2nd order swarm intelligence

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Presentation by David M.S. Rodrigues on a novel algorithm for Ant Colony System that includes a negative pheromone that acts as a non-entry signal for unrewarding paths in the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)

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2nd  Order  Swarm  Intelligence  Vitorino  Ramos,  David  Rodrigues+,  and  Jorge  Louçã  

 HAIS  2013,  Salamanca  September  11-­‐13,  2013  hHp://goo.gl/OXc0Oh  

 +  The  Open  University,  UK  –  david.rodrigues@open.ac.uk  

Outline  

•  Present  an  algorithm  that  is  an  extension  to  Ant  Colony  System  

•  Use  of  non-­‐entry  signal  via  a  negaSve  pheromone.  

•  Use  of  2  pheromones  improves  quality  of  results  

Ant  Colony  OpSmisaSon  

•  ProbabilisSc  technique  •  Searching  for  OpSmal  Path  in  the  graph  (Based  on  the  behaviour  of  ants  seeking  a  path  between  colony  and  source  of  food)  

•  Mata-­‐heurisSc  opSmisaSon  

ACO  Concept    

•  Ants  navigate  from  nest  to  food  source.  Blindly!  

•  Shortest  path  is  discovered  via  pheromone  trails  deposited  by  other  ants.  

•  Each  ant  moves  stochasScally  •  Pheromone  is  deposited  on  path  •  More  pheromone  implies  higher  probability  of  path  being  followed.  

ACO  IllustraSon  

TSP  Problem  

•  A  Salesman  must  visit  N  ciSes,  passing  through  each  city  only  once,  and  returning  to  the  start  city.  

•  The  cost  of  the  transportaSon  between  all  ciSes  is  known  

•  The  ObjecSve  is  to  choose  the  order  of  the  tour  so  the  total  cost  is  minimum.  

History  

•  Ant  System  developed  by  Marco  Dorigo  (1992,  PhD  thesis)  

•  Max-­‐Min  Ant  System  by  Hoos  and  Stützle  (1996)  

•  Ant  Colony  by  Gambardella,  Dorigo  (1997)  

Biology  Findings  of  non-­‐entry  singals  

•  Pharaoh's  ants  (Monomorium  pharaonis)  deposit  a  pheromone  as  a  'no  entry'  signal  to  mark  unrewarding  foraging  paths.  

[Robinson,  2005,  2007;  Grüter  2012]  

2nd  Order  Swarm  Intelligence  

•  Double  Pheromone  Model  on  top  of  tradiSonal  ACS.  – TradiSonal  posiSve  reinforcement  pheromone  – Use  of  NegaSve  Pheromone  

•  Marker  for  forbidden  paths  •  Forbidden  paths  are  obtained  from  the  worse  ant  tour  of  each  iteraSon  •  This  Blockade  isn’t  permanent  as  the  pheromone  evaporates.  

State  TransiSon  Rule  

State  TransiSon  Rule  

Global  UpdaSng  Rule  

Local  UpdaSng  Rule  

2nd  Order  Reasoning  

2nd  Order  Response  Maps  

2nd  Order  AS  Results  

Influence  of  NegaSve  Pheromone  

kroA100.tsp  with  negaSve  pheromone  performs  beHter  

NegaSve  Pheromone  Also  is  important  for  bigger  problems.  

NegaSve  pheromone  can’t  dominate  the  pheromone  maps.  

Take  Home  Message  

•  From  Biology  Findings:  use  of  negaSve  pheromone  as  non-­‐entry  signal  

•  New  algorithm  based  on  ACS  with  minimal  changes  to  tradiSonal  algorithm  

•  BeHer  results  (faster  convergence  to  good  results/  faster    

•  ApplicaSon  to  Dynamical  problems  for  faster  tracking  of  the  soluSons.  

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