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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • Organism’s genetic blueprint
• Resides in the nucleus of almost all body cells • Does NOT leave the nucleus • Can replicate itself! • Instructs protein synthesis
Structure of DNA • Macromolecule • Composed of repeating
units called NUCLEOTIDES • Polynucleotides
• Sugar-phosphate backbone
What’s in a Nucleotide? • A single deoxyribose sugar
• A 5-Carbon monosaccharide (pentose sugar)
• Phosphate group • 1 of 4 nitrogenous-containing bases
• Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)
The Bases • Recall: 4 different bases in
DNA • A, T, C, G
• Complimentary Base Pairing • AT and GC sit next to each
other as a “rung” in the DNA double helix
Functions of DNA • Stores genetic code in nuclei of cells • The nucleus of a cell is ~6µm • Nucleus contains ~1.8 m of DNA and in orde to
fit into nucleus, the DNA must CONDENSE into chromosomes!
• Replicates itself to make an EXACT copy of itself when the cell divides
• provides a code/template for the particular sequencing of AA that bond together to form a protein
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Three Types:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Like DNA, RNA is a polynucleotide but is somewhat
different: • Single stranded (no double helix) • Contains RIBOSE sugar • Leaves the nucleus to perform function • Base pairing: Adenine - URACIL (replaces Thymine)
Deoxyribose vs Ribose Sugars
• Note the absence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group on the 2’
carbon in the deoxyribose sugar in DNA
Functions of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Produced from DNA by TRANSCRIPTION • Contains bases complimentary to DNA
(remember: U replaces T in RNA) • Carries DNA’s message out of nucleus to
ribosomes in cytoplam Q: What is the function of ribsomes?
Functions of RNA
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Produced in nucleus and transported to
cytoplasm • Combine with proteins to form ribosomes
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Delivers individual AA’s to ribosomes during
protein synthesis • Translates mRNA into AA sequence
DNA Replication - Why? n DNA Replication MUST occur in Eukaryotic cells
before Mitosis or Meiosis occurs. § A cell will continue to grow its entire life and it must divide
otherwise it becomes too large in VOLUME. There will not be enough SA to allow for adequate exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes.
Note: You may wish to review mitosis and meiosis to review what phases of the cell cycle replication occurs.
DNA Replication - simplified!
1. DNA unzips 2. RNA primase binds 3. Complementary base pairing (H-bonds) 4. Forms 2 sets of DNA double helices (semi-
conservative relication) - Replication is complete
1. DNA Unzips
n DNA helicase, an enzyme, targets sections of Parent DNA (areas with many A-T bonds)
n Helicase breaks H-bonds n DNA unzips and unwinds to expose 2
complimentary (template) strands n Initiation point where splitting occurs = “origin
of replication” – forms “replication fork”
2. RNA Primase Binds
n RNA primase binds initiation point of the 3’-5’ parent chain
n RNA primase attracts DNA nucleotides which bind to DNA nucleotides
3. Complementary Base Pairing
n Strands with exposed bases are no longer paired n Free floating nucleotides in nucleus pair with
exposed bases § A-T ; G-C (complementary base pairing)
n DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together forming a new sugar-phosphate backbone
n replication can only proceed from a 3’ to the
5’direction of the original molecule or the 5’ to 3’ direction of the new molecule
The other strand is running in the wrong direction ∴ the new nucleotides are linked into small segments called "Okazaki' fragments and inserted in the correct direction - joined by an enzyme called LIGASE.
4. Termination
n After nucleotides attach to unzipped DNA strand, DNA ligase seals remaining breaks in backbone structure.
n DNA polymerase proofreads new strand.
n If errors occur, nucleases remove wrong nucleotides
n DNA polymerase corrects mismatched base pairs
– If not corrected, a MUTATION can result
Replication COMPLETE! n Two DNA double helices have been created
n Each helix contains one strand from the original helix and one new = SEMICONSERVATIVE
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