3: connecting to the network
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3: Connecting to the NetworkNetworking for Home & Small Business
What’s a Network?• Make a phone call, watching TV, radio,
Internet, Gaming– All depend on a reliable network
• Group of connected devices able to communicate with each other
Networks
Basic Network Components• 4 categories of components
– Hosts– Shared peripherals– Networking devices– Networking media
Hosts– They send & receive data– Have an IP Address
Shared Peripherals– Shared devices that ARE connected to a host
• Rely on their connected hosts to communicate– Print Sharing
Networking devices• Connect hosts
– Hubs, switches, routers• Move & control traffic
Networking media• Connects Devices
Activity
Handout• Complete Handout 1
Client-Server• Hosts have an IP Address
• Hosts can act as a client or server– Depends on software installed
• Server provides services to other hosts– Like providing email or web services
• Clients request & display info from servers
Clients & Servers
Clients & One Server
Popular Client-Server Network• World of Warcraft• Players from all over the world connect &
play
Activity
Peer-to-Peer Networks• One computer can sometimes act as the
server & the client• Simplest: 2 connected devices
– Uses a crossover cable• Multiple PC’s connect with a hub
Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Large businesses have lots of traffic– Dedicated servers to handle requests
Famous Peer-to-Peer• LimeWire
– Exchanging MP3’s with another device
Client, Server, or Both
Physical Topology• Layout/Map of network• Shows where each host is located, wiring,
network devices
Logical Topology• Groups hosts by how they use the network
– Not physical location• Host names, addresses, group info &
applications can be recorded
Lab 3.1.5• Building a Peer-to-Peer Network
End of Part 1
Review• What does SOHO stand for?
– Small office home office• What interconnects hosts & controls traffic?
– Network devices• Which cable connects 2 PC’s together?
– Crossover cable• Hosts are devices that have what?
– IP Addresses• Describe client-server.
Principles of Communication• The Message• Source or
Sender• Destination or
Receiver• Channel or
Pathway• Protocol or
Rules
Human Communication• What are our rules of communication?
Protocols• Rules of Communication over a medium• Protocols define the details of how the
message is transmitted, and delivered. • This includes issues of:
Message Encoding• Encoding
• Converting thoughts into words• Describing the sunset
• Bits are encoded for that medium• Light, electricity, or radio waves
• Destination will decode the message
Message Format Delivery
Encapsulation of Data• Computer messages packed in a FRAME
– Acts like an envelope– Provides the addresses– Must be properly addresses or won’t be
delivered
Handout• Complete Handout 2 & 3• Message Format Ordering
Review• What 4 things do you need for
communication?– Source, destination, channel, protocol
• Describe encoding.– Bits into electricity, light, or radio waves
• A message is encapsulated in what?– Frame
• Which 2 address are in the frame?– Source & destination MAC address
What We Talked About So Far
Message Size• You talk in sentences.
– Length will vary depending on what can be processed or understood by the listener
• Messages sent across networks are broken into smaller pieces– Size of a frame
Message Timing• People use timing to determine when to
speak, how fast or slow to talk, and how long to wait for a response. These are the rules of engagement.
• Access Method• Flow Control• Response Timeout
Message Timing• Access Method
– When to begin sending & how to respond to errors
– Collision if two talk at same time• Flow Control
– Sender can transmit messages faster than the destination can receive & process
– Use flow control to negotiate correct timing for successful communication
• Response Timeout– How long to wait for responses & what to do
Unicast Message Pattern• Unicast
– 1 to 1 single message
Multicast Message Pattern• Multicast
– 1 to a group message
Broadcast Message Pattern• Broadcast
– 1 to all
Activity
Review• What is it called when one message format
is placed in another message format?– Encapsulation
• Bob is talking to Sally. Which type of message pattern is this?– Unicast
• Which address is used in a frame?– MAC address (source & destination)
Review• Which message is one to all?
– Broadcast
Importance of Protocols• Computers need rules to communicate• Local network devices MUST speak same
language• Most common wired protocol is
ETHERNET
Early Days of Computing• Each vendor had their own rules• Standards had to be created
Standardizing• IEEE maintains standards approvals
– Assigned a #– 802.3 is Ethernet– 100Base-T
• 100 megabit Ethernet• Baseband Transmission• Twisted Pair Cabling
Physical Addressing• Remember encapsulating frames?
– Source & destination address needed• Each host on Ethernet has a physical
address (MAC Address)– Burned into NIC
• NIC encapsulates source & dest. MAC• Host that receives frame reads dest. MAC
– If it contains its own MAC, it will process it– If not, it ignores it
Example
Lab 3.3.3• Determine the Mac Address• Ipconfig /all
Ethernet Frame Structure• Frames are also called PDU’s
– Protocol Data Units– 64-1518 bytes each frame
– Preamble for timing– SFD is end of timing, begin frame– FCS- helps check for damaged frames
Activity
MAC & IP- Happy Together!IP MAC
MAC
Hierarchical Design Structure• MAC Address is like your name
– Doesn’t tell where you are on the network– Not efficient by itself– Imagine if all hosts on Internet could only be
identified by a MAC address• Ethernet is a broadcast technology
– Sent to all in a network– Too much traffic & collisions, slows network
• Separate into smaller networks
Hierarchical in Life
Hierarchical Design in Networks• Dividing your network into smaller groups or
layers– Keeps local traffic local– Only data intended for other networks will move on to
other layers• Access Layer
– Provides connections to hosts in a local Ethernet network.
• Distribution Layer– Interconnects the smaller local networks.
• Core Layer– A high-speed connection between distribution layer
devices.
3 Layer Model
Access Layer• Hosts/Clients connect to hubs/switches• Local segmented networks
Distribution Layer• Routers• Routing occurs• Traffic delivered to other local networks• Security (ACL)
Core Layer• High-speed backbone• Redundant paths• Powerful routers/switches
– Just sends the data– No changes here
Goals of 3 Layer Model• Think how you can limit traffic from going to
where it doesn’t need to be– Less collisions– More efficient data paths– Better placement of devices
Radio File Storage Server
Teacher File Server- GCIT
PowerSchool Server
IP Addressing• Your name doesn’t change but where you
live might– MAC stays on NIC– Doesn’t change no matter where you move
• IP Address is like your address– It is logical, not physical
• Needed to go beyond your network– Stay local or go elsewhere???
IP Addressing• 2 parts
– Identify the network– Identify the host
• Network portion is same for all devices on a local network
• 209.120.5.72
IP Network Example
Lab 3.3.6• Determine the IP Address of the Computer• Let’s do this together
• How do we find the IP Address through the command prompt?– Ipconfig /all
• Why is an IP address important?
Handout• 3 Layer Model & Addressing Activity
Review1. What is the process of placing one format
into another (like a letter into an envelope to be sent in the mail)?
– Encapsulation2. Which device is typically at the
Distribution Layer?– Router
3. When a PC receives a message, which address is used to determine if it for that PC?
– Destination MAC
Review1. Which organization creates & maintains
the standards?– IEEE– Why?
2. A frame contains which 2 addresses?– Source & Destination MAC
3. What does FCS stand for & what does it do?
– Frame Check Sequence, checks for errors
Hubs• At Access Layer• Simple Device (DUMB)
– Message in one port, out all others– Does not send to specific device– Sends one message at a time
• Collisions can occur• They wait for silence, & then resend randomly• Too many collisions slow the network• Keep these collision domains SMALL
Pictures of Hubs
Hub Example
Hub & Collision Domain
Handout• Hubs
Switches• Access Layer• Connects multiple hosts like a hub
– Forwards a message to a specific host!– Reads the destination MAC
• Has a MAC address table– Ports & MAC addresses on them
• Creates a virtual circuit to destination• No bandwidth sharing between hosts• No collisions!
How a switch works
More about Switches…• What if destination MAC is NOT in the
table?– Floods message out all ports, except one it
came in on– Compare the destination MAC in frame– Correct one processes the message
Switch Table• How does the switch add the MAC address
to its table?– It examines the source MAC & port it came in
on– When it responds to a message, it adds it
• Updates table for every message
Example• Go to Slide 3.4.3-2
• Look at example
What else about Switches?• Hub attached to switch port scenario • Separate collision domains for each switch port
Switch Handout
Review1. Hubs & Switches are at which design
layer?– Access Layer
2. Which device creates a virtual circuit from the source to destination?
– Switch3. Which device sends data in one port &
out all ports regardless of the destination?– Hub
Review1. Which address does a NIC read when
deciding if the message is for itself?– Destination MAC
2. In 100Base-T, what does the 100 mean?– 100Mbps– How about the T?
• Twisted Pair Cabling
3. If a switch receives a frame & doesn’t have the dest. MAC in its table, what happens?
– Floods it out all ports, except one it came in on
Broadcasts• One host can send messages to all other
LOCAL hosts– Find info from others– Tell others something
• One destination MAC in a frame only– There’s a special MAC address that all hosts
will receive & process– 48 bits, all binary 1’s– In hexadecimal, FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Look at 3.4.4
Broadcast Domain• Too many hosts in a domain, causes traffic
backup– This is why you divide into smaller LAN’s
Let’s Practice Together• Slide 3.4.5
MAC & IP• What if you want to send data, but only know their
IP address and not their MAC?– ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
ARP• Host sends out a broadcast frame w/ the IP
address of the destination host– FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Each host receives & compares the IP address to see if it is their own
• Matching host sends its MAC address back to source
• Source then adds it to its ARP table• Then it can send the message
ARP Example
ARP Example
Review1. A broadcast frame contains which MAC
address?– All F’s
2. How many bits is a MAC address?– 48
3. Describe a broadcast4. What separates broadcasts?
Distribution Layer• Separates & connects your small networks
– Connects your Access Layer networks– Can filter traffic & provide security
Routers• Distribution Layer• Connects different local networks• Reads the packet encaps. in frame
– Destination IP Address (network portion)– Subnet Mask
• Finds best path to that destination network
Routers- The Path…• Each port connects a different local
network• Rips open to find destination IP• Looks in Routing Table
– In the table:• Encapsulates in new frame• Sends it out port towards or connected to that
destination• Routers DO NOT forward broadcasts!
Path Example- H1 to H4
Default Gateway• When sending a message on your local
network you use ARP to find dest. MAC• When sending a message on another
network– You encapsulate:
• Source IP • Source MAC• Destination IP• You don’t know the destination MAC!• So you include the MAC of the router port!• Router will receive & process this MAC, BUT NOT
THE ARP MAC broadcast!
Default Gateway• This IP is set in TCP/IP settings• Router port that your host connects to- same local
network– If the host knows the IP, it will use ARP to find out the
MAC address on router port
– Example on next slide
Default Gateway
Default Gateway
Lab• Complete 3.5.3-2
Routing Tables• Networks & best path to reach them• Knows this info by:
– Dynamically learned from other routers– Manually entered by admin
• No route in table?– Drop it OR– Default Route is set by admin
Routing Tables
Where does data go?• Directly to the network destined for• To another router
• When router forwards the frame, it MUST include a destination MAC– If it is connected, it will use the dest MAC from
its ARP table– If not, it will sub MAC address of connected
router’s port• ARP table for each port/local network
Look at…• 3.5.4.2• 3.5.4.3 activity
LAN• Network over a small area
– Under one administration– Router will separate
How many local networks?
Adding hosts to a LAN• Advantages/Disadvantages?
Adding hosts to a LAN• Advantages/Disadvantages?
Planning a Network• Ethernet is most popular• Planning is key!• First, gather this info:
– The number & type of hosts to be connected– The applications to be used– Sharing & Internet connectivity requirements– Security & privacy considerations– Reliability & uptime expectations– Connectivity requirements including, wired and
wireless
Plan & Document• Maps of topology• Physical environment
– Temperature– Power
• Physical configuration– Location of network devices– Length of cables– Hardware config
• Logical Configuration– Broadcast & collision domains– IP & Naming Scheme
Physical Topology• How many broadcast, collision & networks?
Review1. Describe a default gateway.2. Each router port has an _______ table
that hold the MAC addresses of devices connected to each port.
– ARP3. Which one device will separate or
segment a network?– Router
4. Describe a routing table.
Multifunction Devices• Integrated Routers
– Usually for SOHO– Switch/router/access point in one– Single point of failure
• Cisco ISR– Separate components to add/replace
Linksys
Linksys
Connecting the Linksys• All connected to switch ports MUST be in
same IP network to communicate
• Display IP configuration settings– Ipconfig– Ipconfig /all
Lab• 3.6.4
Sharing Resources• XP has simple file sharing
– You can set more specific– Full Control– Modify– Read & Execute– List Folder Contents– Read– Write
• Look at 3.6.5
3: Connecting to the NetworkNetworking for Home & Small Business
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