12. pile foundation - single pile.ppt
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7/26/2019 12. Pile Foundation - Single Pile.ppt
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Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073
PILE FOUNDATIONPILE FOUNDATION
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PAT I!PAT I!
INTODU"TION TO PILEINTODU"TION TO PILEFOUNDATIONFOUNDATION
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S#$p% $& P'(% F$)nda*'$nS#$p% $& P'(% F$)nda*'$n
En+'n%%r'n+En+'n%%r'n+
Selection of Foundation Type
Selection of Pile Type
Single Pile Analysis
Pile Group Analysis
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
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N$,%n#(a*)r%N$,%n#(a*)r%
Keywords:pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
Pile cap
Raker pile Tie beam
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Ta-$n$,Ta-$n$,!" Application
Reduce #ibrations
Problem Solution
Keywords:tanks, silos, c$imneys, mac$ine foundations, sand, ground %ater,
compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, &ibrations
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'mpro&e Stability of (ridge Abutment
Keywords:soft clay, fill, bridge abutment
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)mbankment Pile
Keywords:soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill
T$ese piles, not soft clay,
carry fill load and transfer t$eload to bearing layer**
T$erefore, no $ori+ontal
forces carried by abutment
piles*
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Anc$or piles as for dry docks
Keywords:ground %ater, uplift force, anc$or piles
-plift $ydraulic
pressure
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.ffs$ore Structures on Piles
Keywords:cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension
force
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Stabili+ation of Slope by Piles
Keywords:slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure
surface
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Stabili+ation of Slope by Piles
Keywords:failure surface, clay, precast piles,
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Anc$or Piles in S%elling Soil
Keywords:seasonal c$anges, s%elling clay, montmorillonite, $ig$ li/uid limit,
$ig$ plasticity inde0, building
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Keywords:concrete pile, steel pile, timber, 1 pile
2" (ased on material
Concrete pile
Steel pile
Timber pile
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Concrete pile
Precast Concrete Pile
Keywords:point, concrete, reinforcement* pile diameter
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Prestressed Concrete Piles
Keywords:$eig$t strengt$ concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced
ductility
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Concrete strengt$
Keywords:cube strengt$, $ard dri&ing, normal to easy dri&ing, $ig$
capacity, reduced %eig$t, easy dri&ing
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Keywords:pile lengt$, lifting $ooks, moment
3ifting of precast piles
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Keywords:easy to dri&e, easy to cut, corrosion, e0pensi&e, splicing, soil plug,
dri&ing s$oe, steel plate
Steel Pile
Steel 1Pile
3arge contact area, $ig$ Qs
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Keywords:diameter, closed
or open ended, soil plug,
diameter
Steel Pipe Piles
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Keywords:steel piles, concrete piles, 4ational (ureau of
Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt %ater
Steel corrosion
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Keywords:ad&antages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, s$aft,
ground %ater, butt
Timber Piles
C$aracteristics
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Pile splices
Keywords:steel slee&e, steel strap
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Keywords:large displacement piles, small displacement piles, nondisplacement
piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
5" 6isturbance to Surrounding Soil
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Keywords:compression, lateral load, tension
7" 3oading Conditions of Piles
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Keywords:friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
Resistance of friction pile or floating
pile mostly comes from friction
resistance. Even though there is a
point resistance, since the pile is
not founded into a firm-bearing
layer the point resistance is very
small. In contrary, end bearing or
point bearing pile, the pile
resistance particularly come frompoint resistance.
8" 3oad Transfer 9ec$anism
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Sp('#% and $# P$'n*Sp('#% and $# P$'n*
Keywords:rock point
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:" (ased on 'nstallation 9et$od 6ri&en Pile
(ored Pile
;acked6o%n Pile
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6ri&en pile
'nstallation met$od
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Keywords:settlement, diameter, compaction %it$in t$is +one
Settlement during dri&ing in sand
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Keywords:soft clay, $ea&e, &olume, soft clay, remoulded +one, pore %ater
pressure, undrained s$ear strengt$
Settlement during dri&ing in clay
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Keywords:risen piles, redri&ing, $ea&e, soft clay, separation of splice
Redri&ing of pile in clay
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Keywords:casing, dri&ing, casing filled %it$ %ater, casing filled %it$
concrete, reinforcement
(ored Pile
'nstallation met$od
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'nstallation met$od %it$ casing for soft clay
Keywords:casing, dri&ing, casing filled %it$ %ater, casing filled %it$
concrete, reinforcement
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Keywords:casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground %ater
4ecking during casting in soft clay
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Keywords:bells
(ored pile %it$ bell
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Keywords:ground %ater, surface casing, bentonite slurry, c$isel, pouring of
concrete, lo%ering of reinforcement element
'nstallation using bentonite slurry
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#arious s$apes of slurry trenc$ pile
Keywords:si+e, s$ape
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;acked6o%n Pile
'nstallation met$od
Keywords:pump, manometer, steel insert, $ydraulic
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Keywords:steel s$ell, steel cone, lig$t bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
=" Proprietary Pile
Raymond step tapered pile
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Keywords:concrete plug, bulb, internal $ammer, prefabricated s$aft, lig$t casing
Franki pile
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PAT II.PAT II.PILE BEAIN "APA"ITPILE BEAIN "APA"IT
ANALSISANALSIS
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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*
Single Pile
Pile Group
'( ' " ' &
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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'* $&P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'* $&
S'n+(% P'(%S'n+(% P'(%
Keywords:compression, lateral load, tension
Compression capacity
Tension capacity
3ateral capacity
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"apa#'* $& P'(% r$)p"apa#'* $& P'(% r$)p
)fficiency
Group settlement
( ' '(I ( ' P'(
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I)% %(a*'n+ *$ P'(%I)% %(a*'n+ *$ P'(%
"apa#'*"apa#'*
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Keywords> sand, clay, point resistance, s$aft resistance
Ultimate resistance of piles: For sand, shaft and pointequally contribute to ultimate
resistance
For clay, shaft resistancedominated ultimate resistance
3oad distribution along pile
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Keywords:load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place
pile, dri&en pile, %it$ bell
3oad &s* 6isplacement
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3oad deformation relations$ip
Shaft resistance of soft clay and sand are fully mobilized, i.e. reach its maximum
value, at relatively small pile displacement.
oint resistance is reached at relatively large pile displacement compare to shaft
resistance.
oint resistance of large displacement piles !i.e. driven-pile" is mobilized relatively
faster !at relatively small displacement" than non-displacement piles !i.e. bored-pile".
#his due to the fact that driven pile compacting soil close to the pile tip, and bored-
pile loosening soil close the pile tip due to stress release. $o%ever, for a certain
cases driven pile could loosen soil close to the pile tip. &or example, driving piles
through very dense sand or highly over consolidated soil.
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Keywords> pile load, point resistance, skin resistance
'deali+ed load deformation relations$ip
P'( B ' " '*P'( B ' " '*
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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*
D%*%r,'na*'$nD%*%r,'na*'$nA. Analytical Method 'ased soil strength parameters obtained from laboratory test. ile bearing capacity
is established based on general bearing capacity e(uation of shallo% foundation.
B. Empirical Method 'ased on field-testing method and empirical correlation from loading test. Empirical
relationship has been developed bet%een SPT, CPTand Swedish Sounding%ithpile bearing capacity.
C. Dynamic Method
'ased on observation during pile driving. Response during pile driving reflects soilresistance encounter by the pile. ile ultimate resistance is determined ta)ing intoaccount pile driving e(uipment, response during pile driving and other soil
parameters.D. ile !oad "est Method 'ased on load deformation characteristic during pile loading test.
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A.A. ANALTI"AL ETHODANALTI"AL ETHOD
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A.1. In*r$d)#*'$nA.1. In*r$d)#*'$n!" 6irection of Pile 3oading
Keywords:compression, tension, %eig$t of pile, factor of safety, allo%able load,
point resistance, s$aft resistance
Factor of #afety $F%#&:
F%# for compression differsthan F%# for tension.
F%# for shaft resistancediffers than for point resistance.
oint and shaft resistance for
sand and clay determineddifferently.
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2" )nd (earing Capacity
Keywords:end bearing, undrained s$ear strengt$, bearing capacity factors
.mitted because
small compare to
o&erburden
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(earing Capacity
Pile resistance for pile in sand mostly contributed by o&erburdenpressure &*T$e follo%ing assumptions for determination of pile capacity insand are>
T$e friction angle e0ist and co$esion e/ual to +ero ?, c?@"Pile lengt$ 3, muc$ bigger t$an pile diameter, as suc$ t$econtribution of pile resistance from gamma is negligible*
T$ere are se&eral bearing capacity factorsNq$as been proposed>
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9eyer$of bearing capacity factor
Keywords:friction angle, bearing capacity factor
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#arious (earing Capacity Factors
Keywords:Ter+ag$i, (ere+antse&, 9eyer$of, #esic, (rinc$ 1ansen, de (eer,
friction angle
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Failure mec$anism for #esics factor
Keywords:point resistance, rigidity inde0, failure surface, compressibility,
rigidity inde0
A 2 P'( " '* ' S dA 2 P'( " '* ' S d
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A.2. P'(% "apa#'* 'n SandA.2. P'(% "apa#'* 'n Sand
!" (earing Capacity )/uation
Keywords:loose, dense, coefficient of
lateral eart$ pressure at rest, small,
#esic, displacement pile, non
displacement pile, tapered pile
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2" Pile S$aft Capacity in Sand
Keywords:pile type, sand, critical
dept$,
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5" 3ateral Pressure Against Pile S$aft
Keywords:bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile,
straig$t s$aft, tapered s$aft, lateral eart$ pressure
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Controlling factors
*ateral pressure exerted by soil on pile surface depend
on the follo%ing factors+
isturbance and the nature of disturbance to
surrounding pile during pile construction. riven pilecause compaction !loose to medium sand and soft to
medium clay" or dilation !dense sand or overconsolidated
clay.
#he inclination of side !straight side or tapered".
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)mpirical parameter forK
Keywords:9ansur B 1unter, Ta&enas, 'reland, lateral eart$ pressure
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Critical dept$
Keywords:friction angle, bearing capacity &alue, diameter, lengt$
3 '( " ' ' "(
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A.3. P'(% "apa#'* 'n "(aA.3. P'(% "apa#'* 'n "(a!" )nd resistance
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2" S$aft resistance
Keywords:normally consolidated clay,
o&erconsolidated clay, undrained s$ear
strengt$, reduction , ground surface
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3ambda9et$od
Keywords:offs$ore structures, dept$, mean &alue, skin
resistance
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)mpirical estimate of pile skin friction in clay
Keywords:effecti&e o&erburden pressure,
Flaate, Selnes, undrained s$ear strengt$
A O*h " 'd *'A O*h " 'd *'
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A.. O*h%r "$n'd%ra*'$nA.. O*h%r "$n'd%ra*'$n!" 3oad Transfer 9ec$anism
Keywords:t+ cur&es, /y cur&e, dri&en pile, bored pile
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2" 4egati&e Skin Friction
Keywords:lo%ering of ground
%ater le&el, dri&en pile, bored pile
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A.5. S),,arA.5. S),,ar
#ummary
Soil
Type
Point Resistance
ppp AqQ =
Shaft Resistance
sss fAQ =
Sand Cqp Nqq =
or
C
5
2!qop qNKq
+=
C
vas Kf = Note:
aK depends on type of pile*S$aft resistance constant afterreac$ing critical dept$
Clayup cq D= us cf =
C
vsf =
"2 C uvs cf +=
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B. EPII"AL ETHODB. EPII"AL ETHOD
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!" Cone Penetration Test
)nd resistance
Keywords:area of pile, sand
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S$aft friction
Keywords:cone penetration test, friction slee&e small displacement pile, large
displacement pile
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2" Standard Penetration Test
N-Value &s* pile capacity
Keywords:SPT, sand, pile diameter
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5" Eeig$t Sounding Test EST"
)stimate of Pile Capacity (ased
Keywords:$alfturns, timber piles, concrete piles, 4or%egian Pile Commission, s
La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%
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La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%
P'(%P'(%
Fa'()r% $d% $&Fa'()r% $d% $&
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Fa'()r% $d% $&Fa'()r% $d% $&
H$r'6$n*a(( L$ad%d P'(%H$r'6$n*a(( L$ad%d P'(%
La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n
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La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n
SandSand
La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n
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La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n
"(a $*a*'$na( $d%8"(a $*a*'$na( $d%8
La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n
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"(a"(a
P'(% Fa'()r% $d%8P'(% Fa'()r% $d%8
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