimplementedinawaytostillensureitdoesnotprovideunauthorizedinformationleakagebetweenslices.

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RegardingtheLIfunctionbehaviour,themaintwopointsaretoauthenticatetheincomingrequestsfromthe5Goperator,andthetargetauthority(i.e.,LEA)beforedeliveringanyinformation.

• Dependability&reliability

Inahighlydynamicnetworkincludingmultipleslicesandafloatingtopology,contraryto3/4G,assuringtrustworthinessofthedeliveredinformation.

o The5Goperatorshouldbeabletoprovidehighassurancethatthewiretappeduser/entityisindeedtherequiredone.

o The5Goperatorshouldbeabletoprovidehighassuranceonthevalidityofthecollectedinformation.

o The5Goperatormustensurethatonlythoseundersurveillancearewiretapped,e.g.,AuthoritiescannotusetheLIfunctiontowiretapusers/entitiesnotonthelist.

o Incaseofanend-to-endencryptionmanagedbythenetwork,the5Goperatorshouldbeabledeliverplaindataortheencrypteddataalongwiththedecryptionkey.àContraryto3/4G,thispropertyimpliestheprotectionoftransmittedinformationintermsofintegrity,confidentialityandassuranceaboutthesourceofinformation.Cryptographicmechanismmaybeusedinsuchcases,e.g.,ciphering,signature.

• Securityo Onlythe5GoperatorshouldbeabletoactivatetheLIfunction.Thiswouldprevent

fraudulentinterceptions.àThispropertywillalsoimpactthechoiceoftheLIfunctionlocationwithinthenetwork.

TheLIrequirementsshouldbepartofallthe5Genablersandusecases.Indeed,any5Gusecasemaybeconsideredasaservicewherethetargetuserorentityissubscribed.

EnsureEnablers Privacy,NetworkManagement&VirtualizationIsolation,SecurityMonitoring,AAA,Trust

13.3.2 UseCase11.2:End-to-endEncryptioninLI-awarenetwork

13.3.2.1 Introduction5Gshouldpushforwardastrictprivacyforusers.Anend-to-end(device-to-device)encryptionistheonlysolutiontoensurethisrequirement,especiallywhenthecommunicationsaretoorfromdifferentnetworks,areasorcountrieswithunknownsecuritylevelorunacceptableone.ThemaingoalistoofferstrongerprotectionofuserdataanduserrelatedinformationwhilebeingabletosecurelyansweranyLIrequest.

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Thisusecasedescribeshowa5Goperatorcanpreventeavesdroppingattacksonallpossiblepathstheuserdatatrafficfollowsthroughthemobilenetwork.Thisisbyaugmentingidentitymanagementwithadditionalcryptographickeys.

13.3.2.2 Preconditions• AliceandBobsubscribetoanadd-onend-to-endprotectionservicesupportedbythe5Goperator.• Thereisakeymanagementandkeyescrowserverinthe5Gnetwork.

13.3.2.3 DescriptionAliceneedstocommunicateinanencryptedmannerwithBob.ShewantshercallorSMS/MMStobeencryptedbutshedoesneithershareasecretkeywithBobnoranapplicationtoencryptthecommunication.Aliceusestheencryptionserviceprovidedbythe5GOperator,asshowninFigure18.

Basicflowofevents:

1. Aliceisconnectedtothe5Gnetworkandhasbeenauthenticated.2. AlicewantstocallBob.Alice’sdeviceusesthekeymanagementserviceandnegotiatesasession

keywithBob’sdevicetobeusedforcallencryption.3. AlicecallsBobwithencryptionturnedon.4. LEAwantstointerceptAlice’scalls.LEAasksthe5Goperatortoprovideaccesstotheintercepted

communications.5. 5Goperatorasprovideroftheencryptionserviceactsasanescrowagent.Thesessionkeyis

retrievedorreconstructedandusedbyLEAtodecryptthesessionkeyandconsequentlyAlicecommunication.

13.3.2.4 Vulnerabilities&consequencesThemainpotentialflawsofanend-to-endencryptionserviceistoprovideLEA(oranyotherkeyescrowagents,e.g.,5Goperator)fullcontrolofthedecryptionkeysortosomehowenableabackdoorwhichmightbeusedforundetectablemasssurveillance[Murdoch2016].Insuchacase,LEAoranyentityincontrolofthebackdoormaygetinformationexchangedoutofthedesignatedperiodintheauthorizationand/oraboutusersnotinthelist(Unauthorizeddisclosure).

13.3.2.5 Propertiesofasolution&candidatesolutionsInthissection,wedescribethepropertiesthatanend-to-endencryptionserviceshouldsatisfyandsomepossiblewaystodoso.Themainideaistoencryptsessionkeysusingamasterkey.Tothisend,wecanuseathreshold(k,n)secretsharingscheme.Insuchacase,lessthankagents(e.g.,LEA,5Goperator,etc.)cannotgetanyinformationaboutthemasterkeyandanyk(possiblysmallerthann)ormoreagentscanrecoverthemasterkey.Inwhatfollow,wegivefurtherdetails.

• On-demandserviceo Theserviceshouldbeturnedonandoffbythesubscribers.

• Backwardsecrecyo LEAmustnothaveaccesstoexchangedinformationbeforethedesignatedperiodinthe

authorization.• Forwardsecrecy

o LEAmustnothaveaccesstoexchangedinformationafterthedesignatedperiodintheauthorization.

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6715625G-ENSURE 74

• Securityo Theend-to-endencryptionservicemaybeapplicableonIPorhigherlayerindependently

bythetypeofUEusinganapplicationwhichisinstalledaspartoftheservice.o Theencryptionkeymaybepartofanescrowsystemprovidedbythe5Goperatorto

enablesecurecommunicationandatthesametimeenablelawfulinterception.

Figure18:Theoperatorasatrustedproviderofanend-to-endencryptionservice

EnsureEnablers AAA,Privacy,Trust

13.4 5GVision5GshouldbeabletoansweranyLIrequestinasecureway(i.e.,withoutcompromisingtheprivacyofanyofthenetworkusers).Moreover,informationdelivered,incaseofaLI,mustbeprovablytrustworthy.

5Gshouldbeabletosupportend-to-endencryptionforconfidentialdevice-to-devicecommunications(e.g.,callsandSMS/MMScommunications),inconjunctionwithkeyescrowforreasonsoflawfulintercept.

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14 Summary:UseCaseClustersThisdocumentpresents31usecasesgroupedinto11clustersillustratingtheenhancedscopeofsecurityandprivacyin5Gnetworksandsystems.

Clusters1-4focusonIdentities,Authentication,AuthorizationandPrivacy:

5GshouldprovideavarietyofidentitymanagementserviceswhichexpandsthecapabilitiesofdevicesandnetworksbeyondthelegacyDevicetoRadioAccessNetworkservice.Forexample,newsubscribersormachinesshouldbeabletoenrolin5Gnetworks,usingpre-existingidentitymanagementschemes;orbeabletosupportidentityschemesenablingdevicestoroambetweenterrestrialandsatellitenetworks.

AnMNOshouldbeabletoofferadditionalidentitymanagementservicessuchastrustedassertionsusedbythirdpartyproviders,andkeymanagementenablingcommunicationtobeauthenticatedandencryptedend-to-end.5GshouldalsobeabletoserveInternet-of-Thingsdevicesbehindagatewayandsupportauthorizationofdevice-to-deviceoperationsatapplicationlayeroratnetworklayer.

Duetothepervasivenatureof5Gitisessentialthatusershavecontrolovertheprivacyoftheirdeviceidentifiersbyprovidingpropertieslikeconfidentialitytosubscriberanddeviceidentities,untrackabilityoftheuserlocation,perfectforwardsecrecyforencryptedcommunicationsandunlinkabilitybetweentheusersubscriptioninformationandthedeviceidentity.

Cluster5focusesonSoftwareDefinedNetworks,VirtualizationandMonitoring:

5GnetworksshouldprovidedifferentvirtualizedCoreNetwork(slices)fordifferenttypesofsubscribersincludingdifferentDevicetypes,suchasmMTCorxMBB,butalsocustomerspecificslicessuchaseHealth.Networkslicesmaybeabletoprovidedifferentservices,andshareacommonradionetwork.Isolationofnetworkslicesisessential.Virtualizationismostlikelytobetransparenttomany5Gnodesandalsotodevicesandsubscribers,butsome5Gnodecomponentsshouldbeabletoactivelymodifythestructureandbehaviourofthecorenetwork.

Virtualizationbringnewtypesofrolesandactorsintothepicturesuchasthe5GNodeProvider,theVirtualizationInfrastructureProvider,andtheVirtualMobileNetworkOperator,whichrequireadequatetrustrelationstobeestablishedandenforced.Thisalsomeansthatnewtypesofmonitoringandassuranceinterfacesareneededifallthenewrolesaretakenbyseparateactors.Actorsthatareoperatingontopofvirtualizedplatformshouldbeabletomonitor,verifyandcontrolwhatishappeninginthevirtualizednetworkaswellasinthevirtualizationinfrastructure.

Clusters6-10focusonAvailability,ReliabilityandIntegrity:

5Gshouldproviderobustnetworkserviceswithconsiderableavailabilityguarantees,inparticularrobustnessagainstoverloadanddenialofserviceattacksoftheradiointerface.Alsoinhighloadsituationsshouldprioritizeddevicesshouldgetprioritytoattachandalreadyattacheddeviceslosingsynchronizationshouldbeabletoregainaccess.Userplanedatashouldbeintegrityprotectedenablingtrustworthyservicestobebuiltontop,suchthatillegitimateandlowpriorityrequestsshouldberejectedatanearlystage.Threatsofcyber-attacksdirectlytargeting5Gaccessnetworksneedstobedealtwithinthe5Gdesign.

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In5Gnetworksthereshouldbeincreasedassurancethatthetrafficisindeedoriginatingfromalegitimateentityandisboundtoalegitimateentity.MNOsshouldnotbeforcedtoresorttoimplicitsecurityassumptionsaboutthesecurityofthecorenetworkofinteractingpartners.

5Gnetworkshouldbemorereliableintermsofhavingdynamic,alternativeroutesfromtheradionetworkintothecorenetwork(suchassatelliteconnection).Newcommercialpossibilitiesonstand-aloneradionetworks,andstand-alonecorenetworksarealsoenvisioned.

5Gshouldprovidemeansforcoordinatedbotnetmitigationschemeswithpreventionanddetectionembeddedinthenetworkinfrastructure,leveragingestablishedandaddingnewtechniquesforrestrictingtraffic.

5Gnetworksshouldoffersubscribersadditional(optional)enhancedsecurityservicesforanonymizationcapabilitiesaswellasaddressingsecurityandprivacyissuesarisingfrommobilemalwareandmisbehavingapplications.

Cluster11focusesonLawfulInterception:

A5GsystemshouldbeabletoansweranyLawfulIntercept(LI)requestinasecurewaywithoutcompromisingtheprivacyofnetworkusers,andtheinformationprovidedbytheLIfunctionmustbeprovablytrustworthyandsecurelydelivered.ForthisreasonthereisaneedforacommonLIfunctionforservicesdeliveredviathe5Gnetworkwhichauthenticatesandauthorizestheincomingrequestsandtargetlawenforcementauthority.Theoperatorscanprovidetrustedkeyescrowserviceswithinthisframework.

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15 ConclusionsTheusecasespresentedinthisdocumentillustratetheneedforenhancedsecurityandprivacyinfifthgenerationmobilenetworks.

Theusecasesexhibitawiderangeofsecurityconcernsincludinguserprivacy,identitymanagement,authentication,authorization,keyestablishmentforIoT,airinterfaceprotection,botnetmitigation,isolationofcorenetworkfunctionality,securevirtualizationandverificationofvirtualizednodeandplatform,securitymonitoringandcontrol,andlawfulinterception.

Theusecasesaddresssecurityenhancementsofcurrentnetworksaswellassecurityfunctionalityofnew5Gfeaturesinabalancedmix.Justtohighlightafewtake-aways:

• 5Gencompassesavarietyofradioaccesssystemsexpandingthecapabilitiesofmobiledevicesandnetworks.Toallowextendedofferingsintermsofaccessorotherservicesthereisaneedtosupportalternativeauthenticationschemesandassociatedidentitymanagement,whilenotcompromisingthehighsecurityoflegacyauthenticationandidentitymanagement.

• Theincreasedemphasisofuserprivacy,includingunlinkabilitybetweensubscriberinformationanddeviceidentifiersanduntrackabiltyofuser’slocation,needstobemetbynewprotectionschemes.

• 5GnetworksshouldprovidevariouskindsofvirtualizedCoreNetworkfunctions(slices)fordifferenttypesofsubscribersorcorporationswhichneedtotallydifferentisolationproperties.Virtualizationbringnewtypesofrolesandactorsandnewtypesofmonitoringandassuranceinterfacesaswellastheneedtoverifyandcontroltheactionsandentitiescorrespondingtothevariousactors.

• Theincreasingtrendofconnectingimportantfunctionsinsocietyandcorporationsthroughmobilenetworktechnologyleadstoanincreaseddemandforrobustnessandreliabilityinoverloadanddenialofservicesituations.Thebalancebetweenlawenforcementandprivacyrevealedbythedevelopmentsinthesocietyduringthelastyearscallsforenhancedschemesforseparatingtheconcernsoftheinvolvedparties.

Mostofthesesecurityandprivacyenhancementsrequiresbeingbuilt-inintotheradioaccessandcorenetworksandcannotbeaddedasanafterthought.Thecontinuedanalysisonsecurityenablersandsecurityarchitecturewithin5G-ENSUREwillassessmoreintodetailstherelevanceoftheseusecasesandtheirimpactonthe5Gsystem.However,itisalreadyclearthatsecurityandprivacyconsiderationssuchasthosemadeinthisdocumentneedtoenterthedevelopmentof5Gstandardsatanearlystagetohavetherequiredimpactonthesecurityandprivacycharacteristicsofnextgenerationmobilenetworks.

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References

[Chengzhe2013]L.Chengzhe,L.Hui,L.Rongxing,andS.Xuemin,“SE-AKA:AsecureandefficientgroupauthenticationandkeyagreementprotocolforLTEnetworks,”ComputerNetworks,vol.57,pp.3492-3510,2013.

[EAP-AKA]J.ArkkoandH.Haverinen,ExtensibleAuthenticationProtocolMethodfor3rdGeneration,AuthenticationandKeyAgreement(EAP-AKA)”,IETFRFC4187,2006.

[FooKune2012]N.H.FooKune,JohnKoelndorferandY.Kim,“Locationleaksonthegsmairinterface,”in19thNetworkandDistributedSystemSecuritySymposium,2012.

[METIS2015]”DeliverableD6.6,FinalreportontheMETIS5Gsystemconceptandtechnologyroadmap”,ICT-317669-METIS/D6.6,2015.

[Murdoch2016]S.Murdoch,“Insecurebydesign:protocolsforencryptedphonecalls“,Bentham’sGaze,2016.https://www.benthamsgaze.org/2016/01/19/insecure-by-design-protocols-for-encrypted-phone-calls/

[Nohl2014]K.Nohl“MobileSelf-Defense”,ChaosCommunicationCongress,2014.

[Paladi2015]N.Paladi,“TowardssecureSDNpolicymanagement.In:1stInternationalWorkshoponCloudSecurityandDataPrivacybyDesign”,7-10December2015,Limassol,Cyprus.[Razaghpanah2015]A.Razaghpanah,N.Vallina-Rodriguez,S.Sundaresan,C.Kreibich,P.Gill,M.Allman,V.Paxson“Haystack:InSituMobileTrafficAnalysisinUserSpace”,2015.http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01419

[Ren2015]J.Ren,A.Rao,M.Lindorfer,A.Legout,D.Choffnes“ReCon:RevealingandControllingPrivacyLeaksinMobileNetworkTraffic”,2015.http://recon.meddle.mobi/papers/recon-sep.pdf

[RFC4949]R.Shirey,“InternetSecurityGlossary,Version2”,IETFRFC4949,2007.https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4949

[RFC7228]C.Bormann,M.Ersue,A.Keränen,“TerminologyforConstrained-NodeNetworks”,IETFRFC7228,2014.https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7228

[RFC7744]L.Seitz,S.Gerdes,G.Selander,M.Mani,S.Kumar“UseCasesforAuthenticationandAuthorizationinConstrainedEnvironments”.IETFRFC7744,2016.https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7744

[SchahillBegley2015]J.Schahill,J.Begley,”TheGreatSIMHeist---HowSpiesStoletheKeystotheEncryptionCastle”,TheIntercept,Feb2015.https://theintercept.com/2015/02/19/great-sim-heist/

[Shaik2015]A.Shaik,R.Borgaonkar,N.Asokan,V.Niemi,andJ-P.Seifert,“Practicalattacksagainstprivacyandavailabilityin4G/LTEmobilecommunicationsystems”,October2015.http://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.07563v1.pdf

[Smith2015]K.Smith,“Networkmanagementofencryptedtraffic”,IETFInternetDraftdraft-smith-encrypted-traffic-management-04,Nov2015.

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[TR22.891]3GPPTR22.891“FeasibilityStudyonNewServicesandMarketsTechnologyEnablers;Stage1”,Sections5.20,5.22,5.72

[TS22.368]3GPPTS22.368“ServicerequirementsforMachine-TypeCommunications(MTC);Stage1”

[TS33.106]3GPPTS33.106“3Gsecurity;Lawfulinterceptionrequirements”

[TS33.220]3GPPTS33.220“GenericAuthenticationArchitecture(GAA);GenericBootstrappingArchitecture(GBA)”

[TS33.401]3GPPTS33.401“3GPPSystemArchitectureEvolution(SAE);Securityarchitecture”

[Vallina-Rodriguez2015]N.Vallina-Rodriguez,S.Sundaresan,C.Kreibich,V.Paxson“HeaderEnrichmentorISPEnrichment?EmergingPrivacyThreatsinMobileNetworks”,HotMiddlebox’15,2015.

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