1 integumentary system skin, hair, nails. 2 common skin disorders vocabulary acne - a disease of the...

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Integumentary System

Skin, Hair, Nails

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Common Skin DisordersVocabulary

• Acne - A disease of the sebaceous glands that produces blackheads and pimples.

• Alopecia - Hair loss, usually sudden.• Athlete’s Foot - (Tinea pedis) A fungus

infection usually in the skin of the toes and soles.

• Birthmark - A vascular tumor of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, visible at birth or soon after.

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Vocabulary

• Boil - (Furuncle) A bacterial infection of a hair follicle and / or sebaceous glands.

• Carbuncle - A bacterial infection, similar to a boil, that spreads into subcutaneous tissues.

• Cyst - A liquid-filled sac or capsule.• Dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin.

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Vocabulary

• Eczema - A non-contagious skin rash that produces itching, blistering and scaling.

• Erythema - Reddening of the skin due to dilation of dermal blood vessels in response to injury or inflammation.

• Herpes - An infectious disease of the skin, usually caused by a herpes simplex virus and characterized by recurring formation s of small clusters of vesicles.

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Vocabulary

• Impetigo - A contagious disease of bacterial origin, characterized by pustules that rupture and become covered with loosely held crusts.

• Keloid - An elevated, enlarging fibrous scar usually initiated by an injury.

• Mole - (Nevus) A fleshy skin tumor that usually is pigmented; colors range from brown to black

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Vocabulary

• Pediculosis - A disease produced by lice infestation.

• Pruritus - Itching• Psoriasis - A chronic skin disease

characterized by red patches covered with silvery scales.

• Pustule - Elevated, pus filled area on the skin.

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Vocabulary

• Scabies - A disease resulting from mite infestation.

• Seborrhea - Hyperactivity of the sebaceous glands, causing greasy skin and dandruff.

• Ulcer - An open sore.• Urticaria - An allergic reaction of the skin that

produces reddish, elevated patches (hives)• Wart - A flesh-colored, raised area caused by

a viral infection.

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Overview

• Skin– Structure / Function

• Skin Color• Accessory Organs

– Hair– Glands– Nails– Receptors

• Anatomy of Wounds• Aging• Diseases

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The Skin

• Largest organ of the body

• 12-15% of body weight

• 1-2 square meters

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Function of Skin• Protection

– Physical barrier to the environment

• Regulation of Body Temperature– Insulation / Sweat Glands

• Communication– Sensory receptors that detect heat, cold, touch, and pain

• Excretion of Wastes– Sweat glands remove wastes through pores

• Vitamin D production (Video Clip)– Produced when exposed to UV light– Vitamin allows for absorption of calcium

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3Major Skin Layers Diagram

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Skin Layers: Epidermis

• Thin and Superficial• Composed of Stratified squamous

epithelium• Basal Layer of living, actively dividing

columnar cells that push older cells toward the surface as new cells are produced.

• Composed of the protein- keratin

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Epidermis Divisions (Layers)

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Epidermis DivisionsStratum basale (deepest)

• Stratum = layer

• Basale = bottom or base

• Single layer of columnar cells

• Pushed toward the skin surface as more cells are made and begin to die because there is no blood in the epithelium

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Epidermis DivisionsStratum spinosum

• Stratum + spinosum = spiny

• Stratified cuboidal cells

• Bridges that connect to adjacent cells and gives them a spiny appearance.

• Nuclei of the cells are darkened = pyknosis (early sign of death)

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Epidermis DivisionsStratum granulosum

• Stratum + granulosum = containing small grains

• 3-5 rows of partially flattened cells whose cytoplasm contains small granules.

• Granules are proteins that are in the process of transforming into the waterproofing protein keratin.

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Epidermis DivisionsStratum lucidum

• Stratum + lucidum = clear or transparent• Present only in the thick skin of the palms of

the hands and soles of the feet.• 3-4 rows of flattened, dead cells that are

mostly transparent.• Keratin formation continues with “ghost” cells.

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Epidermis DivisionsStratum corneum

• Stratum + corneum = horny• Superficial layer• 20-50 rows of flattened, dead cells.• Cells are constantly being sloughed off by

normal wear and tear, and are replaced by deeper layers.

• Process from bottom up takes about 3 weeks to 1 month

• Keratin layer is not completely impermeable (example: soaking in bath causes pruning)

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Skin Color• Inherited trait• The amount of color in the skin is determined by

special cells called melanocytes,that lie between the dividing cells of the stratum basale.

• Melanocytes secrete a dark-colored protein or pigment called melanin.

• Greater amount of a melanin in your skin, the darker your skin color

• Hypopigmentation - too little melanin• Hyperpigmentation - too much melanin

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Pigmentation Vocabulary

• Albinism - an inherited condition that causes a lack of pigment. Light skin, white or pale yellow hair and light blue or gray eyes

• Lichen simplex chronicus - skin disorder with severe itching that causes thick, dark patches of skin to develop

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Pigmentation Vocabulary

• Vitiligo - a skin disorder that creates smooth, depigmented white spots on the skin.

• Lamellar ichthyosis - also called fish scale disease , is an inherited condition characterized by darkened, scaly, dry patches of skin

• Melasma - A dark mask-like discoloration that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose. Also called “the pregnancy mask”

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Albinism

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Vitiligo / Melasma

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Lichen Simplex Chronicus / Icthyosis

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Cancer Vocabulary

• Cancer - a term in which abnormal cells divide without control– Carcinoma - Cancer that begins in the skin or in

tissues that line or cover internal organs.– Sarcoma - Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage,

fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue.

– Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue.

– Lymphoma - cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system

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Cancer Vocabulary

• Metastasis- The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

• Carcinogen- Any substance that causes cancer.

• Biopsy - The removal of tissue for microscopic analysis to aid in diagnosis.

• Malignant - cancerous• Benign - non-cancerous

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Skin Cancer

• Melanin provides protection because it absorbs UV light

• Excessive exposure causes sunburn or can cause mutations in the melanocytes and can lead to skin cancer.

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Types of Skin Cancer

• Squamous cell carcinoma is a noninvasive cancer that usually arises from flattened cells of the epidermis– Fair-skinned people with repeated

exposure to sun– Lesions grow 1/2 cm per week on average– Small, red, conical, hard nodules that

break open soon after forming– Treated by excision or x-ray irradiation

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Types of Skin Cancer

• Basal Cell Carcinoma - Occurs on parts of the body exposed to sun

• Most common type of skin cancer• Tumor arises from cells of the basal layer of

the epidermis.– Grows 1-2 cm / year– Lesions are red, waxy nodules in the skin– Treatment is excision

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Types of Skin Cancer

• Malignant melanoma - the most life-threatening• Tumor originates in the melanocytes in the

basal layer of the epidermis– Discolored, tender region or a small, mole-like

growth– Increases in size, changes color, becomes

ulcerated, and bleeds easily from a slight injury.– Metastasizes quickly– Treatment is excision and X-ray irradiation– Types of Skin Cancer (video clip)

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Dermis

• Composed of connective tissue

• Contains a large supply of BV

• Contains accessory organs

• Cells are scattered far apart

• Contains collagen

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Two Areas of DermisPapillary Region

• Superficial to the epidermis.• Composed of loose connective tissue.• Finger-like projections or papillae that extend

toward the epidermis• Palms, fingers, soles and toes have contours

on the surface due to papillae.– Friction Ridges - help hand or foot to grasp– Individual – Used as identification (Activity)

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Two Areas of DermisReticular Region

• Deep, thicker region• Composed of dense irregular connective tissue • Skin wrinkles from aging and excessive exposure to UV light are

a result of changes in the protein fibers.• How Botox Works(Video Clip)

• Contains accessory organs• Roots of hair• Sebaceous glands• Sweat glands• Receptors• Nails • BV

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Accessory OrgansHair

• Protects the skin from injury caused by sunlight and foreign particles.

• A region of epithelial tissue surrounding the root of a hair where the hair originates.

• Base of the hair follicle = bulb• Each hair has two parts

– Root - the part surrounded by the hair follicle – Shaft - the part that extends away from the body

surface

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Accessory OrgansHair

• Arrector Pili - small, narrow band of smooth muscle that extends at an angle from the follicle.Contraction of the muscle pulls the hair to a more verticle position when you are cold are frightened (goose bumps).

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Hair Follicle Diagram

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Accessory OrgansHair

• Developing cells are locate in the bulb and are near blood supply, as cells mature they are pushed toward surface and eventually die, and their cytoplasm is replaced by keratin.

• Shaft is made up entirely of dead cells composed mainly of keratin.

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Accessory OrgansHair

• Hair grows about 1mm every 3 days• ~100 hairs are lost and replaced each

day in a normal adult scalp• Dividing cells can become diseased by:

– Infection, trauma, emotional stress, drugs, ionizing radiation,an inherited condition, or hormones.

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Accessory OrgansHair

• Male pattern baldness is the result of producing the hormone androgen that causes a change in the growth, loss and replacement of hair.\

• What Are the Odds? Baldness

• Hair color is from melanin and the amount produced decreases with age.

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Accessory OrgansSebaceous Glands

• Oil glands• Distributed throughout skin except in the palms

and soles• Secrete oily substance called sebum

– Consists of water, fats, cholesterol, protein and salt– Keeps hair and skin soft– Production and secretion are accelerated by sex

hormones– A plugged duct or swollen gland is called a

blackhead - can lead to a pimple or boil if bacteria is present.

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Accessory OrgansSweat Glands

• Sudoriferous Glands• Secrete watery substance called sweat or

perspiration• Consists of water, salts, small amounts of a

metabolic waste called urea• Helps maintain body temperature• Aids the kidneys in the elimination of metabolic

waste• Secreted into a duct that opens onto the skin =

pore

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Accessory OrgansSweat Glands

• Eccrine– Function throughout life and are widely distributed

throughout the skin– They secrete a watery sweat in response to

elevated body temperatures

• Apocrine– Begin functioning during puberty in response to

the sex hormones– Secrete a thickened sweat that contains proteins

which promote the growth of microorganisms.

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Content to Add

• Hypothermia / Hyperthermia / Frostbite

• Burns

• Skin cancer UV lights- lab

• Color disorders viteligo, albino

• How stuff works.com = botox