1941-1945. define 10 terms list 4 new responsibilities of women during wwii pg. 419 (1-2) –...
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Chapter 22: A World at War
1941-1945
Introduction: To Do (35 pts): Define 10 terms
List 4 new responsibilities of women during WWII
Pg. 419 (1-2) – complete sentences
Bonus (2 pts.) – Who is Rosie the Riveter?
22.1: A World at War Again
Terms
Axis Powers: the countries that fought the Allies in World War II
Mobilize: to get ready for war
Siege: a military blocking of a city to force its surrender
Remember?
Pearl Harbor was attackedDecember 7, 1941
War was declaredDecember 8, 1941
War had spread throughout the world…
again.
The US Declares War
US was shocked by the Pearl Harbor attacksDeclared war on Japan immediately
Japan allies = Germany and Italy US allies = Great Britain and the Soviet
Union• Fought the AXIS powers
December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on the US
The US Declares War
December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on the USUS began to mobilize forces
10,000,000 men were drafted 6,000,000 men and women volunteered
Japan Grows More Powerful After Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked
other US basesJapan’s leader = Hideki TojoGoal = Japan most powerful empire in
the world
1942 – goal seemed attainable
Japan Grows More Powerful Japan took control of:
Hong KongSingapore
US held islands Philippines
US had been stationed on the Philippines since the Spanish American War Troops fought back against Japan Commander: General Douglas MacArthur
Japan Grows More Powerful Japan pushed troops further and further into
the Philippines (Bataan)Put troops under siege = forced surrender
Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to to go AustraliaTake command of Allied forces thereMacArthur = “I shall return”
Death March:Americans and Filipinos forced to march 65 miles
to prison campsNo food or water
The Allies Make Plans
The “Big Three”Roosevelt = USChurchill = BritainStalin = Soviet Union
Agreed that they would have to defeat the Axis powers in Europe – all planned
Stalin: US / Britain – attack the west coast
Roosevelt: US and Britain should start in France
Churchill: US and Britain should attack Italy through North Africa (German troops were weakest there)
The Allies Make Plans
Everyone agreed:German defeat was #1 goal
Agreed on a plan: Attack German forces in N. Africa first Troops were weakest there
Move to the west coast Then move to attack the Pacific area
To Do
Pg. 408 (1-3) – Complete sentences
Exercise 92 – not necessarily complete sentences
22.2: The Allies Strike Back
Terms
Partisan: a person who strongly believes in a curse
Amphibious landing: a planned movement of troops from the sea
WWII take overs…
Germany = controlled most of Europe
Japan = taken large parts of Asia
Quickly – US and British soldiers won major victories
Fighting in N. Africa and Italy
Allies preparedFirst – control North AfricaSecond – attack ItalyGermany and Italy also wanted N. Africa
3 years of fighting over N. AfricaFighting in a desert was difficult / new
warfare
Fighting in N. Africa and Italy
Allies vs. German general Erwin RommelOctober 1942
British troops hit Rommel’s forces from the east
2 weeks later: US troops landed in Africa Dwight D. Eisenhower Headed for Rommel’s forces
May 1943 – Rommel was defeated
Fighting in N. Africa and Italy
From N. Africa:Allies moved across the Mediterranean
SeaAttacked Italy
Italians had turned against Mussolini and the Fascists Also did not like the Nazis Joined groups who were fighting the
Germans
Hitler’s troops went to Italy to fight the Allies June 1944 – Allied forces had defeated
Italy
War in the Pacific
Spring 1942:Allies began moving across the Pacific
OceanAmerican bombers took off and headed
for Tokyo
Bombed Factories Railroad yards Navy base
Japan was shocked: they had never been attacked
War in the Pacific
Japan pushed closer to US territory
US v. Japan = forces met at Midway Island
Code experts figured out Japanese messages US always knew where enemy ships were going
to be
June 4, 1942: US attacked Japanese planesCaught off guard / huge lossesBattle of Midway – 1st big Japanese defeat
Island-hopping
Japanese held many islands in the PacificUS decided to capture islands
Could use islands to• Attack other islands• Cut off Japan from supplies
US plan = island hopping Use Marines made “amphibious landings”• All troops worked together for an invasion
Island-hopping
US plan = island hoppingUse Marines made “amphibious
landings” All troops worked together for an invasion
Taken islands became supply bases for attacks on other islands
1943-1944: US pushed Japan’s forces were pushed back to Japan
To Do
Pg. 410 – complete sentences
Pg. 411 (1-2): #2 – name 3 battles for full credit
Pg. 412 (1-3) – complete sentences
Exercise 93
22.3: The War at Home
Terms
Rationing: limiting the amount of something that each person can buy
Internment camp: a prisonlike place in which people are held during a war
Back at home…
The US needed huge supplies of weaponsThis need helped the economyPulled the US out of the Great
Depression
Lots of changes took place between 1941-1945
War Effort at Home
The work force was mobilized to produce war suppliesFactories stayed open around the clock3 eight hour shifts
1944: US was making 90,000 planes a year
End of the war: Over 70,000 ships 44 billion bullets 2.5 million army trucks
War Effort at Home
US made more materials than all of the Axis powers put together
Too old for factory work?Knitted sweaters and socksWorked for the Red CrossPlanted victory gardens
Too young?Saved $.10 a week to buy a war bond (in
bond books)
Mobilizing the Economy
Government set up many agencies to direct the war effortFuel agency – had to get fuel to armed
forces Encouraged civilians to reduce their fuel
consumption
Wage-and-price agency – controlled food prices and workers’ pay No prices or wages were raised during the war
Rationing began to be used
Mobilizing the Economy
Rationing began to be usedCoupons were used to buy “hard to get”
products Meat Sugar Butter Coffee
Clothing was scarce – cloth was needed to make uniforms
Opportunities for Women
Women = 1/3 of the work forceBefore: workers were young and
unmarriedNow: workers were more married than
unmarried Many over the age of 35
Women had a new sense of freedom“Rosie the Riveter” – stood for all women
workers
Took on new responsibilities
Opportunities for Women
Took on new responsibilitiesServed in the armed forces in great numbers…
all branches had separate women’s unitsWorked in military offices so that more men
could serve in battleFlew supply planes so men could fly fighters
and bombersServed as nurses… often lived under same
dangerous conditions as soldiers
Women were important…But paid 40% less than men
African Americans & the War 27 million Americans moved during
the war
African Americans moved to cities in the Northeast, Midwest, West coast
Many changes for African AmericansLeft low paying jobs for better paying
jobsRoosevelt signed an order for fair
treatment in defense plants
African Americans & the War
Service:Almost a millions African Americans servedStill faced discrimination
Given jobs as cooks, waiters, workers in supply units
Still wanted to be a part of the fighting
Tuskegee Airmen: African American fighter pilots Carried out missions Protected bombers flying over Europe Shot down 103 planes, destroyed 298 enemy
planes
Latinos & the War
More Latinos volunteered for service than any other groupStill faced discrimination
300,000 Latinos served Most were Mexican
Americans and Puerto Ricans
1 in 4 Bataan Death march men were Mexican Americans
Worked on the home front, alsoWorked as farm /
railroad workersShipyard worked in
factories
Fought two battles: prejudice & the Axis powers
Japanese Americans Americans feared Japanese might help
Japan
1942: Army ordered to take Japanese Americans to internment camps Also known as relocation camps
> 100,000 Japanese Americans had to give up their Homes Farms businesses
Japanese Americans Japanese Americans still volunteered
for serviceServed in segregated units
No reason to believe Japanese Americans were disloyal
Years and years later – government paid Japanese for the loss of their property 10% of their losses Apology given
To Do
Pg. 418 (1-3) – complete sentences
Exercise 95 – complete sentences
22.4: Winning the War
Terms
Holocaust: the mass murder of millions of Jews by the Nazis
Genocide: the planned murder of an entire people
Atomic bomb: a nuclear bomb with enormous power to harm
The Ending…
German and Japanese forces were pushed back to their homelands
Holocaust was still happening More deaths
Atomic bomb ends the war More deaths
The D-Day Invasion
Needed: an Allied invasion of Europe6 month preparationEisenhower planned the invasion
Later led troops to victory in Europe
Germans expected an invasion Planted land mines Put up barbed wire to stand in the way of
troops
D-day: June 6, 1944
The D-Day Invasion
D-day: June 6, 1944170,000 Allied troops crossed the
English Channel
Landed at Normandy (France) Tons of supplies and new soldiers arrived
to fight
Allies had tricked Hitler: Sent his best soldiers to a
different location
The End of the War
Allies began bombing German cities all of the timeDecember 1944: Nazis made one final
attack Allies forced troops to retreat to Berlin
Millions of Allied soldiers closed in on Germany
May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered Side-note: rather than be captured…Hitler
committed suicide
The Holocaust
As Allied troops movedthrough Germany…
Found evidence of the Holocaust
Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s problems “Final Solution” = genocide Death camps were built w/gas chambers• Thousands were killed daily• Bodies burned in ovens• Buried in mass graves
The Holocaust
Jewish people were also murdered
Troops had heard reports / few believed them“seeing is believing” – people were
horrified
Nazi leaders were tried for war crimesNuremburg Trials
12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death
Victory over Japan
After Europe was save, everyone turned to JapanAllied forces had retaken the Philippines
General MacArthur had returned / kept his promise
Allies did not want to attack Japan directly Millions of lives could be lost
Instead, bombed Japan’s cities• Caused lots of destruction
Victory over Japan
FDR began his 4th term as presidentMet with Churchill and Stalin to end the
war forever
FDR died April 1945 (was in poor health)Harry S. Truman became President
A New Weapon
Truman’s big decision:Atomic bomb had been developed
Successfully tested July 1945
Should the new weapon be used????
Scientists did not want it used
Others said “YES!” It would save the lives of Allied troops
To Do
Pg. 423 (1-3) – complete sentences
Exercise 96 – not necessarily complete sentences
A New Weapon
The Verdict:Truman decided to use the bomb
August 6, 1945: bomb dropped on Hiroshima
3 days later: bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Japan surrendered August 14, 1945
WWII was over at last
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