ОС_10 Дискови и ssd
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!"#$% $%&'("% % SSD )*+,(-(.%/0
!"#$. %-" %&'&()" *")+),#-
.#,. /"#$. %-" 01-1,) 234#-54)
%#3. %-" 6#"# 7)4&'#-54&
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IBM/Hitachi Microdrive
Western Digital Drive
http://www.storagereview.com/guide/
1-0"0 20 3%)04* % 205%67"04*
!"# %&'()*+, -)./01&'234 56789:;< #" =>?@ @ABC D EFOI
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!#0'0
8*')(#Platters
! 8"(/&)"0! 9*20"%&,( 0$#*&%:%-*, *-*;*,): &*')(#
!
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! B%-%,$*#: &%)* )#0'% '(% &* ,0(C00) 5($ .-0"0)0 "( $0$*, ;(;*,) ,0 &%)*
5("#6%,%! D%)04*/ 205%67"04*: 5#(?*& &( )#% E02%:
! !"#$# %& '"#(&")*&+#: 5(2%?%(,%#04* ,0 .-0"0)0 ,0$ &(($"*),0)0 )#0'0 (,0 &(($"*),%() ?%-%,$*#)
! !"#$# %& ",-&./0&: &* 3*'0 5(&0'7"0,%() &*')(#0 $0 &* %2#()%#0
5($ .-0"0)0! !"#$# %& -"&%12#": )#0,&E*# ,0 :-(' ($ :%)("% (&*')(#)
5($ .-0"0)0 20 3%)04* % 205%67"04*
! F0)*,),(&)= G#*;* ,0 :0E*#%#04* + G#*;* 20 '(,)#(-*#() + G#*;* ,0 5#*:0#7"04* + H()0?%(,( "#*;*
+ !#0,&E*#
! 90/.(-*; 5#()(': !#0,&E*# ,0 :-('("% ($ %&)0 )#0'0
8*')(#
!#0'0
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1-0"0
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(=#0/"*#)
HW
A (,) # ( - *
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I 0 # 04 0 *
H * 2 7 -) 0)
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Parameter Info / Range
J#(&*3,( "#*;*
,0 5#*:0#7"04*
3/'/4%, 5-10 ms
K0"%&% ($ -('0-,(&)0 ,0 #*E*#*,?%)*, "%&)%,&'()( "#*;* ;(>* $0 :%$* 25-33% ($ ("00 :#(/'0.
J#(&*3,( "#*;*
,0 #()0?%/0
J("*@*)( laptop/desktop $%&'("% #()%#00) &( :#2%,0
($ 3600-7200 RPM (16-8 ms/ #()0?%/0). 8*#"*#&'%)*
$%&'("% $( 15,000 RPM.
J#(&*3,()( $(?,*4* * ('(-7 5(-("%,0 ($ #()0?%(,()( "#*;*, ).*. ('(-7 8-4 ms
G#*;* 20
'(,)#(-*#()
K0"%&% ($ +0#$"*#() "( '(,)#(-*#()
G#*;* ,0 )#0,&E*#
3/'/4%, ,5 50 5, 100 MB/s.K0"%&% ($:
R 1(-*;%,0)0 ,0 )#0,&E*#() (,0/3*&)( &*')(#):512B – 1KB 5( &*')(#
R I#%2,0)0 ,0 #()0?%/0: ($ 3600 RPM $( 15000RPM
R 17&)%,0)0 ,0 $%&'(): bits 5( *$*, inch ,0 )#0'0R =%/0;*)0#(): ($ 1 in $( 5.25 in
B*,0 8* ,0;0-7"0 $"0 50)% ,0 &*'(/0 1.5 .($%,0 (%-% 5(:#2(). $0.05/GB *, 2012
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! J#*)5(&)0"'%:! 1% %.,(#%#0;e #*$%?0)0 ,0 3*'04* % "#*;*)( 5()#*:,( 20 '(,)#(-*#()
! J#(&*3,( "#*;* ,0 5#*:0#7"04* = 5ms,
! 7200RPM! G#*;* 20 *$,0 #()0?%/0: 60000ms/7200 ~= 8ms
! J($0)(3,0 #0)0 ($ 4MByte/s, .(-*;%,0 ,0 &*')(# 1 KB
! =('(-'7 &* 3%)0 &*')(# ($ &-730/,( ;*&)( ,0 $%&'():! 5#*:0#7"04* (5ms) + #()0?%/0 (4ms) + )#0,&E*# (0.25ms)
! J#(&*3,( 10ms 20 $0 &* 5#(3%)0/ 205%6* 5($0)(': 100 KB/sec
! =('(-'7 &* 3%)0 &*')(# ($ &-730/,( ;*&)(, ,( ($ %&)%() ?%-%,$0#:! H()0?%/0 (4ms) + !#0,&E*# (0.25ms)
!
J#(&*3,( 5ms 20 $0 &* 5#(3%)0/ 205%6* 5($0)(' : 200 KB/sec! =('(-'7 &* 3%)0 &*-$,%() &*')(# ,0 %&)0 )#0'0:
! !#0,&E*# (0.25ms): 4 MB/sec
! K0 5(.(-*;0 *E%'0&,(&) (("0 "0>% 20 $0)()*3,% &%&)*;%) 5()#*:,( * $0 &* ;%,%;%2%#0 5#*:0#7"04*)( % #()0?%/0)0
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! L(#;0)%#04* ,0 ,%&'( ,%"( (low-levelformat) &* "#6% &( 5(;(6 ,0 &(E)"*# '(/
$*E%,%#0 &*#%/0 '(,?*,)#%3,% )#0'%,&*'(/0 &( ($#*$*, :#(/ &*')(#%
!
H0&)(/0,%/0)0 5(;*C7 &*')(#%)* &* ;0-% 5(#0$% "#*;*)( 5()#*:,( 20 5#*;%, ,0 .-0"0)0 ($ *$*, $( $#7. &*')(#
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! J#*0;:7-0)0 &($#>% ($#*$*,0 ,%20 :%)("% 6)(
("(2;(>7"0 $*)*')%#04* ,0 5(3*)(' ,0 &*')(#.
! !00 %&)( )0'0 .% &($#>% % 0$#*&0)0 (:#(/()) ,0 ?%-%,$0#() % &*')(#().
! ECC 5(-*)( &($#>% :%)("% 20 $*)*'?%/0 %
'(#*'?%/0 ,0 .#*6'% 5#% 3%)04*.
! J(&)(/0) % #*2*#",% &*')(#%! A050?%)*) &* ,0;0-7"0 20 20%
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! J#%;*#:! 10.000 rpm => #()0?%/0 20 6 msec
! M$,0 )#0'0 %;0 300 &*')(#% => *$*,
&*')(# 5(;%,7"0 20 20 microsec.
! G#*;* 20 :0#04* ($ )#0'0 ,0 )#0'0 %2,*&7"0 800 microsec. => Cylinder Skew =
40 &*')(#%
! J(&)(% % head skew
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! 8) 9&():1 /#;)(#3& #; ;&54#( 5# /#&;1 /#("1>,) AB(1 31=) "#()3&+) ?) /)4 ;) /#'&,1 /#; 1
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! 65/%#4%, '"#17,7%)*&+# (singleinterleaving) 2,03% $*'0 ,7;*#%#04*)( 5#*&'(',7"0 *$*, &*')(# (b),
! 8*,0%, '"#17,7%)*&+# (double interleaving)
2,03% $*'0 ,7;*#%#04*)( 5#*&'(',7"0 $"0 &*')(#% (c).
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!
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! 8* E(#;0)%#0 &*'(/0 50#)%?%/0 5(&*:,(.
! 8* 3%&)% &%&)*;() ,0 $0)()*'%, &* 5(&)0"7"0 root %;*,%', &* 5(&)0"7"0
&%&)*;() ,0 $0)()*'% 20 &(($"*),0)0 50#)%?%/0.
! A(.0 @* &* "'-73% &%&)*;(), &* &)0#)7"0
BIOS-() '(/ .( "3%)7"0 MBR.
! 8* ,0(C0 0')%",0)0 50#)%?%/0, &* "3%)7"0 % &)0#)7"0 boot &*')(#(), '(/, 50', .( "3%)7"0
(5*#0)%",%() &%&)*; "( ;*;(#%/0.
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! I0#040)0 &* #0&5(#*$7"00) '0'( 6)( 5#%&)%.,7"00) "( #*$%?0)0 ,0 3*'04*
! J#%;*#:! I0#04*: 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5! H0&5(#*$7"04*: 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
• Pros: L*# ($,(& &5#*;0 :0#040)0
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• Cons: H*$(&-*$() ,0 :0#040)0 ;(>* $0 :%$*
,0 &-730/,% )(3'% ,0 $%&'()! 1(-*;%
5#*:0#7"040
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! 8* ($:%#0 :0#04*)( '(* * ,0/:-%&'7 $( .-0"0)0! O0'( &* "%'0 SSTF, "'-737"0 %
#()0?%&'( $(?,*4* 5#% 5#*&;*)'0)0, #()0?%&'()( "#*;*
;(>* $0 :%$* .(-*;( '0'( % (,0 5()#*:,( 20 5#*:0#7"04*
! J#%;*#:! I0#04*: 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5! H0&5(#*$7"04*: 5, 6, 3, 2, 2, 1
1 - 0" 0, 0
$% & ' ()
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! Pros: 8* ,0;0-7"0 "#*;*)( 20 5#*:0#7"04*
! Cons: P(>* $0 $("*$* $( .-0$7"04*
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! 8* '(#%&)% ElevatorAlgorithm: &* 2*;0 ,0/:-%&'()( :0#04* "(
5#0"*? ,0 $"%>*4* ,0
.-0"0)0
! J#%;*#:! I0#04*: 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5! 1-0"0)0 &* $"%>% ,0'0/
?*,)0#()! H0&5(#*$7"04*: 5, 3, 2, 2, 1, 6
1 - 0" 0, 0
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! Pros:! 9*;0 .-0$7"04*
! P0-( "#*;* 20 5#*:0#7"04*
! Cons: &* E0"(#%2%#00) )#0'%)* "( *$%,0
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! A0'( SCAN, ;*C7)(0 &* (5&-7>7"00) :0#040)0 "( *$,0 ,0&('0
! J#%;*#:! I0#040: 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
!
1-0"0)0 .% (5&-7>7"0 :0#040)0 "( ,0&('0 ($ ?*,)0# ,0'0/ '#0*"%)* ,0 $%&'()
! H0&5(#*$7"04*: 5, 6, 1, 2, 2, 3
! Pros:! 5(E*# ($ SCAN
! Cons: J(.(-*;% "#*;* &* )#(6% '(.0 .-0"0)0 &* "#0@0 ,0 5(3*),0)0 5(2%?%/0
1 - 0" 0, 0
$% & ' ()
6
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! 17&)%,0 100-150 GB/in2
! !#0'0 &( #0&%50, &*')(# (ECC)
! K0;*,0 ,0 #*2*#",%() &( #0&%50,%() &*')(#! J#*$ % 5(&-* %&5(#0'0
! J(;*&)7"04* ,0 &%)* &*')(#% ($0 &* ",%;0"0 ,05#*0;:7-%)*)
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! G( '(,)#(-*#() %-% "(
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! A(.0 $%&'("%() &%&)*; )#*:0 $0 205%6* %-% )(3,( .% 205%67"0 5($0)(?%)* %-% ,* 205%67"0 ,%6)(
! J#%3%,%:! ECC ,* * $("(-,(
! 80;%() &*')(# ;(>* &( )*' ,0 "#*;* $0 &* #0&%5*
! P(>* $0 50$,* 5#(?*&(#()
! 8* '(#%&)% 50# ,0 %$*,)%3,% $%&'("%
! 8(E)"*#&'% %;5-*;*,)%#0,
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! 8)0:%-,% 205%67"040! 8* 205%67"00) % 5#("*#7"00) 5($0)(?%)* ,0 $"0)0 $%&'0.
! J#"%, ,0 $%&'() 1, 0 5()(0 ,0 $%&'() 2.
! 8* 5#0"% )(0 n 50)%, 5#% ,*7&5*+ &* #*;05%#0 &*')(#() ,0 5(;(6*, &*')(# % &* 5(")(#7"0 (5*#0?%/0)0
! 8)0:%-,% 3%)040! 8* 3%)0 5#"%, :-('() ($ $%&' 1 % &* 5#("*#7"0 ECC
! =('(-'7 5( n 50)% &* "(&5(&)0"% $*'0 %;0 .#*6'0, &* 3%)0 ($ ")(#%() $%&'
!
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SK>TAU> K> HTAV>KAIWX K> L>@XHAWI H?U BW>MATKAWIU>LAYNH>O>
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! 85(#*$:0)0 * &'050
! Nonvolatile CMOS RAM
! 8* 205%67"00) :#(/() ,0 :-('() '(/ )#*:0 $0 &* 0>7#%#0
! 8* &)0"0 -1 ()'0'( :-('() @* &* 205%6*
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! K0 $0 &* 20$("(-0) :0#040)0 ,0 5020#() 20 &* 5(.(-*;% :#2%,% % 50#0-*-,0 (:#0:()'0 ,0 5($0)(?%)*, "("*$*,% &* ,*'(-'7 #02-%3,%
0#+%)*')7#% 20 (#.0,%20?%/0 ,0 $%&'("% – RAID
(Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent Disks).
!
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! 8*'(/ stripe &($#>% k &*')(#%
! 8* '(#%&)% 20 2.(-*;7"04* ,0
5*#E(#;0,&%)* – 50#0-*-*, I/O.! A050?%)*) 20"%&% ($ ,0/;0-%() $%&' (HD1 =
100GB, HD2 = 120 GB, GAQJ9
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! J(&)(/0) $75-%'0)% ,0 &%)* $%&'("% (45#%;0#,% + 4 backup $%&'("%).
! J#% 205%67"04*, &*'(/ strip &* 205%67"0$"050)% (&-0:% 5*#E(#;0,&%).
! J#% 3%)04* ;(>* $0 &* '(#%&)% :%-( '(/0'(5%/0 ($(:#% 5*#E(#;0,&%).
!
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! J($0)(?%)* &* $*-0) ,0 ,%"( ,0 :%) % &*'(#%&)% R0;,%,.(" '($ '(#*'?%/0 ,0 .#*6'0.
! G(2;(>,% &* .(-*;% #0)% ,0 5#*,(&, ,( &* 76)* ,* &* '(#%&)%.
! I% :%-* 5()#*:,% 39 $%&'0 (32 $%&'0 20 2:(#,7 20 '(#*'?%/0 ,0 .#*6'0).
! I0#0 &%,+#(,%20?%/0 ,0 #()0?%/0 ,0 $%&'("%)*
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! =*-*4* ,0 ,%"( ,0 :0/) &( 5(&"*)*, $%&' 2050#,(&).
! P,(.7 #*)'( &* '(#%&)% "( 5#0'&0
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P(>* $0 &* ,05#0"% % '(#*'?%/0 ,0 .#*6'0! I#(/() ,0 #02-%3,% I/O :0#04* "( &*'7,$0 *
;,(.7 ;0-.
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! =*-*4* ,0 ,%"( ,0 :-('("% &( 5(&"*)*, $%&' 20 50#,(&)
! P(>* $0 &*#"%&%#0 5("*@* :0#040 %&)("#*;*,(.! I-('() 20 50#,(&) &* $(:%"0 &( XOR ($ (&)0,0)%)* 4
:-('0.
! N'( ,*'(/ $%&' ()'0>*, 20.7:*,%)* :0/)% &* $(:%"00) ($
&(($"*),%() :-(' 20 50#,(&).! 9*.0)%",(&)%: J#% 5#(;*,0 ,0 *$*, &*')(# ;(#0 $0 &*
%&3%)00) &%)* $%&'("% % $0 &* 0>7#%#0 &(($"*),%() :-('
20 50#,(&)
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! I%)("%)* 20 50#,(&) &* $%&)#%:7%#00) ,0 RoundRobin ,03%,
! =%&'() &( 50#,(&) ,* * 5("*@* )*&,( .#-(
! J('(;5-*'&*, * 5#(?*&() ,0 #*'(,&)#7%#04* ,0&($#>%,0)0 5#% ()'0>7"04* ,0 *$*, ($
$%&'("%)*
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! CA ("1>))( ,)+')=4A 4 ;&54)
! D1
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! 1995 – 8* 20;*,7"00) #()%#03'%() ;0.,*)*, ;*$%7; &( non-volatile ;*;(#%/0 (DRAM 5($#>0, &( :0)*#%/0)!
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D%)04*)( ,0 5($0)(?% * &-%3,( &( 3%)04* ($ ;*;(#%/0 (]F^()!
,*;0 $(?,*4* 5(#0$% 5#*:0#7"04* %-% #()0?%/0!G#*;* ,0 )#0,&E*#: )#0,&E*# ,0 :-(' ($ :%)("% (&*')(#)
!F%;%)%#0,( ($ '(,)#(-*#() % %,)*#E*/&() ,0 $%&'() (SATA: 300-600MB/s)
Host I0E*#;*,0S*#(SW #*$)
A(,)#(-*#,0 FlashP*;(#%/0
DRAM
NANDNAND
NANDNAND
NANDNAND
NANDNAND
NANDNAND
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SATA
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• K05%67"04* * '(;5-*'&,(! (~200Ts – 1.7ms )! P(>* $0 &* 205%67"0 ,0 5#02,% &)#0,% (:#%6*4*)( ~1.5ms)! A(,)#(-*#() %;0 :02*, ,0 5#02,% &)#0,%, .% &5(/7"0 '(#%&)*,%)*
&*')(#%, %&)( )0'0 #*2*#"%#0 ($#*$*, % ($ '050?%)*)()
! K05%67"04*)( % :#%6*4*)( :0#0 "%&(' ,05(,! 8* (6)*)7"00) ;*;(#%&'%)* @*-%%, &* (.#0,%37"0 >%"(),%() "*'
,0 SSD! A(,)#(-*#() '(#%&)% ECC, % '(#%&)% wear leveling
!
F0)*,),(&) = G#*;* "( #*$%?0 + G#*;* 20 '(,)#(-*#() (=0 5#(,0/$* &-(:($,% :-('("%) + G#*;* ,0 )#0,&E*#! 90/.(-*; BW: Seq. OR Random writes ((.#0,%3*,( ($
&-(:($,%)* &)#0,%)
!"#$%&'( *#+%,-$#./0' / 12 +#0% +'34#+' '5
6%0#./0'7 8"%,/./0' / 12 +#0% +'34#+' '5 *#+%,9
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! K0 SLC (@*-%% &( *$,( ,%"(), @*-%/0)0 * %-% On %-%
-
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! K0 PLC (@*-%% &( $"* ,%"o0), @*-%/0)0 * %-% On On, On Off, Off On %-%
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! SSD * 5($*-*,( ,0 :-('("%, "( '(% &* 37"00) &)#0,%?%.
! 8)#0,%?%)* &* &(&)0"*,% ($ &(&*$,% @*-%% ($ NAND Flash ;*;(#%/0)0
! I-('("%)* 37"00) &)#0,%?% % :#(/() ,0 :-('("% * ($#*$*, ($ .(-*;%,0)0 ,0 SSD.
! 8)#0,%?%)* &* &( .(-*;%,0 ($ 4KB %
:-('("%)* &($#>0) 64 &)#0,%?%.! J($0)(?%)* &* :#%60) "( 256KB (64*4)
:-('("%.
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! K0 %-7&)#0?%/0,,*'0 :-('("%)*
&* &( .(-*;%,0
($ 12 &)#0,% %
&*'(/0 &)#0,0 * &( .(-*;%,0 ($ 1
:0/)
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! =0 5#*)5(&)0"%;*
$*'0 &;*
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)(0 2,03% &(
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&)#0,%
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! =('(-'7 /0 %2;*,%;* $0)()*'0)0 % $($0$*;*
)*'&) &( .(-*;%,0 ($
8B.
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:#%6*4*, $($*'0, 50',
,("%)* &)#0,%?% &*
205%67"00) ,0 :-('()
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! SSD :#%60) &0;( ?*-% :-('("%, ,( ,* %
&)#0,%!
! K0)(0 20 $0 &* %2:#%60) &)0#%)* 5($0)(?%,;(#0 ,("%)* 5($0)(?% $0 &* 205%60) ,0
:-('() B, 50 5()(0 $0 &* %2:#%6* :-('() N
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! U)( &* &-737"0 $('(-'7 /0 %2:#%6*;* xyz.dll$0)()*'0)0?
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! D%&)*4*)( ,0 5($0)(?% &* ,0#*'7"0 GarbageCollection % .% ($#>7"0 5*#E(#;0,&%)* ,0 SSD
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! O;0 $"0 ,03%,% ,0 3%)04* % 205%67"04*! Sustained Read and Write
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! 128 GB SSD $%&' &( 8 NAND Flash 3%5("%! 8*'(/ 3%5 * &( .(-*;%,0 ($ 16GB %-% "'75,( 120
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! Cons! P0- '050?%)*) (0.1-0.5x "( ($,(& ,0 $%&'), &'05 (20x
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! Q1: !(3,( _ 9*)(3,( _ I-('() * ,0/;0-0)0 0$#*&%:%-,0 *$%,%?0 ,0 $%&'()
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