4 founding fathers...“fear of serious injury alone cannot justify oppression of free speech and...

Name_____________________________________________Per___Founding Fathers & Supreme Court Justices: How do they define “American” protest?

FirstAmendmentoftheUSConstitution:Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof(1);orabridgingthefreedomofspeech(2),orofthepress(3);ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablyto

assemble(4),andtopetitionthegovernmentforaredressofgrievances(5).

BoxthequotethatbestillustratesthereasonforwhichourFoundersestablishedtheFirstAmendment.

“Ifallprintersweredeterminednottoprintanythingtilltheyweresureitwouldoffendnobody,therewouldbeverylittleprinted.”-BenjaminFranklin“Butnoneofthemeansofinformationaremoresacred,orhavebeencherishedwithmoretendernessandcarebythesettlersofAmerica,thanthepress.”-JohnAdams“Thelibertyofthepressisessentialtothesecurityofthestate.”–JohnAdams“Ourlibertydependsonthefreedomofthepress,andthatcannotbelimitedwithoutbeinglost.”–ThomasJefferson“Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapers,ornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.”–ThomasJefferson“Theythatcangiveupessentiallibertytoobtainalittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.”—BenjaminFranklin“Hethatwouldmakehisownlibertysecuremustguardevenhisenemyfromopposition;forifheviolatesthisdutyheestablishesaprecedentthatwillreachtohimself.”—ThomasPaine"ShouldIkeepbackmyopinionsatsuchatime,throughfearofgivingoffense,Ishouldconsidermyselfasguiltyoftreasontowardsmycountry,andofanactofdisloyaltytowardtheMajestyofHeaven,whichIrevereaboveallearthlykings..."–PatrickHenry“Iholditthatalittlerebellion,nowandthen,isagoodthing…Anobservationofthistruthshouldrenderhonestrepublicangovernorssomildintheirpunishmentofrebellions,asnottodiscouragethemtoomuch.Itisamedicinenecessaryforthesoundhealthofgovernment.”–ThomasJefferson

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BoxthequotethatbestillustrateshowtheSupremeCourtcontinuesthattradition.“Restrictionoffreethoughtandfreespeechisthemostdangerousofallsubversions.Itistheoneun-Americanactthatcouldmosteasilydefeatus.”—SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas“Fearofseriousinjuryalonecannotjustifyoppressionoffreespeechandassembly.Menfearedwitchesandburntwomen.Itisthefunctionofspeechtofreemenfromthebondageofirrationalfears.”—SupremeCourtJusticeLouisD.Brandeis“Censorshipreflectsasociety’slackofconfidenceinitself.Itisahallmarkofanauthoritarianregime....”—SupremeCourtJusticePotterStewart“[F]reedomtodifferisnotlimitedtothingsthatdonotmattermuch.Thatwouldbeamereshadowoffreedom.Thetestofitssubstanceistherighttodifferastothingsthattouchtheheartoftheexistingorder.”—SupremeCourtJusticeRobertH.Jackson"Therighttorevolthassourcesdeepinourhistory."–SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas

5majorSupremeCourtcasesthathavedefinedfreespeech Ican/can’t…

“ClearandPresentDanger”Rule(Schenckv.UnitedStates,1919)"Themoststringentprotectionoffreespeechwouldnotprotectamaninfalselyshoutingfireinatheatreandcausingapanic.ThequestionineverycaseiswhetherthewordsareusedinsuchcircumstancesandareofsuchanatureastocreateaclearandpresentdangerthattheywillbringaboutthesubstantiveevilsthatCongresshasarighttoprevent."–JusticeOliverWendellHolmes

“PureSpeech”Rule(Tinkerv.DesMoines,1969)“Wearingofanarmbandforthepurposeofexpressingcertainviewsisthetypeofsymbolicactthatis(protected)andinthiscasewasentirelydivorcedfromactuallyorpotentiallydisruptiveconductbythoseparticipatinginit.Itwascloselyakinto"purespeech"which,wehaverepeatedlyheld,isentitledtocomprehensiveprotection.,, Thestudentsneitherinterruptedschoolactivitiesnorsoughttointrudeintheschoolaffairsorthelivesofothers.”–JusticeAbeFortas

“ActualMalice”Rule(NewYorkTimesv.Sullivan,1964)“TheFirstAmendmentprotectsthepublicationofallstatements,evenfalseones,abouttheconductofpublicofficialsexceptwhenstatementsaremadewithactualmalice(withknowledgethattheyarefalseorinrecklessdisregardoftheirtruthorfalsity)."–JusticeHugoBlack

“SchoolSpeech”Rule(BethelSchoolDistrictv.Fraser,1986)“Theundoubtedfreedomtoadvocateunpopularandcontroversialviewsinschoolsandclassroomsmustbebalancedagainstthesociety'scountervailinginterestinteachingstudentstheboundariesofsociallyappropriatebehavior.Eventhemostheatedpoliticaldiscourseinademocraticsocietyrequiresconsiderationforthepersonalsensibilitiesoftheotherparticipantsandaudiences.”–ChiefJusticeWarrenBurger

“SymbolicSpeech”Rule(Johnsonv.Texas,1989)“Thehardfactisthatsometimeswemustmakedecisionswedonotlike.Wemakethembecausetheyareright,thatthelawandtheConstitution,asweseethem,compeltheresult.Andsogreatisourcommitmenttotheprocessthat,exceptintherarecase,wedonotpausetoexpressdistastefortheresult.Thisisoneofthoserarecases.Thoughsymbolsoftenarewhatweourselvesmakeofthem,theflagisconstantinexpressingbeliefsAmericansshare,beliefsinlawandpeaceandthatfreedomwhichsustainsthehumanspirit.Thecaseheretodayforcesrecognitionofthecoststowhichthosebeliefscommitus.Itispoignantbutfundamentalthattheflagprotectsthosewhoholditincontempt.”–JusticeAnthonyKennedy

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Thequote/”rule”IthinkistheMOST“American”is……because…..Thequote/”rule”IthinkistheLEAST“American”is……because…..SpeechandexpressionaretheleastrestrictedrightsAmericanshavebecause…

Morse v. Frederick (2007) Is THIS protest “American”?

• Studentspermittedtoleaveclasstowatchthe2002OlympicTorchRelaypassthroughtown• Frederick(Student)showedupwiththissignbutdidn’tattendclassthatday• Frederickandtheotherkidsheldthesignacrossthestreet,notonschoolproperty• Morse(principal)wentacrossthestreetandgrabbedthebannerandlatersuspendedFrederick• Fredericksuedthatthispunishmentviolatedhisrighttofreespeech

Inpairsoftwo,scorethisspeechfrom-10to+10andjustifyitusingmultiplepiecesofevidencewehave

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1) Wedecideinfavorof(theprincipal,DeborahMorseORthestudent,JosephFrederick,)thattheact

of……is/isn’tprotectedspeechaccordingtotheUSConstitution.

2) Speechlikethisis/isn’t…

3) While,ononehand…

4) However,strongestreasontodecideinfavorof…isbecause…

5) Additionally,wehavedecidedthiswayisbecause…

“Ifallprintersweredeterminednottoprintanythingtilltheyweresureitwouldoffend

nobody,therewouldbeverylittleprinted.”-BenjaminFranklin

“Butnoneofthemeansofinformationaremoresacred,orhavebeencherishedwithmoretendernessandcarebythesettlersofAmerica,thanthepress.”-JohnAdams

“Thelibertyofthepressisessentialtothesecurityofthestate.”–JohnAdams

“Ourlibertydependsonthefreedomofthepress,andthatcannotbelimitedwithoutbeinglost.”–ThomasJefferson

“Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapers,ornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.”

–ThomasJefferson

“Theythatcangiveupessentiallibertytoobtainalittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.”—BenjaminFranklin

“Hethatwouldmakehisownlibertysecuremustguardevenhisenemyfromopposition;forifheviolatesthisdutyheestablishesaprecedentthatwillreachtohimself.”—Thomas

Paine

"ShouldIkeepbackmyopinionsatsuchatime,throughfearofgivingoffense,Ishouldconsidermyselfasguiltyoftreasontowardsmycountry,andofanactofdisloyaltytoward

theMajestyofHeaven,whichIrevereaboveallearthlykings..."–PatrickHenry

“Iholditthatalittlerebellion,nowandthen,isagoodthing…Anobservationofthistruthshouldrenderhonestrepublicangovernorssomildintheirpunishmentofrebellions,asnottodiscouragethemtoomuch.Itisamedicinenecessaryforthesoundhealthof

government.”–ThomasJefferson

“Restrictionoffreethoughtandfreespeechisthemostdangerousofallsubversions.Itistheoneun-Americanactthatcouldmosteasilydefeatus.”—SupremeCourtJustice

WilliamO.Douglas

“Fearofseriousinjuryalonecannotjustifyoppressionoffreespeechandassembly.Menfearedwitchesandburntwomen.Itisthefunctionofspeechtofreemenfromthe

bondageofirrationalfears.”—SupremeCourtJusticeLouisD.Brandeis

“Censorshipreflectsasociety’slackofconfidenceinitself.Itisahallmarkofanauthoritarianregime....”—SupremeCourtJusticePotterStewart

“[F]reedomtodifferisnotlimitedtothingsthatdonotmattermuch.Thatwouldbeamereshadowoffreedom.Thetestofitssubstanceistherighttodifferastothingsthat

touchtheheartoftheexistingorder.”—SupremeCourtJusticeRobertH.Jackson

"Therighttorevolthassourcesdeepinourhistory."–SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas