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Frei Otto Biography
Frei Otto is a German architect and structural engineer whose work continues to inspire generations, particularly leading British architects whereas Richard Rogers, Grimshaw, Cullinan, Hopkins, Jiricna and Norman Foster all owe him a huge debt. Today, at the age of 81, he is still practicing architecture. He has made his mark with a number of impressive ultra-modern and super-light tent-like and membrane structures and has pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineer, where no other architect at his time has reached his greatness. “I never wanted to be a hero,” says Frei Otto. He has went in a unique way using innovative materials in his work to become a pioneer in his field. Otto's major works were concerned with space frames and structural efficiency of inflatable buildings. His works go far beyond traditional
methods of calculating structural stresses.
Biography
Frei Otto was born in Siegmar, Germany in year 1925. In 1943, he passed his Abitur at the Schadow school in Berlin-Zehlendorf. Between the years of 1943 and 1945, he joined the military service duty and remained a prisoner of war where he was kept in the French war captivity near Chartres, France until 1947.
In 1948, after the war, Otto began working towards architecture as he started the study of architecture in the Technical University of Berlin, Germany completing his postgraduate degree. After that he pursued a study of sociology and urban development at the University of Virginia in the United States of america visiting some of the leading-edge US studios of Erich Mandelsohn, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (both German emigres) Eero Saarinen, Richard Neutra, Charles and Ray Eames and Frank Lloyd Wright. And in 1952 he finally became a Graduate as Engineer of Architecture while simultaneously setting up in a private practice in Berlin.
Later on in 1955, he did his doctoral thesis for his Ph.D on “The Suspended Roof”. It was a dissertation on tensile roof structures. In the same year he designed and built a beautiful music pavilion, or bandstand, in the guise of a butterfly-like tent for the Bundesgartenschau (federal garden exhibition) in Kassel, working with a leading tent-maker as he worked as a freelance architect, inventor, author and designer from 1952-1972. He was
the initiator of the development centre lightweight structures in Berlin. His Snow and Rocks pavilion at the Swiss national exhibition in Lausanne in 1964 stretching the concept of the butterfly further, while in 1967 his West German pavilion at the Montreal Expo in Canada along with Rolf Gutbrod and was given extensive coverage in the world media.
Between 1964 and 1990 he was the founder and director of the Institute for Lightweight Structure (IL) at the University of Stuttgart in Germany. In 1968 he was honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. From 1968 to 1972 he designed the Intercontinental Hotel and Conference Centre in Mecca, Saudi Arabia together with Rolf Gutbrod. And in 1969 he was the founder of the Special Research Unit “ Wide-spanned Lightweight Structures” of the German research foundation.
Frei Otto also designed; The Museum of Modern Art located in New York 1971, the Munich Olympic Stadium together with office Behnisch and Partner, Multihalle Mannheim in Germany 1972, together with Mutschler Langner and Partner 1975. He became an Honorary member of the Royal institute of British Architects 1981.
After that did an Exhibition “Natural Design” in the Museum for Architecture in Moscow in 1981 and built the Ecological houses in Berlin 1990. He has also won the Honda prize for “Architecture and Nature” of the Honda Foundation in Tokyo. And in 1992 he did an exhibition along with Bodo Rasch on “Shape Finding” in the Villa Stuck (located in Munich, Germany) and won the Prize of the “Deutscher Werkbund Bayern” and the Wolf Prize in Architecture, Israel.
One of his most iconic awards he received was the Aga Khan Award for Architecture 1998. The Aga khan is an architectural prize that aims to identify and reward architectural concepts that successfully address the needs and aspirations of Islamic societies in the fields of contemporary design, social housing, community development and improvement, restoration, reuse and area conservation, as well as landscape design and improvements of the environment.
He has built the train station project in Stuttgart, Germany along with Ingenhoven and Partner. He has won; the Special prize of the VII International Biennale for Architecture in Buenos Aires, Brazil for his lifework and the Royal Gold Medal Of The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA, one of the most prestigious architectural awards), the Praemium Imperiale award of Architecture and got the Order of Merit from the Federal Republic of Germany.
Other exceptional Otto tents include the gymnasium at the King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah (1975-80, with Rolf Gutbrod and Ted Happold), while more recently he has designed the Japanese pavilion at the 2000 Hanover Expo with Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, and the branch-like footbridges at the Landschaftspark Mechtenberg, Gelsenkirchen, completed last year in association with Hilbers Ingenieurgesellschaft and Happold Ingenieurbro.
In his collaboration with architects and engineers worldwide, Otto has pushed their designs to the kind of lightweight and elegant limits found more in nature than in the world of steel and other heavy-duty man-made materials. He set up his own Institute for Lightweight Structures at the University of Stuttgart in 1964, making early use of computer modelling to create sensational, yet never hyperbolic, membrane structures.
From the early 1970s he began fusing forms found in nature with modern building techniques and computer logistics. His book Biology and Building (1972) examined ways in which thelightweight sandwich construction of bird skulls could be applied to architecture; a further volume published the following year dealt with the strength and beauty of spiders' webs. If only, thought Otto, we could stretch man-made structures to such limits with such economical use of material.
Further research documents examined the structure and building properties of bamboo and soap bubbles. Otto observed that given a set of fixed points, soap film will spread naturally between them to offer the smallest achievable surface area. Any child blowing bubbles can, more or less, see how this works. In 1974 the Germanborn civil engineer Horst Berger, working in the US, came up with the maths that allowed this process to be translated into building structure.
Berger went on to engineer the magnificent tensile structure of the Haj Terminal in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, completed in 1981. Its 210 cone-shaped, fabric-covered canopies enclose 105 acres, shading up to 100,000 pilgrims at a time from the desert sun. Berger's subsequent engineering design for the Great Hall at Denver International Airport (1994), in an area of heavy snow, high winds and driving hailstorms, helped to convince the public as well as the architectural profession that they were more than Expo wonders. So much so, in fact, that today the most old-fashioned English cricket buff can be found drinking, lobster-faced and quite content, under the tensile-roof structure of Michael Hopkins's Mound Stand at Lord's cricket ground in
Marylebone.
Otto's structural revolution had spread a long way from a 1950s flower show in West Germany, even though the roof at Denver did succumb - temporarily and only in part - to the ravages of savage weather in 2003.
The German engineer's quest to discover the lightest, strongest, most responsive and elegant structural solutions for buildings has drawn his imagination across history and through nature: in 1994 his publication Ancient Architects searched for the most inventive use of materials by the very earliest architects, while in 1995 his Pneu and Bone considered the structural properties of crustaceans. By thistime he was particularly interested in pneumatic structures such as those that can be seen in the domes of the Eden Centre in Cornwall and the National Space Museum, Leicester, two adventurous buildings designed by Nicholas Grimshaw. That same year he published his brilliant and much-reprinted Finding Forms: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal.
The extraordinary depth and breadth of Otto's research have made him one of the greatest architect-engineers of all time. Desperate toliberate architecture from its bulk, he has studied tents, tepees, yurts, sailing boats, balloons, kites, birds, plants, crabs, bubbles and aircraft. With his angular figure and sweep of white hair, he has become the very image of the white-coated, lab-based German engineer. This spirit of research has long driven German design and construction technology at its leanest, most efficient and most beautiful - and most perverse.
Otto, though, is not architecture's Dr Strangelove. He is a humanist through and through. His work has in many ways been a reaction to what a number of brilliant Germans thought of as the perversion of science, art and architecture under Adolf Hitler. Among them was Gunther Behnisch, a successful U-boat commander who went on to work with Otto on the Montreal Expo designs, before shaping a slew of West German buildings that were the antithesis of the chastely rigid work of the Fhrer's pet architects.
Riba's president, George Ferguson, said of Otto last week: "He has a genuine claim to be one of the real greats of the 20th century." Indeed he has.
BiografieBiography
1925
geboren in Siegmar/Sachsen
born in Siegmar /
Saxony,
Germany
1943-47
Wehrdienst und französische Gefangenschaft
Military duty and
French war
captivity
1948
Architekturstudium TU Berlin
Study of
Architecture at
the Technical
University of
Berlin, Germany
1950-51
Studium Soziologie und Städtebau an der University of Virginia, USA. Begegnung mit Wright, Saarinen, Mies van der Rohe, Neutra
Study of
sociology and
urban
development at
the University of
Virginia, USA.
Study visits to
Wright,
Saarinen, Mies
van der Rohe,
Neutra
1952
Examen als Diplomingenieur
Graduate as
Engineer of
Architecture
1955
Promotion und Dissertation "Das hängende Dach" zum Dr.-Ing.
Ph.D. on "The
suspended roof”
1952-1972
Freier Architekt, Erfinder, Fachschriftsteller und Konstrukteur
Freelance
architect,
inventor, author
and designer
1957
Initiator der "Entwicklungsstelle fr Leichtbau" Berlin
Initiator of the
„Development
Centre
Lightweight
Structures“
Berlin, Germany
1964-1990
Grnder und Leiter des "Instituts fr leichte Flächentragwerke (IL)" an der Universität Stuttgart
Founder and
Director of the
“Institute for
Lightweight
Structures (IL)”
at the University
of Stuttgart,
Germany
1967
Deutscher Pavillon bei der Weltausstellung in Montreal, Kanada, mit Rolf Gutbrod
German
Pavilion, Expo
'67 at Montreal,
Canada, together
with Rolf
Gutbrod
1968
Ehrenmitglied American Institute of Architects
Honorary
member of the
American
Institute of
Architects
1968-1972
Hotel- und Konferenzzentrum in Mekka, Saudi-Arabien, mit Rolf Gutbrod
Intercontinental
Hotel and
Conference
Centre, Mecca,
Saudi Arabia,
together with
Rolf Gutbrod
1969
Grnder des Sonderforschungsbereichs "Weitgespannte Flächentragwerke" der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft
Founder of the
Special Research
Unit “Wide-
spanned
Lightweight
Structures” of
the German
research
foundation
1971
Ausstellung im “Museum of Modern Art”, New York
Exhibition at the
“Museum of
Modern Art”,
New York
1972
Olympiadächer in Mnchen mit Bro Behnisch und Partner
Munich Olympic
Stadium together
with office
Behnisch and
Partner
1975
Multihalle in Mannheim mit Mutschler, Langner und Partner
Multihalle
Mannheim,
Germany,
together with
Mutschler.
Langner and
Partner
1981
Ehrenmitglied “Royal Institute of British Architects“
Honorary
member of the
“Royal Institute
of British
Architects”
1981
Ausstellung "Natrliche Konstruktionen" im Museum fr Architektur A.W.Schussew,
Exhibition
"Natural
Design" in the
Museum for
Architecture
A.W.Schussew,
Moskau Moscow, UDSSR
1990
Ökohäuser in Berlin
Ecological
houses in Berlin,
Germany
1990
Honda-Preis fr Ökotechnologie der Honda-Foundation, Tokio
Honda prize for
“Architecture
and Nature”,
Honda
Foundation,
Tokyo, Japan
1992
Ausstellung "Gestalt finden" mit Bodo Rasch in der Villa Stuck, Mnchen Preis des Deutschen Werkbundes Bayern
Exhibition
“Shape finding”
with Bodo Rasch
in the Villa
Stuck, Munich,
Germany Prize of
the “Deutscher
Werkbund
Bayern“
1997
Architekturpreis der Wolf-Foundation Israel
Wolf Prize in
Architecture,
Israel
1998
“Aga Khan“ Preis fr Architektur
Aga Khan Award
for Architecture
2000
Projekt Stuttgarter Bahnhof mit Bro Ingenhoven und Partner
Project train
station Stuttgart,
Germany,
together with
Ingenhoven and
Partner
2000
Sonderpreis der VII Internationalen Biennale fr Architektur in Buenos Aires fr sein Lebenswerk
Special prize of
the VII
International
Biennale for
Architecture in
Buenos Aires,
Brazil, for his
lifework
2005
Royal Gold Medal des Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
Royal Gold
Medal of the
Royal Institute of
British Architects
(RIBA)
2006
Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse
Order of Merit of
the Federal
Republic of
Germany
2006 Praemium Imperiale in der Sparte Architektur
Praemium
Imperiale award
architecture
Frei Otto as author resp. editor
1954 Das hängende Dach,
Bauwelt-Verlag (siehe Reprint 1990)
1962 Zugbeanspruchte Konstruktionen, Verlag Ullstein, Band 1
Tensile structures, Vol. 1:
Pneumatic structures, The
MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1973,
ISBN 0-262-15013-1
1966 Zugbeanspruchte Konstruktionen, Verlag Ullstein, Band 2
Tensile structures, Vol. 2:
Cables, nets and
membranes, The MIT
Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1973
1982 Natrliche Konstruktionen, DVA, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-02591-6
1983 Leichtbau in Architektur
und Natur,Katalog der Ausstellung „Natrliche Konstruktionen“ in Moskau, Institut fr leichte Flächentragwerke, Stuttgart
1984 Schriften und Reden 1951-83, Hrsg. Berthold Burkhardt, Vieweg-Verlag, Braunschweig, ISBN 3-528-08687-4
1988 Gestaltwerdung, Verlag Rudolf Mller, Köln, Arcus 4, ISBN 3-481-19841-8
1990 Das hängende Dach, Reprint mit Beiträgen von Rainer Graefe und Christian SchädlichDVA, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-02987-3
1995 Gestalt finden. Auf dem Weg zu einer Baukunst des Minimalen. Frei Otto, Bodo Rasch, Edition Axel Menges. ISBN: 3-930698-65-X
Finding Form. Towards an
Architecture of the
Minimal. Frei Otto, Bodo
Rasch. 3rd ed. 2001.
ISBN: 3-930698-66-8
1996 Architektur Natur, Warmbronner Schriften 7,Christian-Wagner-Gesellschaft Warmbronn
2007 Das Netz, Verlag Keicher
2008 Christine Otto-Kanstinger: 128 Modellefr den neuen Stuttgarter Hauptbahnhof 1997 bis 2008 entstanden im Atelier Frei Otto Warmbronn 128 Farbbilder, 42 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-9812662-0-7Bestellung für 20 Euro + Versand bei:
Institut für Entwerfen und Konstruieren,
Universität Suttgart
Publications of the “Institute for Lightweight Structures (IL)” at
the University of Stuttgart, Germany
IL 1 1969
MinimalnetzeSeifenhautversuche, um beliebig viele Punkte in der Ebene oder im Raum mit einem Wegesystem minimaler Länge zu verbinden.56 Seiten, 186 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Minimal Nets
Soap film tests to connect
any number of points in
plane or in space in a path
connect system with
minimum lengths.
56 pages, 186 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 2 1971
Stadt in der ArktisModellstudie fr eine Stadt mit knstlichem Klima unter einer glasklaren Hlle56 Seiten, 74 Abbildungen
City in the Arctic
Study for a city under a
transparent envelope with
artificial climate
56 pages, 74 figures
IL 3 1971
Biologie und Bauen 1Kolloquiumsbericht. Das Individuum und sein Milieu. Über die kritische Situation in der wachsenden Sozietät. Tierbauten, Städtebau und biologische Erkenntnis70 Seiten, 35 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Biology and Building 1
Colloquium proceedings.
The individual and its
environment. The critical
situation in a growing
society. Animal buildings,
urban planning, biological
knowledge.
70 pages, 35 figures, out of
stock, available as bound
photocopies
IL 4 1972
Biologie und Bauen 2Praktische Anwendung der Analogieforschung. Vom Hydroskelett zum
Skelettmuskelsystem, Sandwichstrukturen bei Vogelschädeln. Zum Leichtbauprinzip der Organismen, Extremitätenstatik79 Seiten, 89 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Biology and Building
Practical application of
analogous research. From
hydrostatic skeleton to
skeletal muscle system.
Sandwich structures within
bird skulls. The principles
of lightweight structures in
organisms. Static of
extremities
79 pages, 89 figures, out of
stock, available as bound
photocopies
IL 5 1972
Wandelbare DächerHistorische Zusammenhänge. Dokumentation wandelbarer Konstruktionen, Konstruktionsanalyse mit Grundlagen der Geometrie, der Form und
der Bewegungen. Weiterentwicklung wandelbarer Dächer als Massiv- oder Membrankonstruktionen400 Seiten, 2300 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Convertible Roofs
A historical development.
Documentation of
convertible structures,
construction analysis with
basic of form, geometry
and movements. further
development of convertible
roots.
400 pages, 2300 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 6 1973
Biologie und Bauen 3Spinnennetze, Konstruktion der Knochen. Biophysikalisches Generalmodell. 3-dimensionale Anaglyphenbilder. Photogrammetrische Vermessung dnner
Seifenhäute. ISBN 3-7828-2006-186 Seiten, 101 Abbildungen
Biology and Building 3
Spider nets. Construction
of bones. A biophysical
general model. 3-
dimensional anaglyph
pictures. Photogrammetric
measurement of soap
films. ISBN 3-7828-2006-1
86 pages, 101 figures
IL 7 1972
Schatten in der WsteProjektstudie: Schattendächer fr heiße Gebiete. Fragen der Klimakontrolle, konstruktive Probleme, Materialaufwand und Kosten88 Seiten, 89 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Shadow in the Desert
Project study: shade net
roofs for hot regions.
Problems of climate
control, structural
problems, material
expenditure and costs
88 pages, 89 figures, out of
stock, available as bound
photocopies
IL 8 1975
Netze in Natur und TechnikÜbersicht und Ordnung der technischen Seilkonstruktionen. Fasern und Seile. Maschenstrukturen der Netze. Seilverbindungen. Bauen mit Netzen. Insekten- und Spinnennetze. ISBN 3-7828-2008-8430 Seiten, 1896 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Nets in Nature and
Technics
Overview and ordering of
technical net structures.
Fibres and cables. Mesh
constructions of nets.
Cable connections.
Building with nets. Nets
from spiders and insects.
ISBN 3-7828-2008-8
430 pages, 1896 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 9 1977
Pneus in Natur und TechnikInterdisziplinäre Forschungsarbeit von Biologen und dem IL. Darstellung der Formbildungsgesetze des Konstruktionssystems Pneu mit Beispielen aus Natur und Technik. Das Konstruktionssystem Pneu ist die wesentliche Grundlage der Formwelt der lebenden Natur336 Seiten, 1400 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Pneus in Nature and
Technics
Report on the
interdisciplinary work of
biologists and the IL.
Establishment of the laws
which govern form
development of the
structural system pneu,
with examples from nature
and technics. The
structural system pneu is
the essential basis for the
world of forms of living
nature.
336 pages, 1400 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 10 1974
GitterschalenGrundlagen und Methoden zur Formfindung von Gitterschalen. Vom Hängemodell zur Tragkonstruktion. Architektonische Möglichkeiten und Ansätze. ISBN 3-7828-2010-X346 Seiten, 1500 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Grid Shells
Fundamentals and
methods of form finding
for grid shells. From
hanging models to load
bearing structures.
Architectural possibilities
and applications. ISBN 3-
7828-2010-X
346 pages, 1500 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 11 1978
Leichtbau und EnergietechnikProjekte und Entwicklungen fr Khltrme, Wasserbauten, Speicher, Klärbehälter, Energiegewinnung mit Sonne, Wind und Wasser, Klima im Innenraum. ISBN 3-7828-2011-8256 Seiten, 1150 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Lightweight and Energy
Technics
Projects and development
for cooling towers,
hydraulic engineering
structures, storage
facilities, membranes in
sewage treatment. Energy
systems with sun, wind,
and water. Interior climate
control. ISBN 3-7828-
2011-8
256 pages, 1150 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 12 1975
Wandelbare PneusAnregungen und Beispiele von wandelbaren Pneus. Pneukatalog. Studien zur Formbildung von Pneus und Diatomeenschalen. Leichtbauarchitektur in der Praxis: Der europäische Zeltbau heute. ISBN 3-7828-2012-6186 Seiten, 1478 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Convertible Pneus
Ideas and examples of
movable pneumatic
systems. Catalogue of
pneus. Form studies of
pneumatic structures and
diatom shells. Lightweight
architecture in practice:
Tent structures in
contemporary Europe.
ISBN 3-7828-2012-6
186 pages, 1478 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 13 1978
Multihalle MannheimDie 7400 qm große Gitterschale der Bundesgartenschau Mannheim. Von den Wettbewerbsskizzen bis zur Fertigstellung, ISBN 3-7828-2013-4280 Seiten, 353 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Multihall Mannheim
The 7400 sq. m. grid shell
of the Federal Garden
Exhibition Mannheim
from the competition
design to the complete
building, ISBN 3-7828-
2013-4
280 pages, 353 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 14 1975
Anpassungsfähig BauenKolloquiumsbericht. Aspekte der Geschickte, Politik, Biologie, Medizin, Architektur und des Städtebaus. ISBN 3-1828-2014-2335 Seiten, 650
Abbildungen Adaptable Architecture
Colloquium proceedings.
Aspect of history, politics,
biology, medicine,
architecture and city
planning. ISBN 3-1828-
2014-2
335 pages, 650 figures
IL 15 1983
LufthallenhandbuchEntwurf und Konstruktion, Zuschnitt, Berechnung, Herstellung und Konfektion von Lufthallen. Materialien und Vorschriften438 Seiten, 600 Abbildungen
Air Hall Handbook
Architectural und
structural design, cutting
pattern, calculation, and
manufacturing of air halls.
Material and codes
438 pages, 600 figures
IL 16 1976
ZelteEin Blick in die Zeltbaupraxis – Zeltkonstruktionen kleiner und größter
Spannweiten. eine Wrdigung des Werkes von Peter Stromeyer. ISBN 3-7828-2016-9160 Seiten, 160 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Tents
A view of the tent building
practice – construction of
small and largest span
tents. An appreciation of
the work of Peter
Stromeyer. ISBN 3-7828-
2016-9
160 pages, 160 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 17 1978
The Work of Frei Otto and his TeamsAusstellungskatalog des Museums of Modern Art New York, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut fr Auslandsbeziehungen Stuttgart. ISBN 3-7828-2017-756 Seiten, 150 Abbildungen
The Work of Frei Otto and
his Teams
Exhibition catalogue of the
Museum of modern Art
New York, in collaboration
with the Institut für
Auslandsbeziehungen
Stuttgart. ISBN 3-7828-
2017-7
56 pages, 150 figures
IL 18 1988
SeifenblasenExperimente mit Flssigkeitslamellen in Wissenschaft, Architektur und Technik. Minimalwege, Minimalflächen, Formfindungsmodelle fr Zelte, Netze, Lufthallen. ISBN 3-7828-2018-5400 Seiten, 750 Abbildungen
Forming Bubbles
Experiments with liquid
films in science,
architecture and technics.
Minimal ways, minimal
surfaces, formfinding
models for tents, nets, air
halls. ISBN 3-7828-2018-5
400 pages, 750 figures
IL 19 1979
Wachsende und sich teilende PneusPneumatische Konstruktionen in Natur und Technik. Entstehungsprozesse, Methoden der Formveränderung. ISBN 3-7828-2019-3166 Seiten, 590 Abbildungen
Growing and Dividing
Pneus
Pneumatic structures in
nature and technics.
Processes of generation,
methods of form
metamorphosis. ISBN 3-
7828-2019-3
166 pages, 590 figures
IL 20 1979
AufgabenProbleme und Fragen in Forschung und Praxis in Weiterentwicklung und Anwendung des Leichtbaus. ISBN 3-7828-2020-7350 Seiten, 300 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie
erhältlich Tasks
Problems and questions in
research and practice of
further development and
application of lightweight
structures. ISBN 3-7828-
2020-7
350 pages, 300 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 21 1979
Form Kraft Masse 1 – GrundlagenKomplexe Zusammenhänge zwischen Form, Masse und Effektivität von Konstruktionen aus Natur und Technik mit einem Beitrag zum Thema Ästhetik. ISBN 3-7828-2021-5190 Seiten, 600 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Form Force Mass 1 –
Basics
Relationship of form, mass
and efficiency of structures
in nature and technics,
with an annex on the
subject aesthetics. ISBN 3-
7828-2021-5
190 pages, 600 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 22 1988
Form Kraft Masse 2 – FormVorschlag zur Entwicklung einer Methode zur Ordnung und Beschreibung von Formen. Bilder von Formen. ISBN 3-7828-2022-396 Seiten, 420 Abbildungen
Form Force Mass 2 –
Form
Proposal for a development
of a method for order and
description of forms.
Photos of forms. ISBN 3-
7828-2022-3
96 pages, 420 figures
IL 23 1992
Form Kraft Masse 3 – KonstruktionEinteilung und Ordnung von Konstruktionen nach ihren technischen und
konstruktiven Merkmalen. ISBN 3-7828-2023-1190 Seiten, 1148 Abbildungen
Form Force Mass 3 –
Structure
Classification and order of
structures related on their
technical constructive
characteristics. ISBN 3-
7828-2023-1
190 pages, 1148 figures
IL 24 1996
Form Kraft Masse 4 - Prinzip LeichtbauAufwand und Optimierung von Bauelementen und Konstruktionen. Die Bic-Lambda-Methode. Energiesysteme. ISBN 3-7828-2024-X294 Seiten, 648 Abbildungen
Form Force Mass 4 -
Lightweight Principle
Expense and optimisation
of structural elements and
structures. The Bis-
Lambda-Method. ISBN 3-
7828-2024-X
294 pages, 648 figures
IL 25 1990
Form Kraft Masse 5 – ExperimenteExperimente zur Abhängigkeit von Form, Kraft und Masse. Selbstbildende Prozesse in Biologie und Bauen. Formfindung und Modellmethoden (Dissertation v. Siegfried Gaß). ISBN 3-7828-2025-8288 Seiten, 1023 Abbildungen
Form Force Mass 5 –
Experiments
Experiments on
dependence of form, force
and mass. Processes of self
generation in biology and
building. Formfinding and
methods of modelling.
(Thesis of Siegfried Gaß).
ISBN 3-7828-2025-8
288 pages, 1023 figures
IL 26 1979
Natur und BauenInternationaler Jugendwettbewerb in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut fr
Auslandsbeziehungen Stuttgart. Bilder von 810 Kindern, eingesandt aus 24 Ländern. Erläuterungen aus Sicht von Architekten, Ökologen und Knstlern. ISBN 3-7828-2026-6270 Seiten, 1770 Abbildungen
Nature and Architecture
International Youth
Competition in
collaboration with the
Institut für
Auslandsbeziehungen
Stuttgart. Pictures of 810
children from 24 countries.
Comments from the view
of architects, ecologists
and artists. ISBN 3-7828-
2026-6
270 pages, 1770 figures
IL 27 1981
Natrlich BauenBeiträge zum gleichnamigen Symposium im Herbst 1979 am IL. Themen: Natur und Gesellschaft, Selbstbau, natrliche Konstruktionen,
organisches und ökologisches Bauen. ISBN 3-7828-2027-4310 Seiten, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Natural Building
Contributions of the same
named symposium in
autumn 1979 at the IL.
Topics: nature and society,
self-help building, natural
structures, organic and
ecological building. ISBN
3-7828-2027-4
310 pages, out of stock,
available as bound
photocopies
IL 28 1985
Diatomeen 1Schalen in Natur und Technik. Morphogenetische Analyse und Merkmalssynthese in Diatomeen-Schalen von J.-G. Helmcke. Theoretische und experimentelle Grundlagen. Prozesse der Formentstehung. Schalenmorphogenese.
ISBN 3-7828-2028-2328 Seiten, 850 Abbildungen
Diatoms 1
Shells in nature and
technics. Morphogenetic
analysis and character
synthesis of diatom valves
by J.-G. Helmcke.
Theoretical and
experimental basics.
Processes of form genesis.
c
328 pages, 850 figures
IL 29 1980
Die Zeltstädte des HadschDie Entstehung des Hadsch, der Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka, sein heutiger Ablauf und seine städtebaulichen Probleme. Betrachtung des Einzelzeltes, der Zeltstadt und ihrer Organisation. ISBN 3-7828-2029-0240 Seiten, ca. 500 Abbildungen
The Tent Cities of the Hajj
The origin of the Hajj, the
pilgrimage to Mekkah, its
procedure of today and its
urban planning problems.
Observation on the
individual tent, the tent city
and its organisation. ISBN
3-7828-2029-0
240 pages, about 500
figures
IL 30 1984
Vela, Toldos, SchattenzelteStudien und Überlegungen zu römischen Theater-Vela. Die Sonnensegel (Toldos) von Sevilla. Schinkels Blechzelte und Nachfolgebauten. ISBN 3-7828-2030-4152 Seiten, 685 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Sun & Shade
Studies and considerations
on the Roman Theatre
Vela. The awnings (Toldos)
of Sevilla, Schinkel’s sheet
metal tents and following
buildings. ISBN 3-7828-
2030-4
152 pages, 685 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 31 1986
BambusBambus als Baustoff, seine traditionelle Anwendung in Sdostasien (Neuherausgabe der Dissertation von Klaus Dunkelberg). Bauen mit pflanzlichen Stäben, neue Bauformen, Konstruktion und Details. ISBN 3-7828-2031-2432 Seiten, 1500 Abbildungen
Bamboo
Bamboo as building
material, its traditional
application in South-East-
Asia (new edition of the
thesis of Klaus
Dunkelberg). Building
with vegetal rods, new
forms, structures and
details. ISBN 3-7828-2031-
2
432 pages, 1500 figures
IL 32 1983
Leichtbau in Architektur und NaturAusstellung „Natrliche Konstruktionen“ im Museum A.W. Schussew in Moskau 1983.
Forschungen und Projekte der Arbeitsgruppen Biologie und Bauen in BRD und UDSSR. ISBN 3-7828-2032-0108 Seiten, 295 Abbildungen, vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Lightweight in
Architecture and Nature
Exhibition “Natural
Structure” in the Shussev
Museum of Architecture in
Moscow 1983. Research
works and projects of the
groups Biology and
Building in the FRG and
the USSR. ISBN 3-7828-
2032-0
108 pages, 295 figures, out
of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 33 1990
RadiolarienSchalen in Natur und Technik – Die Radiolarien im stereoskopischen Bild von J.-G. Helmcke. Prozesse der Formbildung von K. Bach. ISBN 3-7828-2033-9
320 Seiten, 1200 Abbildungen, mit Stereosichtgerät.
Radiolaria
Shells in Nature and
Technics – Radiolaria in
Sterescopic Micographs by
J.-G. Helmcke. Processes
of Form Generation by K.
Bach. ISBN 3-7828-2033-9
320 pages, 1200 figures,
with Stereoscopic Viewer
IL 34 1989
Das ModellAntoni Gaudis Hängemodell und seine Rekonstruktion. Neue Erkenntnisse zum Entwurf fr die Kirche der Colonia Gel (Dissertation von Jos Tomlow). ISBN 3-7828-2034-7272 Seiten, 300 Abbildungen (dt./engl./span.)
The Model
Antoni Gaudi’s hanging
model and its
reconstruction, New light
on the design of the
Church of Colonia Güel
(Thesis of Jos Tomlow).
ISBN 3-7828-2034-7
272 pages, 300 figures
(dt./engl./span.)
IL 35 1995
Pneu und KnochenDas Konstruktionsprinzip Pneu in der lebenden Natur: weiche Pneus, feste Pneus, Schalentiere, Knochen. ISBN 3-7828-2035-5256 Seiten, 900 Abbildungen
Pneu and Bone
The structural system pneu
in living nature: soft
pneus, solide pneus,
Crustaceans, Bones. ISBN
3-7828-2035-5
256 pages, 900 figures
IL 36 1984
Subjektive StandorteSubjektive Standorte in Baukunst und Naturwissenschaft. Kolloquiumsbericht zum 20-jährigen Bestehen des IL. ISBN 3-7828-2036-3232 Seiten, 600 Abbildungen
Subjective Standpoints
Subjective standpoints in
architecture and science.
Proceedings to the 20th
anniversary of the IL.
ISBN 3-7828-2036-3
232 pages, 600 figures
IL 37 1994
Alte BaumeisterFrei Otto : Was könnten die alten Baumeister erfunden haben ? Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Konstruierens. ISBN 3-7828-2037-1148 Seiten, 1260 Abbildungen. vergriffen, als gebundene Kopie erhältlich
Ancient Architects
Frei Otto: What could the
ancient master builders
have invented? A
contribution to the history
of inventing structures.
ISBN 3-7828-2037-1
148 pages, 1260 figures,
out of stock, available as
bound photocopies
IL 39 1992
Ungeplante SiedlungenCharakteristische Merkmale – Wegesysteme,
Flächenteilung, Einflsse von Selbstorganisationsprozessen auf die Entwicklung von Siedlungsstrukturen. Vergleiche mit selbstbildenden Strukturen in der Natur (Dissertation von Eda Schaur). ISBN 3-7828-2039-8256 Seiten, 507 Abbildungen
Non-Planned Settlements
Characteristic Features –
Path Systems, Surface
Subdivisions, effect of
processes of self-
organisation on the
formation of settlement
structures. Comparisons
with self-generating
structures in nature.
(Thesis of Eda Schaur).
ISBN 3-7828-2039-8
256 pages, 507 figures
IL 41
1995
Intelligent BauenAspekte einer anderen Baukultur. Vor welchen neuen Aufgaben stehen Planer, Architekten und
Ingenieure angesichts der wachsenden globalen Probleme. ISBN 3-7828-2041-X272 Seiten, 367 Abbildungen
Building with Intelligence
Aspects of a Different
Building Culture. Which
new tasks are to be faced
by planners, architects and
engineers in order to meet
the rapidly growing global
problems. ISBN 3-7828-
2041-X
272 pages, 367 figures
Tents
Four-Point Tent as a Music Pavilion of the
Bundesgartenschau, Kassel, Germany 1955
Four-Point Tent as an Exhibition Pavilion for the
contributions to the competition for the peace memorial
in the city park, Leonberg, Germany 1988 (Jürgen
Bradatsch)
Pavilion ”Tanzbrunnen“ over a dance floor at the
Bundesgartenschau , Cologne, Germany 1957 (in cooperation with
E. Bubner, S. Lohs and D.R. Frank)
Pavilion „Neige et Rocs“, Swiss National Exhibition, Lausanne,
Switzerland 1964 (in cooperation with G. Schierle, P. Stromeyer)
“Heart Tent” of the Diplomatic Club in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, called “Tuwaiq Palace”, 1986.
Paintings by Bettina Otto (Oho Joint Venture: F. Otto, T.
Happold, Omrania)
Cable-nets
The cable net of the German Pavilion during installation, Expo
'67, Montreal, Canada
Interior view of a low point with an eye of the German Pavilion,
Expo ’67, Montreal, Canada
The German Pavilion, Expo '67, Montreal, Canada (Rolf Gutbrod, Frei Otto andFritz Leonhardt)
Interior view of the Olympic Stadium roof, Munich, Germany
1972
Roofs of the Olympic Stadium Munich, Germany 1972 (together
with Behnisch and Partner, Leonhardt and Andrae)
Institute for Lightweight Structures at the University of Stuttgart-
Vaihingen during a meeting (initially a test-building of the
German Pavilion, Expo ’67 in Montreal). Installation 1965,
moving and upgrading 1968. The building, listed as a historic
monument, was renovated in 1993.
Interior view of the gymnasium of the King Abdul Aziz University
in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1975-80 (together with R. Gutbrod, E.
Happold)
Exterior view of the gymnasium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1980
Convertible Roofs
Convertible roof over the open-air theatre of the abbey ruins of
Bad Hersfeld, Germany 1968 (together with P. Stromeyer)
Folded membrane roof of the open-air theatre of the abbey ruins
of Bad Hersfeld, Germany 1968
Feasibility study of an convertible roof of the multimedia station of
the Farbwerke Hoechst, 1971. Showing the motion in two steps
(together with Burkhardt and B. Rasch)
Pneumatic Structures
Feasibility study of an arch hall, 1959
Feasibility study “City in the Antarctica“, 1971.
Air-supported building as climatic shell over a city
(together with E. Bubner, K. Tange, O. Arup)
Umbrellas
Convertible Umbrellas at the Bundesgartenschau, Cologne,
Germany 1971 (together with B. Rasch, H. Isler)
Convertibles Umbrellas in the inner court of the Prophet's Mosque
in Medina, Saudi Arabia, 1971 (Bodo Rasch with Jürgen
Bradatsch)
Stage umbrellas for a concert tour of the group Pink Floyd, 1978
(together with B. Rasch and Office Happold
Home Buildings
Garden pavilion, Leonberg-Warmbronn, Germany 2001
House Otto, Leonberg-Warmbronn, Germany 1969 (with R. Krier)
Ecological houses in Berlin, south side of the housegroup, seen
from the Landwehrkanal. Berlin, Germany 1982-90 (Concept
together with H. Kendel and C. Kanstinger)
New Stuttgart Train Station
Soap film model for the new train station in Stuttgart, Germany,
2000
Suspend model for form finding of the arches for the new train
station in Stuttgart, Germany, 2000 (Christoph Ingenhoven and
Partner, Frei Otto, Büro Happold, Leonhardt and Andrae)
Model of the new Stuttgart train station. General view, illuminated
at night, 2000
Model for the new Stuttgart train station, view of the underground
hall with the platforms, 2000
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