4. painting (second edition)
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GOOD INDUSTRY PRACTICES
Copyright @ 2004 Building and Construction Authority, Singapore. All rights reserved. This document or any part thereof may not be
reproduced for any reason whatsoever in any form or means whatsoever and howsoever without the prior written consent and approval of
the Building and Construction Authority.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, the Building and Construction
Authority, its employees or agents shall not be responsible for any mistake or inaccuracy that may be contained herein and all such liability
and responsibility are expressly disclaimed by these said parties.
The publication includes advertisements of suppliers who have, in one way or another, contributed in the development of this publication.
The Building and Construction Authority does not endorse the products included in the advertisements. It is the responsibility of the users
to select appropriate products and ensure the selected products meet their specific requirements.
ISBN: 981-05-1531-6
Foreword
The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has been promoting the use of Construction
Quality Assessment System or CONQUAS 21 as the de facto national yardstick for measuring
the workmanship quality of building projects. To meet the rising expectation of the
homeowners, the Quality Mark (QM) Scheme was launched in July 2002 to promote a
higher consistency in workmanship standards for residential developments.
This “Good Industry Practices – Painting” is part of the CONQUAS 21 Enhancement Series
on Good Industry Practices. The purpose of the guide is to share with the industry the
good painting practices adopted by practitioners and to raise awareness of the different
paint systems, the selection criteria and application processes. It provides simple and
practical suggestions on how good quality painting can be achieved on site. Common
defects associated with paints, their causes and preventive measures are also highlighted
in this guide.
In this second edition, the guide has been revised to include more good practices,
photographs and graphical presentations for easier reference and better illustration.
It should, however, be pointed out that this guide is not meant to dictate how painting
work must be carried out. It only serves to illustrate some of the good practices that
designers and applicators have adopted in selecting and applying paints. We gratefully
acknowledge the contributions of these practitioners and trust that the industry will find
this publication useful in its pursuit of quality excellence.
Lam Siew Wah
Deputy Chief Executive Officer
Industry Development
Building and Construction Authority
Acknowledgement
“Good Industry Practices – Painting” was first published in 2001. A Technical Committee
for Good Industry Practices for Painting was then formed to review and endorse on the
good practices identified.
We wish to again thank the members of the Technical Committee for their valuable
contributions.
Technical Committee for Good Industry Practices – Painting
Chairman : Mr Allen Ang Aik Leng BCA
Secretary : Ms Jessica Lim Sok Wei BCA
Members : Mr Yee Kee Kong REDAS
Mr Chan Kok Way SIA
Mr Simon Lee SCAL
Ms Lynn M Lee Nippon Paint (S) Co Pte Ltd
Ms Koh Sock Sang ICI Paints (S) Pte Ltd
Mr Matthias Chia I.R.E Corporation Pte Ltd
Ms Doris Tan SKK (S) Pte Ltd
Dr Lim Chooi Seng PSB
A/Prof. Michael Chew Yit Lin NUS
For this edition, we would like to thank the following organisations and individuals for
their supports and contributions in the review of this guide.
Real Estate Developers’ Association of Singapore (REDAS)
Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA)
The Singapore Contractors Association Ltd (SCAL)
Housing & Development Board (HDB)
Woh Hup (Pte) Ltd
Ando Corporation (Singapore Branch)
Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd
Shimizu Corporation (Singapore Office)
Look Architects
Nippon Paint (S) Co Pte Ltd
ICI Paints (S) Pte Ltd
SKK (S) Pte Ltd
STO SEA Pte Ltd
Cristin Farbwerkzeuge (Far East) Pte Ltd
Mr Lee Ho Mein
Mr Larry H.Brual
Mr Yan Naing Soe
Mr Khoo Boo Seong
Mr Alan Ng
Mr Look Boon Gee
Ms Lynn M Lee
Mr Vincent Chia
Ms Koh Sock Sang
Ms Doris Tan
Ms Audra Lee
Mr Lawrence T P Goh
Tan Tian Chong
Director
Technology Development Division
1. Introduction 11.1 Functions of Paint 11.2 Paint Systems and Components 21.3 Classification of Paint 31.4 Properties of Paint 3
2. Material Selection 42.1 Selection of Paint System 4
3. Delivery and Storage 163.1 Delivery 163.2 Storage of Paints 163.3 Storage and Maintenance of Application Tools 16
4. Preparatory Work 174.1 Planning 174.2 Surface Preparation 174.3 Paint Preparation 214.4 Protection Works Before Paint Application 224.5 Safety 24
5. Application 255.1 Guidelines to Good Paint Application 255.2 Application Tools 265.3 Application Methods 275.4 Protection Works After Application 295.5 Inspection of Completed Works 29
6. Common Defects 30
Appendix 39APPENDIX A : Examples of Paints Classified by Resin & 39
some of their General PropertiesAPPENDIX B : Categories of Environment According to 40
their Corrosive NatureAPPENDIX C : Laboratory Tests on Paint System 42APPENDIX D : Sample of Inspection and Test Plan 43APPENDIX E : Sample Checklist for In-process Inspection on 45
Painting WorksAPPENDIX F : Sample Checklist for Final Inspection on 48
Painting Works
References 49
Contents
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1. Introduction
1
Functions of Paint
1.1 FUNCTIONS OF PAINT
Paint is a fluid that dries to form a continuous solid film when spread over a surface or substrate. Depending
on its type and properties, paint can perform one or more of the following functions:
Descriptions
• Paint can be used as a coating to decorate a surfaceor substrate. It has a wide variety of colour, texture,finishes and gross level.
a) Decorative
Decorative paint for aesthetic purpose
• Paint can be designed to protect the surface orsubstrate against ultra-violet rays, humidity,chemicals, corrosion, algae, abrasion etc.
b) Protective
Protective paint for fuel tanks
• Paint can also be formulated for specific uses suchas luminous paint that glow in the dark foremergency signage, anti-condensation paintto provide an insulating layer to minimisecondensation, fire retardant paint to enhance thefire resistance of combustible surfaces such assoftboard or hardboard.
• For application of special paints, refer tomanufacturer’s recommendations.
c) Special Purposes
Luminous paint for emergency signage
Table 1.1: Functions of Paint
FIREEXTINGUISHER
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1.2 PAINT SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
A paint system is basically composed of primer/sealer,undercoat and topcoat as shown in Figure 1.1.Depending on the design requirement, texture coatingmay be provided. Due to volume constraint, thisguidebook will focus on paints that are commonlyused in the local market. The functions of each systemcomponent are illustrated in Table 1.2 below.
Primer or Sealer
Texture (Optional)
Undercoat
Topcoat
Figure 1.1: Typical paint system
System Component
Primer
Function
– To improve adhesion– To protect metal against corrosion– To reduce porosity of receiving
substrate so as to prevent undueabsorption of resin from subsequentcoats of paints
Remarks
– Primer should be used to reducethe porosity of the surface and toprovide adequate moisture resistantcapability
– Etching Primer should be usedas pre-treatment on non-ferroussurfaces such as galvanised metals,aluminium to ensure good adhesion
Sealer – To resist alkali attack from cementbased materials
– To improve adhesion– To seal problematic surfaces, e.g.
resinous wood– To stabilise loose surface particles– To reduce porosity of receiving
substrate so as to prevent undueabsorption of resin from subsequentcoats of paints
– Sealers are applied to preventmigration of substances from thesubstrate into later coats and shouldbe used to reduce the porosity ofthe surface and to provide adequatemoisture resistant capability
Texture (Optional) – To give a distinct 3-dimensionalappearance.
– If applied, this is introduced as thesecond coat after application ofsealer/primer. Commonly appliedby spray or roller
– Textures are available in multiplecolours to simulate the look ofgranite, tiles, and wallpaper
– Mock-ups are important tounderstand the appearance of theproduct
Undercoat – To impart opacity and film build– To level out minor irregularities and
provide uniform texture– To improve inter-coating adhesion
– Choice of undercoat should becompatible with the primer/sealerand the finishing coats
Topcoat – To provide the required functionsof paint as discussed in Section 1.1
– This is the finishing coat of a paintsystem which gives the finalappearance in term of colour, glossor sheen to the substrate.
Table 1.2: Functions of the Various Components of a Paint System
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Classification by Type of Paints
Baking or Air-dry
Water-based or Solvent-based
Primer, Sealer, Undercoat or Finishing Coat
Epoxy, Alkyd, Acrylic, Polyurethane, etc
Architectural Coating, Heavy Duty Coating, Marine orIndustrial Coating
Curing Mechanism
Solvent for the Paint
Function of System Component
Resin component
Market Segment
Table 1.3: Classification of Paint
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT
With technological advancements, the traditionalclassification of paints into either enamel or emulsionhas become misleading. Today, the industry has enamelpaints that can be diluted with water and emulsionpaints that have smooth, glossy finishes. Hence, itbecomes essential to identify paint by its resincomponents to minimise confusion.
Appendix A shows some examples of paints classifiedby their resin components and properties. In general,“enamel” refers to solvent-based Alkyd resin which isgenerally used for wood and metal surfaces.
Apart from classifying paints by their resin components,paints may also be classified in accordance with theircuring mechanism, solvent used, function and marketsegment as shown in Table 1.3.
1.4 PROPERTIES OF PAINT
The properties of paint determine the general quality of the coating and its workability, ease of application andresistance characteristics. Table 1.4 shows some basic properties of paints.
Properties Examples
Gloss/ Matt/ Semi-gloss
By Brush, Roller or Sprayer
Fast dry/ Slow dry
Adhesion to substrates/ Existing coating/ Intercoating
Hardness/ Flexibility
Ultra-violet/ Chemical/ Abrasion/ Fungus/ Algae
Gloss retention/ Colour / Ultra-violet
Settling tendency/ Viscosity stability
Appearance
Application Method
Drying Time
Adhesion
Mechanical Characteristics
Resistance
Outdoor Durability
Storage Stability
Table 1.4: Essential Properties of Paint
To rectify the root cause(s)
• Install waterproofing, provide proper drainage of condensed water from air-conditioners, reducethe density of foliage to reduce the occurrence of algae, etc.
• Refer to Section 6 for the recommended remedy
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Figure 2.1: Selection of Paint System
FOR COATED SURFACE
2. Material Selection
2.1 SELECTION OF PAINT SYSTEM
Different types and grades of paint systems have varying application and performance properties. Figure 2.1summarises the key considerations in determining the existing condition of coated surface as well as in selectingthe appropriate paint system.
To determine the root cause(s) of defects
• Sources of moisture, use of incorrect paint system, presence of alkaline, too porous substrate ,improper design of building and its facade etc.
To ascertain the presence of defects and problems
• Presence of seepage, peeling, discoloration, algae growth, etc.
• Refer to Section 6 for the types of defects.
FOR UNCOATED SURFACEFOR UNCOATED SURFACE
Basic Selection Criteria
• The common types of substrates are concrete/ cement based, timber and metalsurfaces. Different substrates require different types of primer/sealer. For example,external concrete wall surface will require the use of alkali resisting sealer whilstferrous metal surface will require corrosion inhibitive primer.
• Conditions refer to the substrate’s profile, porosity, and existing conditions etc.• Refer to Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 for details.
Type of Substrate andits Conditions
• Internal or external.• Identify types of adverse elements that the paint system will be subjected to.• Refer to Appendix B for detail classification.
Type of Environment
• Colour, texture and gloss level• Colour retention properties
Expected Appearance
• Durability period, weather resistance, algal resistance, UV resistance, alkali resistance,scrub resistances, chemical resistance, waterproofing characteristic, etc.
Expected Performance
• Balance and reconcile a realistic budget with the expectations.Budget
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Column Headings Explanatory Notes
Receiving surfaces are categorised according to the type of base substance of thesubstrate, i.e. concrete/cement plaster, timber or metal.
The surfaces have been further categorised into internal (sheltered) or externalenvironmental exposures.
Surface
In general, the various paint components used (that is the primer, sealer, intermediate coat and topcoat) shouldbe compatible. Tables 2.1 to 2.3 provide useful information on the various common paint systems available fordifferent surfaces and purposes. The following explanatory notes are for the use of Table 2.1 to 2.3.
Description is based on the required gloss level or texture.Finishes
A 4-point grading scale is used to highlight strengths and weaknesses of the keyproperties of the system.
Comparison of Properties
Description is based on the resin of topcoat.Paint Type
Description is based on the types of sealer/primer, undercoat and topcoat to be used.Numbers of coat to be applied are also indicated.
Typical Paint System
Brief description on the general applications.Remarks
material selection
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INTERNAL
Cement plasteredwalls and concreterelated surfaces,brickwork, plasterboards, gypsumboards, ceilingpanels
Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Anti-Algaeand
Fungus
AlkalineResistance
ChemicalResistance
MattM1 A ACRYLICCOPOLYMEREMULSION
C C C C Alkali resistingsealer
Acrylic emulsionSS150 (Type 2)
1
2
Quality matt emulsion.Lasting for most internal walls.
SheenM2 A VEOVA(MODIFIEDACRYLIC)EMULSION
B B C C Alkali resistingsealer
"Vinyl Silk"emulsion
1
2
Luxurious sheen emulsion thatgives a smooth and silkyappearance. Premium gradefor interior decor commonlysold as Vinyl Silk emulsion.
Low SheenM3 A ACRYLICEMULSION
A B B B Alkali resistingsealer
Acrylic emulsion
1
2
Premium grade with superbwashable surface properties
Low Gloss/
Gloss
M4 C EPOXYA A A A Epoxy sealer
Epoxy topcoat
1
2
Excellent chemical resistanceand very good hardness &abrasion resistance. Resistdefect by moisture.
Used in food, chemical orheavy duty environment.
EXTERNAL
MattM5 A ACRYLICEMULSION
C C B C Alkali resistingsealer
Acrylic emulsionSS150 (Type 1)
1
2
Good weathering and alkaliresistance.
As above and allfloor excludinggypsum types
Cement plasteredwalls and concreterelated surfaces,brickwork, mineralplasters
material selection7
EXTERNAL (cont’d)
Cement plasteredwalls and concreterelated surfaces,brickwork, mineralplasters
Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Anti-Algaeand
Fungus
AlkalineResistance
ChemicalResistance
Semi-GlossM6 B SOLVENT-BASEDACRYLIC
B B B B Alkali resistingsolvent-based sealer
Acrylic solvent-basedtopcoat
1
2
Excellent thermoplasticcoatings for fungus/algaeprone surfaces.
Excellent adhesion and gooddurability to weather.
Low SheenM7 A HIGHPERFOR-MANCEACRYLICEMULSION
B A A B Alkali resistingsealer
High performanceacrylic emulsionSS 345
1
2
High quality Acrylic emulsionwith anti algae/fungiproperties
GlossM8 C 2-PACKPOLYURE-THANE
A A A A Epoxy primer
Polyurethanetopcoat
1
2
Excellent weather, chemicaland abrasion resistance two-components paint system
SheenM9 A TEXTURECOATINGWATER-BASEDACRYLICTOPCOAT
B B A B Alkali resistingsealer
Texture base coat
High performanceacrylic emulsionSS345
1
1
2
Textured acrylic-based,decorative finish withalgistatic, fungistatic & anti-carbonation properties
Gloss/Semi-Gloss
M10 B TEXTURECOATINGSOLVENT-BASEDACRYLICTOPCOAT
B B A B Alkali resistingsolvent-based sealer
Texture base coat
Acrylic solvent-basedfinishing coat
1
1
2
Textured acrylic solvent-basedcoating with excellentadhesion
material selection
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EXTERNAL (cont’d)
Cement plasteredwalls and concreterelated surfaces,brickwork, mineralplasters
Table 2.1: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for CONCRETE/PLASTER SURFACE
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Anti-Algaeand
Fungus
AlkalineResistance
ChemicalResistance
GlossM11 B TEXTURECOATINGPOLYURE-THANETOPCOAT
A A A A Epoxy primer
Acrylic emulsiontexture base coat
Polyurethanetopcoat
1
1
2
Acrylic & 2-pack polyurethanecombination textured system.Excellent weather, chemicaland abrasion resistance
MattM12 A WATER-BASEDSILICONEPAINT
B B A B Water-based siliconeprimer
Water-based siliconepaint
1
2
Excellent alkaline resistancewith high water repellingproperties
NaturalM13 A PENETRAT-ING CLEARWATERREPELLENT
C C B C Solvent-basedpenetrating clearrepellent (coat tosaturation)
1-2 Protection from external stainsand treatment to moistureabsorption problem. Waterrepelling, fungus and weatherresistance.
NaturalM14 A ACRYLICSOLVENTBASED TILECOATING
B B B C Acrylicsolvent-based
2 Acrylic solvent- based coatingsfor fungus/algae proneconcrete and roof tiles.
Fair-face brick wall
Roof tiles(non-glazed)
Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average
Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.4 For elastomeric coatings, please refer to SS 500:2002 - Elastomeric wall coatings for more information.5 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.
material selection9
INTERNAL
All kinds of timberproducts or relatedmaterial
Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness YellowingResistance
StainResistance
GlossT1 B ALKYDRESINENAMEL
D D D C Aluminium woodprimerSS 38
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS 34
Alkyd enamel glosstop coatSS 7
1
1
2
High gloss enamel for paintingof general doors & windows
GlossT2 D 2-PACKPOLYURE-THANE
A B A A Epoxy primer
Polyurethanetopcoat
1
2
Glossy, hard and solventresistant and non-yellowingtwo-components paint system.
SheenT3 A VEOVAMODIFIED(MODIFIEDACRYLIC)EMULSION
D D C C Aluminium woodprimerSS 38
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS 34
"Vinyl Silk"emulsion
1
1
2
Decorative emulsion forpanels & ceiling trims.Commonly sold as Vinyl SilkEmulsion
Gloss &Satin
T4 D ACRYLICMODIFIEDALKYDNITRO-CELLULOSE(NC)LACQUER
D B D A NC acrylic lacquer 3 Aerosol spray for easyapplication on furniture
material selection
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INTERNAL (cont’d)
All kinds of timberproducts or relatedmaterial
Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness YellowingResistance
StainResistance
NaturalT5 B ALKYDMODIFIEDPOLYURE-THANE1-PACK
C C C B 1-pack polyurethaneclear
3 Very durable varnish forfurniture, wood panels anddoors.
NaturalT6 C 2-PACKPOLYURE-THANE
B A B A 2-pack polyurethaneclear
3 Hard coating for furniture andwood panels
NaturalT7 C 2-PACKAMINO-ALKYDRESIN ACIDCURE
B A C A Amino-alkyd coatingclear
3 Very tough coating for parquetfloors, railing or furniture
NaturalT8 C 2-PACKEPOXY
B A C A Epoxy clear 3 Chemical-resistant coating forcorrosive environment, e.g.Laboratory benches.
EXTERNAL
GlossT9 B ALKYDRESINENAMEL
D D D C Aluminium woodprimerSS38
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS 34
Alkyd enamel glosstop coatSS 7
1
1
2
High gloss enamel for paintingof general doors & windows.
All kinds of timberproducts or relatedmaterial
material selection11
EXTERNAL (cont’d)
All kinds of timberproducts or relatedmaterial
Table 2.2: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for TIMBER SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness YellowingResistance
StainResistance
GlossT10 D 2-PACKPOLYURE-THANE
A B A A Epoxy primer
Polyurethanefinishing coat
1
2
Chemical-resistant coating forcorrosive environment, e.g.Laboratory benches.
Low SheenT11 A ACRYLICEMULSION
D C B B Aluminiumwood primerSS38
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS34
Acrylic emulsion
1
1
2
Exterior grade emulsionsunder special requirement
NaturalT12 D 2-PACKPOLYURE-THANE
A B A A Polyurethaneclear
3 Very durable coat for externaltimber structures.
Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average
Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.4 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.
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INTERNAL
(Ferrous type)Iron & steel relatedsurfaces
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness Corrosioncontrol
GlossF1 A ALKYDRESINENAMEL
C D C Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS 34
Alkyd enamel glosstopcoatSS7
1
1
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primer
Easy to use finishing coat overprimed metal surfaces undernon-corrosive environment.
Low Gloss/Gloss
F2 C EPOXYA A A Epoxy/Zincphosphate blastprimer
Epoxy topcoat
1
2
Epoxy system for corrosivechemical environment onblasted metal.
Low Gloss/Gloss
F3 C EPOXYA A A 2-pack high solidepoxy primer
Epoxy topcoat
1
2
High-build epoxy systemfor corrosive chemicalenvironment and NO GRITBLAST situation.
Low Gloss/Gloss
F4 C EPOXYA A A Epoxy coating 3 Epoxy system. ‘Non Toxic’suitable for potable tanks.Relevant certification shouldbe obtained before use
material selection13
INTERNAL (cont’d)
(Non ferroustype)Galvanised metal,stainless steel,copper , tin& other relatedsurfaces
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness Corrosioncontrol
GlossF5 A ALKYDRESINENAMEL
C D C Etching primer
Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS34
Alkyd enamel glosstopcoatSS7
1
1
1
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primer
Easy to use finishing systemover properly primed surfaces.Under non-corrosiveenvironment, e.g. domestichome & commercial office.
Low Gloss/Gloss
F6 C EPOXYA A A Epoxy primer
Epoxy topcoat
1
2
Heavy-duty epoxy system forcorrosive environment such aschemical industry.
EXTERNAL
GlossF7 A ALKYDRESINENAMEL
D D C Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Alkyd enamelundercoatSS34
Alkyd enamel glosstopcoatSS7
1
1
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primer
Easy to use system fornon-corrosive environment,e.g. residential and commercialareas.
(Ferrous type)Iron & steel relatedsurfaces
material selection
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EXTERNAL (cont’d)
(Ferrous type)Iron & steel relatedsurfaces
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness Corrosioncontrol
GlossF8 B ALKYD-BASEDMICACEOUSIRON OXIDE
C B B Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Alkyd-basedmicaceous ironoxide
Alkyd enamel glosstopcoatSS7
1
2
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primer
Modified alkyd & micaceousiron oxide offering protectionin mildly corrosive & highlyhumid condition, e.g. towers,bridges, heavy structural steelworks.
GlossF9 C/B EPOXY/POLYURE-THANE
A B/A B/A Epoxy/ zincphosphate blastprimer
2-pack polyurethanefinishing coat
1
2
High performance Epoxy/Polyurethane system for highlycorrosive environment onblasted metal e.g. exposed tosea salt or highly corrosivechemicals.
GlossF10 C/B EPOXY/POLYURE-THANE
A B/A B/A 2-pack high solidepoxy primer
Epoxy built-coat
2-pack polyurethanefinishing coat
1
1
2
Epoxy/ Polyurethane systemfor highly corrosiveenvironment and NO GRITBLAST situation.
SheenF11 C EPOXY TARHIGH BUILD
C C B Ethyl silicate zincrich primer
Coal tar epoxytopcoat
1
3
Heavy duty Coal Tar systemfor long-term or periodicimmersion in sea water.
material selection15
EXTERNAL (cont’d)
(Non-ferroustype)Galvanised metal,stainless steel,copper, tin &other related alloysurfaces
Table 2.3: Reference Chart for Selecting Paint Systems for METAL SURFACES
Surface FinishesRequired
S/No Comparison of Properties Paint Type Typical PaintSystem
RemarksNo. ofCoats
Easein
Painting
Durability Hardness Corrosioncontrol
GlossF12 A ALKYDRESINENAMEL
D D C Etching primer
Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Alkyd enamelundercoat
Alkyd enamel glosstopcoat
1
1
1
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primerAlkyd resin enamel for non-corrosive environment e.g.residential, office & lightindustries.
GlossF13 A ALKYDMEDIUM-OIL TYPE
C C B Etching primer
Alkyd-based anti-corrosion primer*
Medium-oil alkydtopcoat gloss
1
1
2
*Refer to SS494 for Lead andchromate-free primer
Use in mild corrosiveatmosphere e.g. industrialchimney, mild chemicalprocessing plant
GlossF14 C EPOXY/POLYURE-THANE
A A A Etching primer
Epoxy primer
2-pack polyurethanegloss finishing coat
1
1
2
Heavy-duty Epoxy/Polyurethane system. Excellentin corrosive chemicalsconditions e.g. chemicalindustry, exposed to saltedseawater.
Grading for Comparison of Properties LEGEND: A Excellent B Very Good C Good D Average
Notes:
1 All external systems are suitable for internal use.2 Resin level differs for paint types specified here. For resin and toxicity levels in paint, refer to manufacturers.3 All systems specified are for general painting purpose. Variation is subjected to site conditions or circumstances.4 For surfaces not covered here, refer to manufacturers.
3.1 DELIVERY
The properties of paints delivered for site applicationshould conform to the project specifications. Shelflife and colour of the paints should be verified againstthe documents furnished by the manufacturer. Newpaints should be delivered to site in sealed containers.
Random samples of the paints may be taken and sentto independent laboratories for testing. Refer toAppendix C.
3.2 STORAGE OF PAINTS
Paints have varying storage requirements andshould be stored according to manufacturer’srecommendations.
In general, paints should be stored in a cool, dry andwell-ventilated location away from sources of heat,ignition and direct sunlight. Smoking must be inhibitedand no unauthorized access to the storage place shouldbe allowed.
Paint containers which have been opened should beproperly covered and kept upright to prevent skinningand spillage. Containers should not be stored byhanging on hooks.
Paints with flash points between 21° and 32° Celsiusshould be stored in accordance with the HighlyFlammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum GasRegulation 1972.
3.3 STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE OF APPLICATION TOOLS
3.3.1 BrushesExcess paint can be removed with a piece ofthin blade before washing the brushes. Brushesshould be suspended in water or thinnersaccordingly, up to, but not above, the stock.
Brushes used for emulsion paints should bewashed immediately after use in clean runningwater. Varnish brushes should be suspendedovernight in the appropriate thinner. Chemical-reaction-paint brushes should be cleanedimmediately after use.
Brushes not required for some time should becleaned using suitable thinners or brushcleaner, washed in hot soapy water, rinsed andlaid aside to dry for future use.
New, unused brushes should preferably bestored in the original packages in which theyare delivered. Loose hair should be removedfrom the brushes before use.
3.3.2 RollersRollers and trays should be thoroughly cleanedafter use. Superfluous paint may be removedby rolling the tools on newspaper and thenwashing them in warm soapy water orappropriate detergent. After cleaning, spin-drythe rollers to recover their original shape andhang them up for drying before storage.
3.3.3 Spray GunsSpray guns and nozzles should be thoroughlywashed and soaked in water after use.
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3. Delivery And Storage
Figure 3.1 Paint containers should be stored upright
Figure 3.2 Washing of spray gun nozzle
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4. Preparatory Work
4.1 PLANNING
Quality control starts with good planning andmanagement. An Inspection and Test Plan, ITP (referto Appendix D) which lists down the project’sinspection and testing requirements should beprepared to detail the checks required to achievegood workmanship. The plan should cover theresponsibilities of each party, inspection methods,requirement references and frequency of inspections.Checklists for the in-process and final inspectionon painting works should also be prepared (as inAppendix E and F).
Prior to starting any painting work, it is important forthe parties involved to plan and agree on thecompatible paint system as per project specification,surface preparation method, sequence of work, dryingout time and method of access.
In general, the schedule of painting works should beplanned in relation to the work of other trades, so asto ensure that the surfaces to be painted are preparedon time and that the subsequent construction workswill not damage the paint work.
The applicator should confirm on the type and numberof coats, location of application, surface preparationmethod and application method are in accordance
with project specification. For verification of the paintcolour, uniformity and compatibility of the paintsystem, it is a good practice to have a mock-up unitfor the approval of the architect or owner before thecommencement of the actual works.
4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
Good surface preparation is critical for the paint systemto function effectively. As the performance of the paintsystem depends largely on its adhesion with thesubstrate, and paint adheres best to surfaces that areclean and sound, it is essential to establish the requiredstandard and level of surface preparation works. Thereceiving surfaces should be dry, and free from foreignand unstable matters such as dust, dirt, rust, spatter,salt, grease, oil, loose paint film and so forth beforeproceeding with the painting work.
Works by other trades that might affect the paintingshould be satisfactorily completed. The applicatorshould inform the designer of any change in the natureor condition of the receiving surfaces, which maynecessitate modification of the specifications.
Refer to Table 4.1 to Table 4.4 for more details onsurface preparation for various types of surfaces.
Table 4.1 Preparation of Concrete/Cement Plaster Surfaces
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface
Moisture – Checking with moisture meter – To ensure moisturecontent not exceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
– Allow drying afterplastering for minimumof 21 days (in compliancewith CP22)
– To ensure moisturecontent not exceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
– To check for source ofdampness
SurfaceContaminantssuch asconstruction soot,algae, loose paint-film (for coatedsurface only) etc
– High pressure water jetting – To remove foreign andunstable matters suchas construction soot,concrete/cementsplashes, cementsalts etc
– To remove loose particlesand existing paint withflaking, dirt or chalkingetc
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Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface
SurfaceContaminantssuch asconstruction soot,algae, loose paint-film (for coatedsurface only) etc
– Manual cleaning by chipping,scrapping or wire brushing
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such asconstruction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,cement salts, loose paint film etc
SurfaceImperfections(i) rough, open-
textured orcoarse-grainedsurfaces
– Sanding/grinding/skim coatingfollowed by rinsing with cleanwater and wiping dry
– Brushing or sweeping – To remove foreign and unstable matters such asconstruction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,cement salts, loose paint film etc
– Fungicidal wash – To kill fungal/algae spores and rootsSurface TreatmentMicrobiologicalgrowth, e.g. algaeor fungi growth
– To reduce roughness
– To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such asconstruction soot, algae, concrete/cement splashes,cement salts etc
(ii) hairline cracks,nail & screwholes, openjoints, cracks andsimilar localcavities, deep andshallowdepressions
– Patching – Use fillers that contain a resin/binder system e.g. acrylicbased putty or cement with additives
– Water sensitive types e.g. gypsum-based fillers arenot recommended as they may dissolve in water
– Prime surface before patching if oil-based fillers are used
– Patch in two stages if cavities are deep
– If applied immediately beneath finishing coats, shrinkageand variations in gloss, sheen or colour may occur
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Table 4.2 Preparation of Timber Surfaces
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface
Moisture – Checking with moisture meter – To ensure moisture content not exceeding 15% (or referto manufacturer’s recommendation)
SurfaceContaminantssuch as dirt, grime,loose paint-filmetc
– Sanding manually ormechanically with sandpaperfollowed by wiping with dampcloth
– To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such as dirt, grime,loose paint-film etc
– To provide a smoother and better finish
– Stripping by paint removeraccompanied by scraping
NA – To strip off defective paintworks
– Chlorinated/alkalinepaint removernot recommended
SurfaceImperfections(i) nail & screw
holes, cracksand similarlocal cavities,deep andshallowdepressions
– Patching with wood putty orfiller
– Use wood filler for painting with transparent coatings
(ii) rough surface – Sanding/grinding/skim coatingfollowed by rinsing with cleanwater and wiping dry
– To provide a smoother and better finish
– To improve adhesion to substrate/existing coating
Surface Treatment – Priming – Prime all surfaces including abutting surfaces, e.g.doorframes.
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Table 4.3 Preparation of Ferrous Metal Surfaces
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface
SurfaceContaminants(i) mill scale, rust
– On site: mechanical wirebrushing
– Wire brush till surface is free from rust (compliancewith ST 3 standards or equivalent)
– Off site: blasting – Compliance with SA 2.5standards (bare metalwith only traces of slightstains in spots or stripes)
– If condition allows,compliance with SA 2.5standards (bare metalwith only traces of slightstains in spots or stripes)
(ii) joints/weldedareas/spotrusts, oil,grease, dirt,loose paintfilm, abrasiveresidue, debrisetc
– Manual cleaning by chipping,scraping and/or wire brushing
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such as grease,oil, loose paint film, abrasive residue etc
– Manual or mechanical washingdown with solvent or detergentsolution
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such as grease,oil, loose paint film, abrasive residue etc
– Blasting – Compliance with SA 2.5standards (bare metalwith only traces of slightstains in spots or stripes)
– If condition allows,compliance with SA 2.5standards (bare metalwith only traces of slightstains in spots or stripes)
– Stripping by paint remover NA – To remove loose paintfilm
– Alkaline paint removermay be used
Surface Treatment – Washing with clean water andallow it to dry
– To improve adhesion/existing coating
– Priming exposed steel – To prevent corrosion
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Table 4.4 Preparation of Non-Ferrous Metal Surfaces(include aluminium, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, zinc and treated steel such as galvanised surfaces, anodised aluminium etc)
Condition Tools/Methods Remarks
Uncoated Surface Coated Surface
SurfaceContaminants(i) oil, grease
– Wiping with cloth dampenedwith solvent
– To remove grease and oil
– Mechanical washing down withsolvent or detergent solution
– To remove grease and oil
– Degreasing – To remove grease and oil
(ii) loose paint-film, dirt, rustetc
– High-pressure water jettingfollowed by sanding
– To remove foreign and unstable matters such as loosepaint film, abrasive residue etc
– Stripping by paint removers NA – Rinse thoroughly withclean water after strippingto avoid chemicalreaction with metal. Milddetergent should be usedto remove residue
– Sanding – To remove foreign andunstable matters such asloose paint film, abrasiveresidue etc
– White rust need not beremoved if found stable
Surface Treatment – Coating the exposed surface withan etching primer.
– To ensure good adhesion – To ensure good adhesion
– Spot prime exposedsurfaces immediatelyafter cleaning
4.3 PAINT PREPARATION
Proper paint preparation is important in deliveringquality work. Refer to Table 4.5 for details onpreparation of paint.
In mixing of paint, the following factors should beconsidered:
• mix ratio;• type of thinner used;• induction time;• pot life; and• ageing time
Mixing should be carried out in compliance with thespecifications and manufacturer’s recommendation.No unauthorized thinning or adulteration should becarried out and no addition of driers is permitted.Where additions are authorized, the correct proportionsshould be strictly observed.
There should be sufficient stirring until uniformity ofthe paint is achieved. The pigment in paints is heavierthan the vehicle and tends to settle at the bottom ofthe container. Failure to stir the paint properly is acommon cause of unsatisfactory results. It is, hence,essential that the paint is completely uniformthroughout the container.
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Table 4.5 Preparation of Paint
Condition
Confirmation ofSpecification
Methods/Tools
Visual checking
Remarks
– Inspect name of paint, colour,location of application and numbersof coats
Settling of solidconstituent in paints
Stirring:a) Manual
– Long, broad-bladed stirrer– Boxing (i.e. pouring from one
container to another several times)
b) Mechanical– use of mechanical equipment
– Stir continuously until no solidsettlement remains
– Refer SS CP22 on ‘Mixing &Thinning of Paints’
– Used for small quantities
– Used for large quantities
High viscosity paint Thinning – To assist workability
– Use type and proportions of thinnerin accordance to manufacturer’srecommendations
– Thinning to be carried out undersupervision
Mixing different brandsor types of paints
Not recommended Not recommended
Using 2-pack materials Mixing of two components – Use the correct proportion inaccordance to manufacturer’srecommendation
– Check the following:• Induction Time• Pot Life• Age-ing Time
– Use paint within the pot life
4.4 PROTECTION WORKS BEFORE PAINT APPLICATION
It is a good practice to plan the sequence of workssuch that the final coat will be painted only after thecompletion of other trades such as installation ofdoors and carpentry works. This will ensure that thefinal coat of paint will not be stained during theexecution of other trades.
All surfaces not intended to be painted must beprotected. Doors, furniture, light fittings and similaritems should be covered. Care should be taken whenprotecting surfaces that are sensitive to adhesive tapes.
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Figure 4.1 Examples of protection works before paint application
Air Conditioner – Fan Coil Unit Window
Building Materials Electrical Wirings
Floor, Sliding Door Frame and Railing Lift Button Panel and Cabinet
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4.5 SAFETY
Applicator should be equipped with safety attire/equipment, including proper working clothes, footwearand helmet. A safety belt should be used where paintingis being carried out at heights. Protective accessoriessuch as goggles or masks should be worn wherenecessary.
Proper access such as scaffolding and gondola shouldbe provided to facilitate external painting works.Applicator should also make sure that there is adequateventilation and illumination when carrying outpainting works, especially for internal areas.
Figure 4.2 Proper access and safety measures for surface preparation and external painting works
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5. Application
5.1 GUIDELINES TO GOOD PAINT APPLICATION
5.1.1 Differing ColoursWherever practicable, successive coats in paintsystems should differ in colour. This assistsapplication of continuous coats of uniformthickness (especially in conditions of poorlighting) and also facilitates inspection.For application, refer to manufacturer’srecommendations.
5.1.2 Intervals Between CoatsGenerally, each coat in the system should bedry throughout its thickness before the nextcoat is applied. Rate of drying should followthe recommendations of the manufacturers.Over exposure may lead to impaired adhesion.
For ‘wet-on-wet’ application (that is a secondcoat can be applied immediately after the firstcoat), refer to manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.1.3 Intercoat PreparationReceiving surface should be free fromcontaminants before application of each coat.
Light sanding with fine-grade, preferably partlyworn, sandpaper can be used to remove ‘nibs’and adherent dust particles. This helps toimprove adhesion and provide a smooth,leveled surface. Wet sanding is applicable ifextensive sanding is necessary. However, thecoating must have hardened before any sandingwork can be carried out. If the coatings scratchor tear, or the abrasive paper rapidly clogs, it isan indication that the surface is not sufficientlyhardened to permit abrasion.
5.1.4 Environmental ConditionsPrior to painting, the following environmentalconditions should be complied with:
5.1.5 Unfavourable Weather or UnsuitableConditionsPainting should not be carried out inunfavourable weather or unsuitable conditions.The application of paint to damp surfaces couldresult in flaking and blistering due to lack ofpaint penetration into the surface pores andpressure build-up of water vapour behind thecoating. It should be noted that surfacedampness is not always apparent, particularlyif the surface is flat and porous, such as a plasteror an undercoated surface.
Painting performed on surfaces directly exposedto the sun on a hot day may be subject topatchiness or sheariness. The heat causes thethinners to evaporate too quickly, making thepaint difficult to be applied and causesinterference with its flow.
5.1.6 Defective PaintApplicator should stop application if paintappears to be defective. Investigation shouldbe conducted to ascertain the cause of defects.Remedial works should be carried out beforepainting work can proceed.Figure 5.1 Sanding between coats of paints
Check Criteria
– Ambient temperature> 5°C or refer tomanufacturers’recommendation
– Surface temperature ofsubstrate < 60°C or referto manufacturers’recommendation
– Surface temperature ofsubstrate > 3°C +ambient temperature orrefer to manufacturers’recommendation
– Refer to manufacturers’recommendation
– No airborne dust and/orpollutant in environment
– No strong wind
Ambient Temperature
Substrate surfacetemperature
Relative humidity
Pollution level
Wind condition
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5.2 APPLICATION TOOLS
Applicator should ensure that operatives are skilled and experienced in the techniques of application, care andmaintenance of tools and equipment and, where relevant, the setting up and adjustment of equipment to obtainoptimum results.
Common Tools/Equipments
Brush
Description
• Flat paint brushes ranging from12mm - 100mm.
Application
For general paints and coatings onsmall and narrow areas where paintrollers are inaccessible.
Ideal for line cutting and touch-uppainting jobs.
Roller • Paint rollers are manufacturedusing various materials for theapplication of different paint typesand surfaces.
• The common sizes are 100mm,150mm, 175mm and 200mmwide.
• Different roller nap/ pile lengthare meant for different usage.
For all paints and coatings on smalland large areas.
Rollers can be used on all substrateswith smooth to rough surfaces.
Most rollers may be mounted on anextension pole to extend theoperative’s reach.
Roller Nap / Pile Length
Extra short pile
Usage
For smooth surface
Applicable for oil-based, polyurethane,epoxy paints and varnishes
Short pile For smooth surface
Applicable for emulsion and oil-basedpaints
Long pile For rough textured or uneven surface
Applicable for emulsion and masonrypaints
Sprayers (1) Airless Sprayer makes use of highpressure pump to eject paint.Paint output can be as much as10 litres in one minute.
Mainly use for large areas where spraypainting is permissible
For smooth and rough surfaces
Applicable for all paints and coatings
Airless Spray Gun
Paint Pump
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Common Tools/Equipments
Sprayers
Description
(2) Air Sprayer uses compressed airto force the paint from thecontainer to the spray head. Paintoutput can be as much as 0.5litre in one minute. It is mainlyused for furniture spraying andtexture coating.
(3) Air-Assisted Sprayer requires airsupply from a compressedpressure tank to operate. Paintoutput can be as much as 5 litresin one minute.
Application
Mainly use for large areas where spraypainting is permissible
For smooth and rough surfaces
Applicable for all paints and coatings
Texture coatings can be done withHopper/Mortar Gun
Air Compressor
Spray Gun
CompressedPressure Tank
5.3 APPLICATION METHODS
Method
Brush Application
Basic Technique
• Dampen the brushes prior topainting. Use water for latex oremulsion paints and paint thinnerfor oil or alkyd paints. Removeexcess water or thinner.
• Dip half the length of the bristlesinto the paint. Tap the brush gentlyagainst the side of the can to drainoff the excess paint.
• Use the bristle tips to paint acomplete stroke in one directionin continual length or breadth atabout one arm length.
Good Practices
• For new brushes, remove the loosebristles before use.
• Avoid immersing the whole brushhead into the paints or coatings.
• Avoid exerting too much pressurein working the bristles against thesurface during painting.
• Do not allow too much paint onits bristles during application tominimise paint drooling on thesurface.
• Verify with supervisor whethersurvey markings should be paintedover.
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Method
Roller Application
Basic Technique
• Roll from high to low using “W”format followed by “M” format tooverlap. This technique is widelyused to evenly disperse the painton the surface and to minimiseroller lines.
Good Practices
• For new roller refill, immerse it inpaint and roll it over paper/ surfacefor about a minute to season itbefore use. This will prevent refillfabric from adhering to the paintedsurfaces during application.
• Use the right roller withappropriate pile length for thepainting works for betteruniformity and evenness in thepaint coating.
• Do not roll on an ad-hoc basis, asthis will tend to create roller linesor marks on the surface.
Spray Application • Spray painting by pressing thetrigger to eject the paint onto thesurface; stroke by stroke verticallyor horizontally.
• For airless spray, maintain adistance between the nozzle of thegun and surface of about 1 m oras specified by manufacturers.
• Use clean and appropriate sprayingtip / gun nozzle for the spray-painting work. Generally, the sizeof the spraying tip will depend onthe paint consistency.
• Appropriate pump pressure levelshould be used for each spraying.
• Masks should be used duringspraying to prevent inhaling toxinand dust.
• Never point the spray gun atanybody when the equipment isin operation.
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Items To Check
Protection works after application
Appearance
Thickness (optional)
Adhesion
Curing Condition
Description
Check that all barricades and warning signs are put up.
Check colour, hue, texture (if applicable) and evenness of paint film byvisual assessment.
Check wet film thickness using a wet film gauge.
Check dry film thickness:
• Metals: The thickness can be measured with magnetic or electrical gauge.The latter is more accurate and can measure film thickness on bothferrous and non-ferrous surfaces.
• Masonry: The thickness can be measured by cutting a cross-section ofthe paint from the wall for examination by qualified technician.
Check adhesion of paint system after sufficient curing using adhesive tape.
Allow for adequate curing period of paint film (refer to manufacturer’sspecifications for curing period).
5.4 PROTECTION WORKS AFTER APPLICATION
Upon completion of the painting works, the finished works should be protected from staining and damages.Protection for finished works can be achieved by placing barricades around the areas with a “Wet Paint” sign torestrict access.
5.5 INSPECTION OF COMPLETED WORKS
The completed works should be inspected for the following:
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6. Common Defects
A paint defect is in many cases due to a number ofcauses. In some cases, several defects may occursimultaneously and hinder the determination of thecauses and redemption works.
To achieve good painting work, applicators and sitesupervisors should understand the causes andpreventive measures of common defects that occur atdifferent stages of works. They should also be familiarwith the remedial measures that can be taken to rectifyany unforeseen defect.
In general, paint defects can occur during:
• Paint storage;
• Application, drying and curing; and
• Service life.
Refer to Table 6.1 to 6.3 for details on the causes,preventive measures and remedial methods for thesecommon defects.
Defects
SettlingSettlement of pigment to the bottomand failure to re-disperse.
Causes
• Insufficient stirringduring storage
• Storage for longduration or underexcessively warmcondition
• Excessive dilution ordilution withunsuitable materials
Table 6.1 Common Defects During Paint Storage
Preventive Measures
• Store asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Avoid direct sunlightand long storage
• Dilute withappropriate thinnersas recommended bymanufacturer
Remedial Methods
• Stir paint to ahomogeneousconsistency
• Employ mechanicalstirring for heavysettling
• Move to appropriatestorage conditions asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Discard paint
SkinningFormation of a layer of skin on thecontainer.
• Use of non-airtightcontainer
• Poor formulationsuch as lack of anti-skinning agent
• Storage underexcessively warmcondition
• Use airtight container
• Avoid unnecessaryopening of can
• Store asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Remove the layer ofskin and stir paint tohomogeneousconsistency
• Inform manufacturerfor poor formulation
• Move to appropriatestorage conditions asrecommended bymanufacturer
GellingDecreasing viscosity caused bybacterial degradation of the proteinbinder or other thickening agents.This is often accompanied by anoffensive odour.
• Use of contaminatedtools andwater/solvents
• Mixing of differentbrands or types ofpaints
• Use clean tools andwater/solvents
• Avoid mixingdifferent brands ortypes of paints
• Discard paint
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Defects
BleedingLeaching out of the existing paintfilm.
Possible Causes
• Frequent brushing onthe same spot
• Use of incompatiblecoats or thinner
Table 6.2 Common Defects During Application, Drying and Curing
Preventive Measures
• Use properapplication method
• Apply withappropriate coat andthinner in accordancewith manufacturer’srecommendation
Remedial Methods
• Allow drying beforepainting over with anappropriate “buffer”coat (refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
Running/ Sagging/ CurtainingFlowing or dripping of paint fromupper vertical surface to the lowerpart forming a tear-like or wavyappearance.
• Painting ofexcessively thick filmlayer at one time
• Excessive dilution
• Application of glosspaint on existingpaints or surfacewithout sanding
• Increase frequency ofpainting thin film
• Lower dilution ratioeven whereoperability is poor
• Sand and cleanreceiving surfacebefore application
• Apply withappropriate coat inaccordance tomanufacturer’srecommendation
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
Wrinkling/ RivellingFormation of undulating wrinklingfilm.
• Application of thickOil-Alkyd, whichcauses shrinkage ofpaint film. This tendsto occur when dryingis expedited at hightemperatures
• Painting overinsufficiently driedpaint
• Sand and cleanreceiving surfacebefore application
• Apply withappropriate coat inaccordance withmanufacturer’srecommendation
• Avoid painting inthick film
• Avoid accumulationof paint around bolts,angles, etc.
• Observe overcoatingintervals inaccordance withmanufacturer’srecommendation
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
CrawlingSlipping or inability to form a film.
• Painting over surfacesthat are not prepared,e.g. sand, dirt anddust on the surface
• Sand and cleanreceiving surfacebefore application
• Apply withappropriate coat inaccordance withmanufacturer’srecommendation
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
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Defects
CratingFormation of small bowl-shapeddepressions.
Possible Causes
• Painting over surfacesthat are not prepared,e.g. sand, dirt anddust on the surface
• Use of contaminatedtools andwater/solvents
Preventive Measures
• Sand and cleanreceiving surfacebefore application
• Apply withappropriate coat asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Use clean tools andwater/solvents
Remedial Methods
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
LiftingAttacking by successive coating onexisting paint.
• Use of incompatiblecoats, which causeshrinkage of paintfilm or attacking ofthinner on undercoat
• Observe overcoatingintervals asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Allow undercoatingto dry beforeapplication ofsuccessive coating
• Sand and cleanreceiving surfacebefore application
• Apply withappropriate coat asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
Prolonged Drying TimeInability to dry after application.
• Incorrect mixing
• Use of defective paint
• Mix as recommendedby manufacturer
• Discard paint if it isdefective
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
Loss of GlossReduction of lustre on drying causedby severe absorption of undercoat.
• Application on roughor unclean surfaces
• Inadequate orexcessive dilution
• Use of unsuitablethinner
• Application ofexcessively thin film
• Result as blushingoccur
• Drying occurs in thepresence of excessivemoisture andpollutant
• Increase frequency ofpainting in thin film
• Paint adequatethickness of film
• Use appropriatethinner asrecommended bymanufacturer
• Avoid painting athigh humidity
• Prepare receivingsurface and applyappropriate sealer
• Remove paint film,sand, clean andre-paint as in“Preventive Measure”
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Defects
Efflorescencea) Migration of alkaline from
cement based materials andcrystallisation on the surfaceas salts.
Causes
• Painting overinsufficiently curedplaster/concrete
Table 6.3 Common Defects During Service Life
Preventive Measures
• Paint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
Remedial Methods
• Removeefflorescence,unstable matters andloose paint film
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Seal off withcompatible alkaliresisting primerbefore painting
• In most persistentcases, epoxy-basedpaint has been usedwith good success butat a higher cost
• Painting oversubstrate’s hairlinecracks
• Paint on substratewith cracks notvisible at 1.5m awayfrom walls
• Patch cracks
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Water seepagethrough roof,toilets etc
• Install properwaterproofing systembefore painting.
• Arrest moisturesource
• Prepare and treat thesurface
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Rise of dampnessfrom ground
• Install properwaterproofing systembefore painting
• Treat dampness
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
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Defects
b) Migration of inherent wood gumand resins in timber.
Causes
• Painting overinsufficiently driedtimber
• Failure to use primer
Preventive Measures
• Paint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 15%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Apply appropriateprimer to seal thesurface beforepainting with theundercoat andtopcoat
• Observe overcoatingintervals inaccordance withmanufacturer’srecommendations
Remedial Methods
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 15%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Apply appropriateprimer to seal thesurface beforerepainting with theundercoat andtopcoat
c) Discolouration of paintworkon metals.
• Failure to removeunstable matterduring surfacepreparation
• Employ good surfacepreparation beforepainting
• Clean surfacethoroughly beforerepainting
Deterioration / Erosion of Pigment • Use of vibrantcolours paint withorganic particles thatare easily susceptibleto UV degradation
• Use of paint withwater sensitivepigments
• Use of paint with lowquality emulsions
• Select colours that aremore stable
• Use appropriatecoating system
• Remove powder andunstable matter
• Repaint withappropriate coatingsystem
• Select colours that aremore stable
Yellowing • Use of paint withcertain ingredients,e.g. yellowing epoxyand alkyd resins,which are easilyaffected by light, heator environmentalcontaminants
• Use non-yellowingpaints
• Prepare surface andrepaint with non-yellowing paints
Saponification • Use of alkyd-basedpaints on cementbased materials. Thealkalis from thecement attack the oilin the alkyd resin
• Avoid using alkyd-based paints oncement basedsurfaces
• Use appropriatecoating system
• Remove paint workand repaint withappropriate system
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Defects Causes
• Use of non-weathering resistantpaint
Preventive Measures
• Use weather resistantpaint for areasexposed to weatheror UV
Remedial Methods
• Prepare surface andrepaint withappropriate system
ChalkingNatural ageing of paint. The extentof chalking will depend on paintformulation and surface exposureto weather.
• Water seepagethrough roof,toilets etc
• Install properwaterproofing systembefore painting
• Arrest moisturesource
• Prepare and treat thesurface
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
Peeling & Flaking Painta) Moisture related
• Painting overinsufficiently curedplaster/ concrete
• Paint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Remove efflorescence,unstable matters andloose paint film
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Failure to useprimer/sealer
• Failure to use etchingprimer for non-ferrous metals
• Use of poor alkali-resistingprimer/undercoats orinsufficientpenetrative primer
• Prime/seal all baresurfaces withappropriate primeror sealer
• Remove all defectivepaint work andprepare the surface
• Repaint withappropriate system
b) Incorrect Paint System
• Failure to removeunstable matterduring surfacepreparation
• Use of water-solubleputty/ poor adheringplaster
• Employ adequatesurface preparation toremove all unstablematter
• Surface must beclean, dry and stablebefore receiving paint
• Remove all defectiveand loose paint film,and unstable mattersuch as plaster etc
• Prime/seal the surfacewith appropriateprimer/sealer tofurther stabilise thesurface
• Re-coat withappropriate coatingsystem
c) Poor Surface Preparation
com
mon
def
ects
36
Defects Causes
• Painting on a warmsurface
• Moisture migrationthrough paintedsurface
Preventive Measures
• Paint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
Remedial Methods
• Remove defectivepaint and preparesurface accordingly toreceive paint
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
BlisteringThis is a moisture-relatedphenomenon. The amount ofmoisture and flexibility of the paintfilm determine the size of the blister.
• Use of detailsthat traps andaccumulates dirt.Streak marks areformed when dirtgets washed downalong the sides of thepainted vertical walls,especially onelastomericcoated wall.
• Avoid details andcoatings that trap andattract dirt
• Remove defectivepaint and preparesurface accordingly toreceive paint
• Apply with moredirt-resistant paintsystem
StainingIt should be noted that staining maybe attributed to improper design ofthe building and its façade.
• Yellowish-brownstains caused bymoisture
• It can be anindication ofwaterproofingproblem in otherparts of the building
• Ensure all potentialwater leakage andcondensation are incheck
• Arrest moisturesource.
• Prepare and treat thesurface.
• Repaint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation).
• Repaint withappropriate system.
• Corrosion of metalelements that areattached to, adjacentto or embedded in,another substrate
• Installation of metalelements that are nottreated
• Protect and treat allmetal parts fromcorrosion
• Remove metal partsand treat the metalsurface
• Clean the walls andprepare the surface toreceive painting
• Repaint withappropriate system
Rust Stains
com
mon
def
ects
37
Defects Causes
• Moisture source andretention
• Employing of detailsthat assist growth ofalgae/fungi:
(i) Profile of substrates;rough-textured finishes or rough concrete surfaces
Preventive Measures
• Avoid details withvery rough textures orrough-cast plasteredfinishes
• Use a more algaeresistant paint todelay the onset ofalgae growth
• Use capping andcopings
• Employ overhangingroofs to protect thewalls
Remedial Methods
• Remove dirt andalgae by high-pressure water jetting
• Treat infected areaswith fungicidal wash
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paint
Algae & Fungi Growth• Temperature, humidity
conditions and moisture contentof the surfaces/ substrates woulddetermine the likelihood of algaeand fungi formation.
• On buildings, algae are generallyfound outdoors such as externalwall surfaces, as their chlorophyllcharacteristic requires sufficientsunlight for growth. Whilst fungiare commonly found on internalwall surfaces of damp areas suchas bathrooms.
• It should be noted that algaegrowth may be attributed toimproper design of the buildingand its façade.
Overhanging roof details Overhanging roof
Capping details
MOISTURESPORES
OUTDOOR
ALGAE
SUNLIGHT
(ii) Condensation-pronewalls
• Increase thickness ofwall to provide moreinsulation so as tominimise thetemperature difference
• Paint on receivingsurface with moisturecontent notexceeding 6%(or refer tomanufacturer’srecommendation)
• Incorporateinsulating material inthe concrete
• Apply a coating ofanti-condensationpaint
• Remove algae byhigh-pressure waterjetting
• Supplemented withmanual scrubbing ifnecessary
• Treat infected areaswith fungicidal wash
• Insulate with an anti-condensation coating
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paint
• Divert condensedwater from air-conoutlets with trays andpiping
(iii) Concrete gutters & water-prone areas
• Ensure properdrainage
• Avoid potential waterretention
• Use a more algaeresistant paint
• Ensure goodworkmanship
• Remove dirt andalgae by high-pressure water jetting
• Treat infected areaswith a fungicidalwash
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paint
Condensedwater promotedalgae growth andtrapped dirt.
Wet area belowthe potted plants
Scupper drains
INDOOR
MOISTURESPORES
FUNGI
com
mon
def
ects
38
Defects Causes
(iv)Ledges
Preventive Measures
• Ensure properdrainage
• Avoid potential waterretention
• Use a more algaeresistant paint
• Ensure goodworkmanship
Remedial Methods
• Remove dirt andalgae by high-pressure water jetting
• Treat infected areaswith a fungicidalwash
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paint
Ledges can causeback splashes byrainwater. If thisrainwater is slowto run down ordry, it can create amoist surface thatwill induce algaegrowth.
(v) Water drainage pipesand fittings
• Ensure properdrainage
• Avoid potential waterretention
• Use a more algaeresistant paint
• Ensure goodworkmanship
• Remove dirt andalgae by high-pressure water jetting
• Treat infected areaswith a fungicidalwash
• Rectify the waterdrainage problem
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paint
Corrodeddown-pipes andprotruding air-conditioned unitswith no properdrainage pipes.
(vi)Precast Grille Vent • Avoid porous surfacesfor areas exposed toweather
• If necessary, seal orwaterproof poroussurfaces
• Use a more algaeresistant paint
• Remove dirt andalgae by high-pressure water jetting
• Treat infected areaswith a fungicidalwash
• Seal and waterproofthe surface
• Re-paint with a morealgae resistant paintto delay the onset ofalgae growth
Such detail allowsretention of water.These surfaces arelikely to be moreporous too.
appendix A39
WATER-BASED
Examples of Paints classified by Resin & some of their General Properties
SOLVENT-BASED
Resin Classification Acrylic VA/AcrylicCopolymer
PVA Copolymer Epoxy (2-pack) Polyurethane Alkyd Acrylic Epoxy(2-pack)
Polyurethane Fluorocarbon
Principal Ingredient MethymethacrylatemodifiedAcrylic
Vinyl AcetateCopolymer
PolyvinylAcetateCopolymer
Epoxy resin +amine,polyamide resin
Polyurethaneresin
Oil-modifiedphthalic acidresin
MethylmethacrylatemodifiedAcrylic
Epoxy resin +amine,polyamide resin
Polyurethaneresin
PolyvinylideneFluoride
Main Usage GeneralCementitious-based Surface
InternalCementitious/Gypsum Surface
InternalCementitious/Gypsum Surface
InternalChemicalEnvironment
ChemicalEnvironment
General steelframes, woodensurfaces
GeneralCementitious-based Surface
InternalChemicalEnvironment
ChemicalEnvironment
Aluminiumcladding andextrusions
Du
rab
ilit
y o
f p
ain
tC
lass
ific
atio
n o
f re
ceiv
ing
ob
ject
Suit
abil
ity
to r
ecei
vin
go
bje
ct
Chalkresistance
Waterresistance
Acid proof
Alkali proof
Residential
Industrial area
Seaside
Water dip
Salt water dip
High humidity
Corrosionresistance
Ease in Painting
Iron
Wood
Concrete
Legend - Very Good - Good - Fair - Average - Poor - Not Applicable
Appendix A
appendix B
40
Characteristic
Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature
Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
INTERNAL
Description
Water-Based Solvent-Based
Highly-Corrosive – Chemical storage facilities.
– Factory exposed to constant acidic fumes or structuresimmersed in water.
– Chemical factory using acidic and other aggressivematerials in its process.
Epoxy (2-pack)Polyurethane (2-pack)
Epoxy (2-pack)FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Silicone (2-pack)
Corrosive – Factory exposed to mild acid, alkaline, heat and highhumidity.
Epoxy (2-pack)Polyurethane (2-pack)
Epoxy (2-pack)FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Silicone (2-pack)
Mildly-Corrosive – Light industries with mild corrosive environment. Epoxy (2-pack)Polyurethane (2-pack)AcrylicSilicone
Epoxy (2-pack)FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Acrylic
Non-Corrosive – Residential andcommercialcomplexes withno moisturecondensation andchemicals exposure.
Epoxy (2-pack)Polyurethane (2-pack)SiliconeAcrylic
Epoxy (2-pack)FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)AcrylicAlkyd
Appendix B
appendix B41
Characteristic
Categories of Environment according to their Corrosive Nature
Recommended Paint Type based on the Resin Family
EXTERNAL
Description
Water-Based Solvent-Based
Highly-Corrosive – Structures immersed in sea.
– Structures exposed to constantsunlight or industries withpolluting fumes.
– Structures exposed to highhumidity e.g. oils refineries.
Polyurethane (2-pack) FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Silicone (2-pack)
Corrosive – Structures near to sea.
– Structures exposed to Industrialpollutants with severalchimneys e.g. power stations,heavy industrial complexes.
Polyurethane (2-pack)Acrylic
FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Silicone (2-pack)Acrylic
Mildly-Corrosive – Commercial areas withhigh-traffic density or industrialestates with fumes-emittingoutlets
Polyurethane (2-pack)AcrylicSilcone
FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Acrylic
Non-Corrosive – Residential and Inlandsurroundings.
AcrylicSilicone
FluorocarbonPolyurethane (2-pack)Acrylic
Note: Examples of main corrosive components are SO2, CO2, NOx, Cl2 and industrial dust.Moisture will aid and accelerate chemical activity.
Appendix B
appendix C
42
Laboratory Tests on Paint System
Accelerated weathering Colour change/fastness
Loss of gloss
Physical change on paint film
Dilution
EXTERNAL
Adulteration
Purpose Emulsion-based
Enamel-based
Others Method Purpose
In compliance with SS5 Ensure specified paint
film thickness and
integrity
Algae resistance Resistance to micro-biological
attack
Wet scrub abrasion Film durability
Non- volatile matter Compliance to specification
Drying time Compliance to specification
Adhesion Compliance to specification
Colour comparison Compliance to specification
Impact Compliance to specification
Hardness Compliance to specification
✓ ✓
✓
✓
✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
✓
✓ ✓
Appendix C
appendix D43
Sample of Inspection and Test Plan
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting
Activity People-In-Charge
S/No InspectionMethod
RequirementReference
Acceptance Criteria Stages Records
SUBMISSION1
INCOMING MATERIALS INSPECTION2
Paint Type AP/SE/A/O1.1 Review Section 4.1 Approved Initial Approved submissions
Technical Data AP/SE/A1.2 Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions
Surface Preparation Method AP/SE/A1.3 Review Section 4.2 Approved Initial Approved submissions
Method Statement AP/SE/A1.4 Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions
Working Programme AP/SE/A/O1.5 Review – Approved Initial Approved submissions
Check Shelf Life AP/S/COW2.1 Visual Section 3.1 Conform to manufacturer’sdata sheet
Each delivery Delivery document
Check Colour AP/S/COW2.2 Visual Section 3.1 As per approved samples Each delivery Delivery document
Prepared by
Date
Verified by
Date
Approved by
Date
IN-PROCESS INSPECTION3
Check EnvironmentalConditions
AP/S/COW3.1 Visual/Measure Section 5.1 Conform to manufacturer’sdata sheet
Before coating Appendix E
Confirm Location ofApplication
AP/S/COW3.2 Visual Section 4.1 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before coating Appendix E
Confirm Surface PreparationMethod
AP/S/COW3.3 Visual Section 4.2 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before coating Appendix E
Confirm Number of Coats AP/S/COW3.4 Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before coating Appendix E
Confirm Name (Type) ofCoats
AP/S/COW3.5 Visual Section 2.1/4.1 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before coating Appendix E
LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect
Appendix D
appendix D
44
Sample of Inspection and Test Plan (cont’d)
Project:
Scope of Work: Painting
Activity People-In-Charge
S/No InspectionMethod
RequirementReference
Acceptance Criteria Stages Records
IN-PROCESS INSPECTION (cont’d)3
Confirm Method ofApplication
AP/S/COW3.6 Visual Section 5.3 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before Coating Appendix E
Check Substrate AP/S/COW3.7 Visual/Measure Section 4.2 Surface clean, stable and drySmoothness and flatness ofsubstrateSurface temperature
Before Coating Appendix E
Check Protection Works AP/S/COW3.8 Visual Section 4.4 Protect adjacent elements (notto be painted)
Before Coating Appendix E
Check Safety AP/S/COW3.9 Visual Section 4.5 Wear proper working attire,footwear, helmet & safety beltUse protective materials (mask,glasses) where necessaryErect proper access such asscaffold
Before Coating Appendix E
Check Paint Mix AP/S/COW3.10 Visual Section 4.3 Conform to manufacturers’data sheet
Before Coating Appendix E
Prepared by
Date
Verified by
Date
Approved by
Date
LEGEND AP – Applicator S – Site Supervisor SE – Site Engineer COW – Clerk of Work O – Owner A – Architect
Check Application Tools AP/S/COW3.11 Measure Section 5.2 Conform to approvedsubmission
Before Coating Appendix E
Check Painting AP/S/COW3.12 Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to manufacturers’data sheet
Before/ During Coating Appendix E
Test Site Sample (Random) AP/S/COW3.13 Visual/Lab Test Section 3.1/Appendix C
Conform to specification Before/ During Coating Appendix E
FINAL INSPECTION4
Check Protection Work AP/S/COW4.1 Visual Section 5.4 Protect completed work At Completion Appendix F
Work Acceptance AP/S/COW4.2 Visual/Measure Section 5.5 Conform to specification andapproved submission
At Completion Appendix F
Appendix D
Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work(Concrete/Plaster Surface)
Project: Location:
Appendix E
appe
ndix
E
45
Checklist InspectionRequirementReference
Date
Surface Preparation
1. Fresh surface cured for 21 days (applicable to newcoating only)
2. Moisture level < 6% or refer to manufacturers’recommendations
3. Surface free from algae or fungus growth4. Surface free from unstable matters5. Surface free from grease or oil6. Exposed surface primed7. Substrate hairline cracks8. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or
shallow depressions
Table 4.1
Table 4.1
Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1
Result Sign
Paint Preparation
9. Name, colour and type of paint10. Thinning ratio11. Mix ratio12. Pot-life
Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3
Painting Environment
13. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer tomanufacturers’ recommendations
14. No strong wind15. Environment free from dust or pollutants16. Relative humidity17. Adequate ventilation18. Adequate lighting
Section 5.1
Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 4.5Section 4.5
Paint Application
19. No. of coats and location of application20. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected21. Proper working attire, footwear, and helmet are worn22. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn
(where necessary)23. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided24. Surface clean and dry25. Surface temperature26. Appropriate application tools are used27. Painting frequency28. Painting interval29. Drying time30. Lab Test Submission
Section 4.1Section 4.4Section 4.5Section 4.5
Section 4.5Section 4.2Section 5.1Section 5.2Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 3.1/Appendix C
Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4
Prepared byDate
Verified byDate
Approved byDate
appe
ndix
E
46
Appendix ESample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work(Timber Surface)
Project: Location:
Checklist InspectionRequirementReference
Date
Surface Preparation
1. Moisture level < 15% or refer to manufacturers’recommendation
2. Surface free from algae or fungus growth3. Surface free from unstable matters4. Exposed surface primed5. Substrate imperfections6. Type of stopper or filler used for deep holes or
shallow depressions
Table 4.2
Table 4.2Table 4.2Table 4.2Table 4.2Table 4.2
Result Sign
Paint Preparation
7. Name, colour and type of paint8. Thinning ratio9. Mix ratio10. Pot-life
Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3
Painting Environment
11. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer tomanufacturers’ recommendations
12. No strong wind13. Environment free from dust or pollutants14. Relative humidity15. Adequate ventilation16. Adequate lighting
Section 5.1
Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 4.5Section 4.5
Paint Application
17. No. of coats and location of application18. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected19. Proper gloves, protective masks or glasses are worn
(where necessary)20. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn21. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided22. Surface clean and dry23. Surface temperature24. Appropriate application tools are used25. Painting frequency26. Painting interval27. Drying time28. Lab Test Submission
Section 4.1Section 4.4Section 4.5
Section 4.5Section 4.5Section 4.2Section 5.1Section 5.2Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 3.1/Appendix C
Final
29. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4
Prepared byDate
Verified byDate
Approved byDate
Sample Checklist for In-Process Inspection on Painting Work(Metal Surface)
Project: Location:
appe
ndix
E
47
Checklist InspectionRequirementReference
Date
Surface Preparation
1. Surface free from rust2. Surface free from unstable matters3. Surface free from grease or oil4. Exposed surface primed
Table 4.3 & 4.4Table 4.3 & 4.4Table 4.3 & 4.4Table 4.3 & 4.4
Result Sign
Paint Preparation
5. Name, colour and type of paint6. Thinning ratio7. Mix ratio8. Pot-life
Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3Section 4.3
Painting Environment
9. Surrounding temperature > 5°C or refer tomanufacturers’ recommendations
10. No strong wind11. Environment free from dust or pollutants12. Relative humidity13. Adequate ventilation14. Adequate lighting
Section 5.1
Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 4.5Section 4.5
Paint Application
15. No. of coats and location of application16. Adjacent elements (not to be painted) are protected17. Proper working attire, footwear and helmet are worn18. Proper glove and protective masks or glasses are
worn (where necessary)19. Safety belts and proper accesses are provided20. Surface clean and dry21. Surface temperature22. Appropriate application tools are used23. Painting frequency24. Painting interval25. Drying time26. Lab. Test submission
Section 4.1Section 4.4Section 4.5Section 4.5
Section 4.5Section 4.2Section 5.1Section 5.2Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 5.1Section 3.1/Appendix C
Final
30. Protect completed painting works Section 5.4
Prepared byDate
Verified byDate
Approved byDate
Appendix E
appe
ndix
F
48
Sample Checklist for Final Inspection on Painting Work
Project: Location:
Checklist InspectionRequirementReference
Date
1. Visual:• Color• Gloss• Texture (optional)
2. Adhesion
As per approvedsample
As per approvedsample
Result Sign
Prepared byDate
Verified byDate
Approved byDate
Appendix F
refe
renc
e
49
Reference
1. SS CP 22The Painting of Buildings
2. SS 5Methods of Test for Paints, Varnishes and Related Materials.
3. SS 7Paint: Finishing, Gloss Enamel
4. SS 34Undercoat paint for Gloss Enamel
5. SS 38Aluminium Wood Primer
6. SS 494Lead and Chromate-free Primer for Iron and Steel Substrates
7. SS 150Emulsion Paints for Decorative Purposes
8. SS 345Algae Resistant Emulsion Paint For Decorative Purposes
9. SS 500Elastomeric Wall Coatings
10. Swedish Standard for Abrasion SA 2.5
11. Swedish Standard for Wire-brushing ST 3.0
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