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QUEST
1991.43.296 306
A
Multidimensional Hierarchical
Model of Physical Fitness:
A Basis for Integration
and Collaboration
harles B
Corbin
For operational purposes physical development is characterized using a
multidimensional hierarchical model. Optimal physical development is de-
scribed as a combination of good physical fitness and a high level of skill
developm ent. Physical fitness has multiple subdim ensions of its own. Devel-
oping each subdimension requires regular physical activity which is not
likely to occur without the collaboration of many including the individual
family friends schools community and private agencies.
Over the years, physical fitness has come to mean many different things to
many different people. Often the meaning or definition of physical fitness is based
on the types of tests most commonly used to measure it. In the first section of this
paper, a brief history of physical fitness testing is presented to illustrate the evolution
of the meaning of physical fitness. As tests of fitness have changed, the definition
of physical fitness has evolved from a unidimensional to a multidimensional concept.
The second section is devoted to discussing the hierarchical nature of fitness.
A
case
is made for classifying the many different fitness dimensions within a hierarchy.
Because physical fitness is multidimensional, its development requires specific
attention to each of its many components. The third section of the paper is devoted
to a discussion of the specificity of fitness. Subsequently, a case is made for the
need to integrate the many parts of fitness to achieve total physical development,
the highest level in the hierarchy. The final section of the paperis devoted to dis-
cussing the need for collaboration in facilitating optimal development for all dirnen-
sions of physical fitness.
A
brief discussion of the roles of parents, schools,
community agencies, and other agents in the development of physical fitness is
presented.
The Multidimensionality of Physical Fitness
Clarke (1967) noted that definitions of fitness at the turn of the century and
in the early 1920s centered around muscle strength. Sargent s strength battery
About the Author
Charles
B.
Corbin is with the Department of Exercise Science
and Physical Education at Arizona State University Temp e AZ 85287.
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MODEL OF PHYSIC L FITNESS
Figure The physical domain: a multidimensional hierarchical model
Physiological fitness, as defined in a recent consensus statement Bouchard
et al. , 1990), is made up of such nonperformance components as blood pressure,
blood profiles, bone integrity, and so on. Each of these components has subcom-
ponents; for instance, blood pressure is made up of diastolic and systolic mea-
sures. Bouchard et al. 1990) included body composition in their category of
physiological fitness. Operationally, others Caspersen et al. , 1985; Pate, 1988),
including this author, have included body composition as a component of health-
related physical fitness.
Health-related physical fitness components, consistent with modern defini-
tions, include cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, strength, flexibility,
and body composition Caspersen et al ., 1985; Pate, 1988). Each component has
subcomponents; for example, isometric and isotonic strength are subcomponents
of strength. Skill-related fitness includes components such as agility, balance,
coordination, power, and reaction time, and each of these has its own subcompo-
nents Corbin Lindsey, 1991; Pate, 1988). Skill-related fitness is also fre-
quently referred to as motor fitness or athletic fitness because possession of its
components and subcomponents are principally related to success in skilled motor
performance and athletics.
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306 COR IN
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vascular fitness and physical activity to cardiovascular disease in children and adults.
Journal of Epidemiology, 127,933-941.
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1988).
Implementing orga-
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