2013 research update

Pacific Northwest Canola Research Program 2011-12

Jack Brown

8,000,000 gal of Biodiesel per year~ 55-60,000 acres @ 150 gal per acre

Pacific Coast Canola is building a canola crush facility in Warden, Washington.

The plant is designed to crush over 350,000 metric tonnes of canola seed annually, to produce

300,000,000 pounds of canola oil each year.

First crush January 2013.

PNW Livestock

The FY2012 appropriation for the PNWCRP was $130,162. Peer review process selected 3 “New”

projects with funded totaling $55,906. The remainder was dedicated to funding

four second year projects that were carryover funding obligations from FY2011 totaling $74,256.

Pacific Northwest Canola and Research Program

Stability of specialty canola oil (HOLL and LLIN) when

grown under different environments in the Pacific

Northwest

Jack Brown Megan Wingerson & Jack Brown Megan Wingerson & Jim Davis Jim Davis

University of IdahoUniversity of Idaho

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Trans fats raise the LDL (‘bad’) cholesterol that increases your risk of coronary heart disease. That is why we use non-hydrogenated zero trans-fat oils for frying Idaho potatoes.

Fatty Acid Synthesis

LLIN Oil Synthesis

HOLL Oil Synthesis

ObjectivesExamine the environmental stability

of LLIN and HOLL canola oils when grown under different environmental conditions in the Pacific Northwest.Identify specific LLIN and HOLL

spring canola cultivars with environmentally stable oils suitable for non-hydrogenated fry processing in the Pacific Northwest.

Objectives Four LLIN and 4 HOLL lines, plus 2

commodity canola controls. Three Idaho sites (Moscow, Genesee

& Craigmont), 1 Washington site (Dusty), 1 Oregon site (Pendleton).

Idaho trials (Moscow & Genesee) were planted twice, with 2 weeks apart.

Oleic Acid

bd

ac

a ab b

c

a

Linoleneic Acid

b

c

e

a

edecde cd

cde cde

Linoleneic Acid (Range)

Linoleneic Acid (Range, excluding Craigmont)

Linoleneic Acid (Range, excluding Craigmont)

1,8601,8371,8301,803

Conclusions

Most fatty acids were environmentally stable over different locations.

Linolenic acid showed significant Genotype x Environment interactions.

No difference between early and late plantings in fatty acid profile.

HOLL’s and LLIN’s with good seed yield and fatty acid profiles were identified.

All lines will be re-tested in 2013.

Don WysockiOregon State University Columbia Basin

Agricultural Research CenterPendleton, Oregon

541-278-4396 dwysocki@oregonstate.edu

Investigating the Timing of Forced Lodging on Yield and Quality of

Winter Canola

Background

• The preferred method of harvesting winter canola in eastern Oregon is forced lodging “pushing” followed by dry down and combining

• Canadian work suggests that pushing can be done as early as the end of flower drop, if this is possible winter canola harvest could be done up to two weeks earlier

Treatments1. Push @ end of flower drop (early) 71-72

2. Push @ between 50-75 (mid)

3. Push @ first brown seed (1st brown) 80

4. Swath @ 15 % brown seed (swath) 82

SD 7SR 8

http://www.canolacouncil.org/crop-production/canola-grower%27s-manual- contents/chapter-3-growth-stages/growth-stages

aabbc

Conclusions• Pushing early did not hasten harvest

delayed combining.• Early pushing and swathing reduced

yields compared to pushing at Mid and 1st brown seed.

• Seed size increased with later “pushing” and swathing.

• Oil content increased with later “pushing” and swathing.

Recommendations

Window for “pushing is 50-75% pods @ full size to 1st brown 75 to 82

Pusher width = Header width

Push opposite of combine directionlay out field carefully

Developing Biennial, Early Planted, Winter Canola in the

Pacific Northwest

Jack Brown1, Don Wysocki2 Heather Mason3, Chelsea Walsh1, Megan Wingerson1 Alan Wernsing2,

Brooke Brohannon3, and Jim B. Davis1

1 University of Idaho. 2 Oregon State University. 3 Montana State University

Sept 1 Sept 15 Sept 30

Determine the yield potential of winter canola cultivars planted into fallow ground in June and early July, compared to being planted in late August.Compare soil water use of winter canola to

June-planted winter canola planted into fallow ground in June and early July, compared to being planted in late August.

Objectives

Determine the effect of fall insecticide application on seed yield and quality of early planted winter canolaCompare crop nitrogen uptake of August-

planted winter canola to June-planted winter canola grown on summer fallow at the Columbia Agricultural Research Center at Pendleton Oregon.

Objectives

Material and MethodsMaterial and Methods• Four winter canola cultivars ‘Athena’, ‘Baldur’

‘Amanda’ and ‘Salute’.• Sites: Moscow, Genesee, Lewiston (Dusty),

Pendleton, and Kalispell.• Planting dates: (May), June, July and August. • Summer fallow and chemical fallow.• Randomized complete block with four replicates. • Seeding rate: 6 lb per acre• Soil moisture recorded (on Amanda) at each planting

date.

Planting DateMoisture recording month

June July August Average

------------ % soil moisture -------------July 19.30 - - 19.30 a

August 14.69 19.17 - 16.92 b

October 10.92 16.28 16.47 14.56 c

Average 14.97 b 17.72 a 16.47 a

Soil Moisture (12 & 24” 2011-2012)

Seed Yield(2011-2012)

Insect Damage

Insecticide Treatment

Cultivar NoneHelix only

Capture only

Helix & Capture

----------------- 1 to 9 ---------------------Damage 1.21 c 5.31 b 5.69 b 7.68 a

----------------- kg ha-1 ------------------Yield 3,425 3,424 3,451 3,348

Insecticide Efficacy2010-2011

Insecticide Treatment

Cultivar NoneHelix only

Capture only

Helix & Capture

----------------- 1 to 9 ---------------------Damage 1.39 c 6.14 b 6.04 b 8.25 a

----------------- kg ha-1 ------------------Yield 4,276ab 4,499 a 4,143ab 3,979 b

Insecticide Efficacy2011-2012

This study has already generated great interest from the farming community. Early planting winter canola will offer wheat-fallow growers a much needed alternative crop in their rotation which will reduce effects of mono-culture cropping, diversify farm products and allow more profitable and sustainable farm practices. This group has built a long standing relationship with canola growers in our region and growers will likely be willing to adopt ideas that arise from this research.

Perry Miller Perry Miller –– Cropping SystemsCropping SystemsMary Burrows Mary Burrows –– Plant PathologyPlant Pathology

Solving spring survival for winter canola in Montana

• Early spring is the killer; disease complex?• Optimal stubble?

– Cereal is worst.• Row orientation?

– E – W vs N – S??

Winter broadleaf crops??

Experimental Design• 3 stubbles

– Pea, short wheat, tall wheat• 2 row orientations

– E-W and N-S• 2 varieties

– DKW 46-15 and HyClass 154W• 2 N strategies

– All at fall seeding (180 lb N) vs starter N (20 lb N)

Plant Stand Seedling biomass

Spring 2013• Install iButtons to measure

continuous temperature at canola crowns.

• Bi-weekly plant counts.• Bi-weekly sampling for disease.• Shoot Biomass measurements.

An Evaluation Scheme to Identify Superior Cultivars of

… Canola ...

PNW-WVT PNW-CVT

Jim Davis, Jack Brown Don Wysocki

Additional FundingAdditional Funding Provided ByProvided By……

• Bayer CropScience• Cargill Specialty Canola Oils• Winfield• DL Seeds, Inc• Mycogen Seeds• Monsanto Company• Technology Crops International

Winter Canola/Rapeseed Variety Trials

• 2011• 8 sites• 24 entries

• 2012• 8 sites• 22 entries

Winter Sites• Hermiston OR Irrigated, Conv. Tillage• Pendleton OR Conventional Fallow• Moses Lake WA Irrigated, Conv. Tillage• Davenport WA No Till Fallow• Grangeville ID Conventional Fallow• Craigmont ID No Till Fallow• Moscow ID Conventional Fallow• Moscow ID No Till Fallow• Genesee ID Conventional Fallow

Cultivar 2012 2011Athena 3,512 4,367Amanda 3,542 4,215DKW 44-10 RR 3,231 3,493HyCLASS 125W RR 3,236 -Baldur 4,070 3,936Sitro 4,565 4,006UI.WC.1 3,767 4,203UI.05.6.33 3,967 4,009

Select Winter Canola Cultivars(lbs. / acre)

Cultivar 2012 2011Dwarf Essex - 3,936Bridger 3,071 2,968Durola 3,336 4,267

Select Winter Canola Cultivars(lbs. / acre)

Spring Canola/Rapeseed Variety Trials

• 2011• 8 sites• 32 entries

• 2012• 8 sites• 26 entries

Spring Sites– Bonners Ferry ID Conventional– Moscow Conventional– Craigmont Direct Seed– Davenport WA Direct Seed– Colfax Direct Seed– Dayton Direct Seed– Pendleton OR Conventional– Hermiston Irrigated, Conventional

Cultivar 2012 2011Hyola 401 (Control) - 1,991InVigor L130 2,214 2,226Nexera 2012 CL 1,782 1,903DKL 70-07 RR 2,312 2,096V2035 RR 2,045 1,970HyCLASS 955 RR 2,273 2,005UI 04.SC.28.4.3/Zephyr 1,841 2,048UI 03.IL.5.6.1/Cara (IMI-R) 1,800 1,986

Select Spring Canola Cultivars

http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/ http://webpages.uidaho.edu/jbrown/brassica/

Residue Decomposition and Soil Quality Impacts of Canola Cultivars

Tami L. Stubbs, WSU Tami L. Stubbs, WSU Ann C. Kennedy & Jeremy C. Hansen, USDAAnn C. Kennedy & Jeremy C. Hansen, USDA--ARSARS

PROBLEM TO BE PROBLEM TO BE ADDRESSEDADDRESSED

•The effects of canola residue on soil quality are unknown.•Canola residue breaks down faster than wheat, and enough residue must be present to protect soil from wind erosion.•There is a need to characterize crop cultivar decomposition to aid growers in variety selection for conservation farming systems.

Tannins, Tannins, phenolsphenols

N relations

N relations

C:NC:N

Lignin, cellulose,

Lignin, cellulose,

hemicellulose

hemicellulose

ObjectivesObjectivesEvaluate winter and spring canola residue for:

– Fiber components

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); acid detergent lignin (ADL)

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)– Nutrient content

Carbon and nitrogen

Objectives• Determine variability in canola residue

decomposition potential with:– Crop type– Crop cultivar– Growing location– Year

Canola Residue Sampling Locations

Davenport

Odessa

Genesee

MoscowColfax

Stubbs & Kennedy, 2013

Methods: Laboratory• Characterize plant

structural components.–NDF, ADF, ADLVanSoest et al., 1991Ankom

–C, NLECO, Tru-Spec

• Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

FOSS XDSWinISI software

Methods:Methods: Soil QualitySoil Quality

• Evaluate effect of canola on soil quality.– Winter wheat-canola rotation studies.

• Lind and Davenport, WA.– Soil quality analyses will include:

• Bulk density, soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic C and N, aggregate stability.

• Microbial biomass, respiration, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity, microbial community structure through phospholipid fatty acid methyl esters (PLFA).

Characterization of 2011 Canola Residue: Cellulose

P<0.05

perc

ent c

ellu

lose

SPRING WINTER

ecd

aabb

Increasing rainfall Increasing rainfall

2011-12 Spring and Winter Canola Residue

Fiber, C and N Analysis

NDF(%)

ADF(%)

ADL(%)P<0.05

b

b

b

a

a

a

C/N

ba

2011-12 Spring and Winter Canola Residue

Fiber, C and N Analysis

NDF(%)

ADF(%)

ADL(%)P<0.05

b

bb

a

a

a

C/N

b a

Comparison of laboratory data and NIRS prediction for canola residue: NDF

slope = 1.00R2 = 0.94

n = 200

NDF

ND

F

SOIL QUALITYSOIL QUALITY• Except for bulk density, soil quality indicators

responded to canola in rotation. • Enzyme assays more sensitive than soil organic

carbon or microbial communities.• Canola increased soil enzyme activity and

decreased soil C.• Effects on microbial community and C substrate

utilization were small and inconsistent. • Long-term studies are needed to determine benefits

of canola in rotation.

Canola residue Canola residue characterizationcharacterization

• Winter canola residue is lower in NDF, ADF, ADL and C/N than spring canola.

• Canola residue traits differ with location.• Canola cultivars differ in their fiber characteristics.• Further study is needed to confirm differences.• NIRS was able to predict canola residue

characteristics.• Decomposition studies are ongoing.

Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. William Schillinger & Paul Paulitze, Washington State University. Second year $13,643.

Optimizing productivity of early planted winter canola in the Pacific Northwest. Jack Brown (UI) & Don Wysocki (OSU). Second Year 2 $37,001.

Year 2 Projects

Solving spring survival of winter canola in Montana. Perry Miller & Mary Burrows, Montana State University. Second year $7,391.

An evaluation scheme to identify superior cultivars of winter and spring canola suitable for production in the Pacific North. Jack Brown, Jim Davis & Don Wysocki. Second Year $11,500.

Year 2 Projects

• Bob Stougaart & Brooke Bohannon: Evaluation of canola cultivars in Montana environments. One year, $9,973.

• Chengci Chen: Evaluating winter canola establishment and survivability by planting into winter cereal forage stubble in central Montana. Two year, $13,718 + $13,718 = 27,436.

• Don Wysocki: Investigating the timing of forced lodging on yield and quality of winter canola. One year, $17,143.

New Projects

• Yesuf Mohammad, Chengci Chen & David Wichman: Nutrient management to improve canola production in central Montana. Two year, 11,159 + $11,159 = $22,318.

• Gadi Reddy: Development of integrated control tactics with special reference to biological control of flea beetles in canola. Two year, $16,395 + $17,413 = $33,808.

New Projects

• Jack Brown and Jim B. Davis: Increasing profitability and quality of dual-purpose (forage and seed) winter canola by intercropping with spring wheat. Two year, $18,255 + $18,255 = $36,509.

• Jack Brown and Jim B. Davis: Effect of row spacing, seeding rate and planting date on productivity and rotation effects of early planted winter canola in the Pacific Northwest. Two year, $19,112 + $19,112 = $38,224.

New Projects

2-3 Graduate students

5-6 Undergraduate students

1-2 Graduate students

7-8 Hourly workers

Support MS

Support BSc

2-3 Graduate students

5-6 Undergraduate students

QuestionsQuestions