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Human Systematic Anatomy

Human Systematic Anatomy

Medical School of Zhejiang UniversityMedical School of Zhejiang University

Zhu Xi

Prof . M.D.

Zhu Xi

Prof . M.D. 2011-022011-02

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Introduction

I. Definition of anatomy

Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body.

For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculum.

Introduction

I. Definition of anatomy

Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body.

For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculum.

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II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study.

A.  Gross Anatomy It is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy.

B.   Microscopic Anatomy (histology) It is the study of minute structures requiring the use of the microscope.

II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study.

A.  Gross Anatomy It is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy.

B.   Microscopic Anatomy (histology) It is the study of minute structures requiring the use of the microscope.

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C.   Developmental Anatomy (embryology)

It is the study of the development of the

body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity.

D.   Applied Anatomy ( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of

human structures which are useful in medicine,

especially in the surgical technique, but also in

clinical diagnosis.

C.   Developmental Anatomy (embryology)

It is the study of the development of the

body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity.

D.   Applied Anatomy ( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of

human structures which are useful in medicine,

especially in the surgical technique, but also in

clinical diagnosis.

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III. General structure of human body

A.   Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells.

B.   Tissue: — epithelial tissue — connective tissue — muscular tissue — nervous tissue

C.   Organs and structures

III. General structure of human body

A.   Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells.

B.   Tissue: — epithelial tissue — connective tissue — muscular tissue — nervous tissue

C.   Organs and structures

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D.   Systems: 9 systems — locomotor system ： bones; joints; muscles — alimentary system — respiratory system — urinary system — genital (reproductive) system — circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; — endocrine system — nervous system — sense organs E.   Human body

D.   Systems: 9 systems — locomotor system ： bones; joints; muscles — alimentary system — respiratory system — urinary system — genital (reproductive) system — circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; — endocrine system — nervous system — sense organs E.   Human body

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IV. Anatomical terminology A.  Anatomical position For the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position.

It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position.

IV. Anatomical terminology A.  Anatomical position For the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position.

It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position.

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— Anatomical position

• the face and toes directed forward ；• the eyes straight forward ；• the heels and toes get together;

• the upper limbs hang by the side

of body and the palms of the

hands face forward.

— Anatomical position

• the face and toes directed forward ；• the eyes straight forward ；• the heels and toes get together;

• the upper limbs hang by the side

of body and the palms of the

hands face forward.

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B.   The relational planes and sections:1.     For whole body a)  sagittal plane a vertical plane which divides body into left and right parts. * median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal.b)  Coronal (frontal) plane a vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts.c)  Horizontal (transverse) plane it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes and divides body into superior and inferior parts.2.     For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes

B.   The relational planes and sections:1.     For whole body a)  sagittal plane a vertical plane which divides body into left and right parts. * median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal.b)  Coronal (frontal) plane a vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts.c)  Horizontal (transverse) plane it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes and divides body into superior and inferior parts.2.     For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes

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C. Axises

vertical axis;

sagittal axis;

coronal axis.

C. Axises

vertical axis;

sagittal axis;

coronal axis.

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D. The terms of direction

Anterior —— posterior

(ventral —— dorsal)

Medial —— lateral

(ulnar —— radial)

(tibial —— fibular)

Superior —— inferior

(cranial —— caudal)

Proximal —— distal

Internal —— external

Superficial —— deep

D. The terms of direction

Anterior —— posterior

(ventral —— dorsal)

Medial —— lateral

(ulnar —— radial)

(tibial —— fibular)

Superior —— inferior

(cranial —— caudal)

Proximal —— distal

Internal —— external

Superficial —— deep

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Part 1 The Locomotor System

Bones

Joints

Skeletal muscles

Part 1 The Locomotor System

Bones

Joints

Skeletal muscles

Skeleton: --- forms the framework --- movement --- protection --- storage of minerals calcium --- formation of blood cells

Skeleton: --- forms the framework --- movement --- protection --- storage of minerals calcium --- formation of blood cells

(levers)(levers)

(axis)(axis)

(motive force)(motive force)

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Chapter 1 The general Description of the Osteology ( bone system) and the Arthrology

Chapter 1 The general Description of the Osteology ( bone system) and the Arthrology

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Section 1 The general description of the osteology I.Each bone: ---- is a organ; ---- has proper shape and certain functions; ---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; ---- has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; ---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; ---- can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environmental factors.

Section 1 The general description of the osteology I.Each bone: ---- is a organ; ---- has proper shape and certain functions; ---- is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; ---- has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; ---- possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; ---- can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environmental factors.

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II. Bones in adult are 206 in number—

III. three parts — the skull — the bones of the trunk (axial bones) — the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones)

II. Bones in adult are 206 in number—

III. three parts — the skull — the bones of the trunk (axial bones) — the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones)

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I. The shape and classification of bones According to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones:

long bone

short bone

flat bone

irregular bone

I. The shape and classification of bones According to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones:

long bone

short bone

flat bone

irregular bone

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1.  Long bone: one body (shaft, diaphysis) medullary cavity, bone marrow metaphysis two ends (extremities ,epiphysis) *epiphysial plate → line

1.  Long bone: one body (shaft, diaphysis) medullary cavity, bone marrow metaphysis two ends (extremities ,epiphysis) *epiphysial plate → line

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2.  Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones(8), tarsal bones(7)

t

2.  Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones(8), tarsal bones(7)

t

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3.  Flat bones:

skull and thorax,etc 2 plates of compact

bone ( outer plate

& inner plate)

with sponge bone

( diploë )

3.  Flat bones:

skull and thorax,etc 2 plates of compact

bone ( outer plate

& inner plate)

with sponge bone

( diploë )

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4.  Irregular bone: some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)— “pneumatic bone”

4.  Irregular bone: some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses)— “pneumatic bone”

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v. The structure of bone1.  Bony substances a) compact substance (bone). resisting stresses and bending.

b) spongy substance (bone) (cancellous). consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressure and tension)

v. The structure of bone1.  Bony substances a) compact substance (bone). resisting stresses and bending.

b) spongy substance (bone) (cancellous). consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressure and tension)

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2.  Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage). 2 layers — outer layer:fibrous membrane inner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts).

Regeneration and repair

2.  Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage). 2 layers — outer layer:fibrous membrane inner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts).

Regeneration and repair

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3.  Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows— a) red marrow

It is capable of making

blood cells. b) yellow marrow

It comprises a lot of fat

and haven’t ability of making

blood cells in general.

4. Vessels and nerves

3.  Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows— a) red marrow

It is capable of making

blood cells. b) yellow marrow

It comprises a lot of fat

and haven’t ability of making

blood cells in general.

4. Vessels and nerves

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VI.  Chemical composition and physical properties Bones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material. 1. Organic material --- It’s about 30 ～ 40 percent of the dry weight of the bone and is mainly collagen. --- It gives the bones resilience and toughness. 2.   Inorganic material --- It’s about 60 ～ 70 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. --- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.

VI.  Chemical composition and physical properties Bones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material. 1. Organic material --- It’s about 30 ～ 40 percent of the dry weight of the bone and is mainly collagen. --- It gives the bones resilience and toughness. 2.   Inorganic material --- It’s about 60 ～ 70 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. --- It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.

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Section 2 The general description of the arthrology

I. Definition of the arthrology

Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

Section 2 The general description of the arthrology

I. Definition of the arthrology

Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

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II.  Classification of articulation 2 main types: 1.  Continuous Articulation (immovable) They only have a little or no movement. a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmosis b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses

II.  Classification of articulation 2 main types: 1.  Continuous Articulation (immovable) They only have a little or no movement. a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmosis b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses

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fibrous joints ：sutures, syndesmosescartilaginous joints ：synchondrosessymphyses

fibrous joints ：sutures, syndesmosescartilaginous joints ：synchondrosessymphyses

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synostoses

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2.  Discontinuous Articulations (synovial joints or movable articulations)

They provide free movement

2.  Discontinuous Articulations (synovial joints or movable articulations)

They provide free movement

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III. Essential structures of the synovial joint 1.  Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline (articular cartilage). 2.  Articular capsule: 2 layers: Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3.  Articular cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b)  It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

III. Essential structures of the synovial joint 1.  Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline (articular cartilage). 2.  Articular capsule: 2 layers: Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3.  Articular cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b)  It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

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IV. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1.   Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

IV. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1.   Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

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2.   Articular disc & meniscus ， 3. Articular labrum (lip) 2.   Articular disc & meniscus ， 3. Articular labrum (lip)

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4. Synovial folds and bursa.4. Synovial folds and bursa.

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V.   Movements of joint (diarthroses)

1.   Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2.   Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3.   Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation.    inversion and eversion (only for foot) 4. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises)

V.   Movements of joint (diarthroses)

1.   Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2.   Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3.   Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation.    inversion and eversion (only for foot) 4. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises)

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Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)

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Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)

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eversion and Inversion

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Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis)

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VI.  Types of synovial joints According to the axis ——

平面关节、球窝关节、

滑车关节、鞍状关节

等。

VI.  Types of synovial joints According to the axis ——

平面关节、球窝关节、

滑车关节、鞍状关节

等。

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Chapter 2Chapter 2Bones and joints of thBones and joints of th

e trunke trunkThe Vertebral columnThe Vertebral columnThe Thoracic cageThe Thoracic cage

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Section 1

Vertebral column

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A.   Vertebrae 1. numbers(33~34→26) Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 →sacrum. Coccygeal vertebrae 4 →coccyx

A.   Vertebrae 1. numbers(33~34→26) Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 →sacrum. Coccygeal vertebrae 4 →coccyx

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2.   General features of the typical vertebra It is composed of: 1.  a body 2.  vertebral arch: two pedicles, one lamina. 3.  seven processes: --- a spinous process --- two transverse processes --- two superior articular processes --- two inferior articular processes * The body with the arch surrounds a vertebral foramen. * In the vertebral column, all of the foramina form the vertebral canal, which lodges the spinal cord et al. * A notch above or below the pedicle with its neighbour forms the intervertebral foramen, which transmits spinal nerve et al.

2.   General features of the typical vertebra It is composed of: 1.  a body 2.  vertebral arch: two pedicles, one lamina. 3.  seven processes: --- a spinous process --- two transverse processes --- two superior articular processes --- two inferior articular processes * The body with the arch surrounds a vertebral foramen. * In the vertebral column, all of the foramina form the vertebral canal, which lodges the spinal cord et al. * A notch above or below the pedicle with its neighbour forms the intervertebral foramen, which transmits spinal nerve et al.

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3.   The main characteristics of vertebrae in each part

1) Cervical vertebrae a)    * a transverse foramen b)    * spinous processes are short and bifid.

c)    the first one hasn’t body and spinous process (Atlas). d)    the second has a dens (Axis). e)    the 7th’s spine is the longest and easily felt out (vertebral prominens).

3.   The main characteristics of vertebrae in each part

1) Cervical vertebrae a)    * a transverse foramen b)    * spinous processes are short and bifid.

c)    the first one hasn’t body and spinous process (Atlas). d)    the second has a dens (Axis). e)    the 7th’s spine is the longest and easily felt out (vertebral prominens).

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2)  Thoracic vertebrae a)  there are costal fovea (superior, inferior and transverse costal fovea)

b) the spinous process are long and downward sloping.

2)  Thoracic vertebrae a)  there are costal fovea (superior, inferior and transverse costal fovea)

b) the spinous process are long and downward sloping.

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3)  Lumbar vertebrae

The spines are strong, square and horizontal.

3)  Lumbar vertebrae

The spines are strong, square and horizontal.

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4)  Sacrum

a)  base of sacrum (promontory). b)  pelvic surface (concave, 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina). c)  dorsal surface (convex, 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina). d)  lateral part (auricular surface). e) Sacral canal(sacral hiatus).

4)  Sacrum

a)  base of sacrum (promontory). b)  pelvic surface (concave, 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina). c)  dorsal surface (convex, 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina). d)  lateral part (auricular surface). e) Sacral canal(sacral hiatus).

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B. The Joints of B. The Joints of the vertebraethe vertebrae

B. The Joints of B. The Joints of the vertebraethe vertebrae

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1.Jionts of the body

anterior longitudinal lig.

posterior longitudina

intervertibral disc

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

2. Joints of the arch

ligaments flava

interspinal lig.

supraspinal lig.

intertransverse lig.

intervertibral joints

1.Jionts of the body

anterior longitudinal lig.

posterior longitudina

intervertibral disc

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

2. Joints of the arch

ligaments flava

interspinal lig.

supraspinal lig.

intertransverse lig.

intervertibral joints

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C. Vertebral columnC. Vertebral column as a wholeas a whole

Lateral viewLateral view Cervical curvatureCervical curvature Thoracic curvatureThoracic curvature Lumbar cuevatureLumbar cuevature Sacral curvatureSacral curvature

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Section 2Section 2The ThoracicThe Thoracic cage(thorax)cage(thorax)

支持、保护、支持、保护、呼吸运动呼吸运动 ..

组成：组成： 1212 对肋、对肋、 1212 个胸椎、个胸椎、 11 个胸骨个胸骨 连接而成。连接而成。

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A. Sternum and Ribs 1. Sternum Manubrium (jugular notch, clavicular

notch and 1st costal notch) Body (2~7costal notches).

Xiphoid process * sternal angle 2.  Ribs costal bone costal cartilage

A. Sternum and Ribs 1. Sternum Manubrium (jugular notch, clavicular

notch and 1st costal notch) Body (2~7costal notches).

Xiphoid process * sternal angle 2.  Ribs costal bone costal cartilage

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.   costal head costal neck costal tubercle costal groove

1st rib: scalene tubercle sulcus for subclavian a. sulcus for subclavian v.

.   costal head costal neck costal tubercle costal groove

1st rib: scalene tubercle sulcus for subclavian a. sulcus for subclavian v.

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B. Thoracic joints:1. Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint

B. Thoracic joints:1. Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint

2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch

2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch

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C. The thoracic cage as a wholeC. The thoracic cage as a whole SuperiorSuperior apertureaperture Costal archCostal arch Infrasternal angleInfrasternal angle Xiphocastal angleXiphocastal angle Intercostal spaceIntercostal space