1 gender equality in the in the oil and gas industry dorothy lele dec. 12, 2011
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Gender EqualityGender Equality in the in the Oil and Gas Oil and Gas IndustryIndustry
Dorothy LeleDorothy LeleDec. 12, 2011Dec. 12, 2011
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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
1. Background on the oil and gas industry
2. Norway’s Oil for Development program
3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industry
4. Making connections for more effective development
1. Background on the oil and gas industry
2. Norway’s Oil for Development program
3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industry
4. Making connections for more effective development
1.1. Background: Background: the oil and gas the oil and gas
industryindustry
1.1. Background: Background: the oil and gas the oil and gas
industryindustry
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PetroleumPetroleumPetroleumPetroleum
Petroleum is a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen & carbon).
Technically, petroleum refers only to crude oil, but is commonly used to include all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons.
Petroleum is a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen & carbon).
Technically, petroleum refers only to crude oil, but is commonly used to include all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons.
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Petroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryThe petroleum industry is divided into:•the upstream oil industry: the
search for, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas.
•the midstream oil industry: processes, stores, markets and transports
•the downstream oil industry: the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas, and the sale and distribution of thousands of products derived from crude oil.
The petroleum industry is divided into:•the upstream oil industry: the
search for, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas.
•the midstream oil industry: processes, stores, markets and transports
•the downstream oil industry: the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas, and the sale and distribution of thousands of products derived from crude oil. 5
Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
Petroleum products include: gasoline (petrol), diesel, natural gas, propane, kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, antifreeze….
Petroleum products include: gasoline (petrol), diesel, natural gas, propane, kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, antifreeze….
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UPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRY•Exploration: search for rock formations
with oil or natural gas deposits, involves geophysical prospecting, blasting and/or exploratory drilling.
•Well development: construction of wells
• Production: extracting the hydrocarbons, separating the mixture of liquids, gas, solids and water, and removing unwanted components
•Site abandonment: plugging the well(s) and restoring the site
•Exploration: search for rock formations with oil or natural gas deposits, involves geophysical prospecting, blasting and/or exploratory drilling.
•Well development: construction of wells
• Production: extracting the hydrocarbons, separating the mixture of liquids, gas, solids and water, and removing unwanted components
•Site abandonment: plugging the well(s) and restoring the site
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MID and DOWNSTREAM MID and DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES
MID and DOWNSTREAM MID and DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES
The midstream and downstream industries include: •transport: pipelines, shipping•refineries and processing
plants (including petrochemical plants)
•natural gas distribution •petroleum product distribution •retail outlets.
The midstream and downstream industries include: •transport: pipelines, shipping•refineries and processing
plants (including petrochemical plants)
•natural gas distribution •petroleum product distribution •retail outlets. 8
Upstream / Upstream / DownstreamDownstreamUpstream / Upstream /
DownstreamDownstreamOil and gas industry
Activities and skills
Oversight &
regulationUpstream: exploration and production
• geologists, geophysicists• engineers: petroleum, geological, chemical, mechanical, envt, etc.• drilling rig operators and field workers
• Ministry of Petroleum• Ministry of Natural or Mineral Resources• Environmental Protection• independent commission or board
Downstream:refining, transport, distribution, and marketing
• chemical & process engineers and technicians, mechanical, civil, envt, etc.• pipeline transportation workers• retail business operators
• Ministries of Energy, Commerce & Industry• commercial regulation 9
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2. Norway’s Oil for 2. Norway’s Oil for Development Development
programprogram
2. Norway’s Oil for 2. Norway’s Oil for Development Development
programprogram
Oil for DevelopmentOil for DevelopmentOil for DevelopmentOil for Development
Assists developing countries to manage their petroleum resources sustainably.
Works at the institutional level, building the capacities of public authorities responsible for petroleum resources.
Focuses on three themes: Resource management Revenue management Environmental management
Assists developing countries to manage their petroleum resources sustainably.
Works at the institutional level, building the capacities of public authorities responsible for petroleum resources.
Focuses on three themes: Resource management Revenue management Environmental management
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OfD SupportOfD SupportOfD SupportOfD Support
Oil and gas industry
OfD Support
OfD Partners
Upstream: E&P, pipelines
• resource, revenue and environmental management
• Ministry of Petroleum or Mineral Resources• Agencies for Environmental Protection
Downstream: products
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OfD SupportOfD SupportOfD SupportOfD Support
1. Government agencies of 23 countries8 Core Countries:
Angola, Bolivia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Uganda
2. Local civil society organizations (through Norwegian and international NGOs): Revenue Watch Institute (RWI), WWF, Norwegian organizations
1. Government agencies of 23 countries8 Core Countries:
Angola, Bolivia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Uganda
2. Local civil society organizations (through Norwegian and international NGOs): Revenue Watch Institute (RWI), WWF, Norwegian organizations
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3. Gender 3. Gender issues issues in the in the
oil and gas oil and gas industryindustry
3. Gender 3. Gender issues issues in the in the
oil and gas oil and gas industryindustry
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Gender issues in the Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industryGender issues in the Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry
a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum activities
b) Downstream: access and use of products
c) Government revenues or “take”
d) Environmental impacts
e) Employment equity
a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum activities
b) Downstream: access and use of products
c) Government revenues or “take”
d) Environmental impacts
e) Employment equity
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a) a) Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:
exploration & productionexploration & production
a) a) Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:
exploration & productionexploration & productionDifferential impacts on women and men
of:•employment and economic opportunities •population displacements and
resettlement•disruptions in natural ecosystems and
livelihoods depending on them;•community disruptions and conflicts from
influx of large numbers of men for jobs “social vices”
Differential impacts on women and men of:
•employment and economic opportunities •population displacements and
resettlement•disruptions in natural ecosystems and
livelihoods depending on them;•community disruptions and conflicts from
influx of large numbers of men for jobs “social vices”
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Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:
accidents, spills, pollutionaccidents, spills, pollution
Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:
accidents, spills, pollutionaccidents, spills, pollution
Differential impacts of ecosystem damage (to water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resources, etc) on women and men:
•health impacts (including reproductive health) of contaminated water, air and soil
•economic impacts: loss & damage to livelihoods
•nutritional impacts: loss & damage to food sources
Differential impacts of ecosystem damage (to water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resources, etc) on women and men:
•health impacts (including reproductive health) of contaminated water, air and soil
•economic impacts: loss & damage to livelihoods
•nutritional impacts: loss & damage to food sources
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Gender bias in Gender bias in benefits and costsbenefits and costs
Gender bias in Gender bias in benefits and costsbenefits and costs
• Major benefits of employment and compensation mostly go to men.
• Costs of community disruptions and environmental degradation fall most heavily on women.
• Major benefits of employment and compensation mostly go to men.
• Costs of community disruptions and environmental degradation fall most heavily on women.
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Social support and Social support and compensation compensation
fundingfunding
Social support and Social support and compensation compensation
fundingfunding1. Oil/gas company CSR
(corporate social responsibility) projects
2. Government projects funded through taxes on oil companies
often directed towards projects benefiting women (water, health, education)
1. Oil/gas company CSR (corporate social responsibility) projects
2. Government projects funded through taxes on oil companies
often directed towards projects benefiting women (water, health, education)
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b) Access and use of b) Access and use of productsproducts
b) Access and use of b) Access and use of productsproducts
Energy for CookingEnergy for CookingEnergy for CookingEnergy for Cooking
•2.7 billion “people” (=women) rely on biomass and inefficient stoves for cooking
•LPG (bottled gas) as the main energy source for switching from biomass for cooking but mostly for urban higher income
groups (price and distribution issues)•LPG for cooking is not a priority for
many governments 21
Access to other Access to other petroleum products:petroleum products:fuels, plastics, fertilisersfuels, plastics, fertilisers
Access to other Access to other petroleum products:petroleum products:fuels, plastics, fertilisersfuels, plastics, fertilisers
Same as usual:•women’s lack of information,
income and control over resources
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c) Government c) Government “take”“take”
c) Government c) Government “take”“take”
•Government “take” = taxes, royalties, production sharing agreements, or direct ownership
•Norwegian pension fund: investment of financial returns for the benefit of future generations
➡ Identify gender differences in the benefits and risks of the use of revenues
➡ may be possible where OfD is advising partners on revenue issues 23
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d) Environmental d) Environmental Impacts: Climate Impacts: Climate
ChangeChange
d) Environmental d) Environmental Impacts: Climate Impacts: Climate
ChangeChange
Gender dimensions of Gender dimensions of climate changeclimate change
Gender dimensions of Gender dimensions of climate changeclimate change
•Oil and gas production and use results in gas emissions and climate change
•Poor people/women are the most vulnerable to climate change, because they depend on natural resources for livelihoods and lack resources to adapt
• Women are affected through: Gender roles: household maintenance, food,
water and fuel provision Cultural practices: female seclusion/ protection,
mobility survival skills, property rights Participation in decision-making 25
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e) Employment e) Employment Equity: women’s Equity: women’s
presencepresence
e) Employment e) Employment Equity: women’s Equity: women’s
presencepresence
Women work on oil rigs Women work on oil rigs tootoo
Chennai, India 2009Chennai, India 2009
Women work on oil rigs Women work on oil rigs tootoo
Chennai, India 2009Chennai, India 2009
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Women’s increasing Women’s increasing presence in oil & gaspresence in oil & gasWomen’s increasing Women’s increasing presence in oil & gaspresence in oil & gas•Women make up about 21 percent of
workforce• Increasing efforts to attract and retain
women: studies show a clear correlation between
gender diversity and higher profitability •Still few women in management positions
•Barriers to women in oil and gas: •Field work•Limited accommodation at field
sites/drilling platforms•Attitudes: not a suitable job for women
•Women make up about 21 percent of workforce
• Increasing efforts to attract and retain women: studies show a clear correlation between
gender diversity and higher profitability •Still few women in management positions
•Barriers to women in oil and gas: •Field work•Limited accommodation at field
sites/drilling platforms•Attitudes: not a suitable job for women
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3. Gender issues in the 3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry
3. Gender issues in the 3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry
a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum operations
b) Downstream: access and use of products
c) Government revenues or “take”
d) Environmental impacts
e) Employment equity
a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum operations
b) Downstream: access and use of products
c) Government revenues or “take”
d) Environmental impacts
e) Employment equity
Information and Information and experienceexperience
Information and Information and experienceexperience•World Bank gender mainstreaming in the
extractive industries: focus on mining www.worldbank.org/eigender
•Norway & WB Petroleum Governance Initiative includes a study on the gender dimensions of the oil and gas industries
•Broken Promises: Gender Impacts of the WB-financed West African and Chad-Cameroon Pipelines www.genderaction.org/publications/11/chad-cam-wagp-pipelines.html
•Oil for Development: Mozambique, Timor-Leste, Uganda
•World Bank gender mainstreaming in the extractive industries: focus on mining www.worldbank.org/eigender
•Norway & WB Petroleum Governance Initiative includes a study on the gender dimensions of the oil and gas industries
•Broken Promises: Gender Impacts of the WB-financed West African and Chad-Cameroon Pipelines www.genderaction.org/publications/11/chad-cam-wagp-pipelines.html
•Oil for Development: Mozambique, Timor-Leste, Uganda
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4. Making connections4. Making connections4. Making connections4. Making connections
Oil and gas:Oil and gas:•upstreamupstream•downstreadownstreamm
Electric powerElectric power
Biomass, Biomass, biofuelsbiofuels
Alternative Alternative technologies technologies Mechanical Mechanical
Energy Energy sourcessources
AvailabilitAvailability & y &
accessaccess
AvailabilitAvailability & y &
accessaccess
Pricing Pricing and creditand credit
Pricing Pricing and creditand credit
Water Water PumpingPumping
InformatioInformationn
InformatioInformationn
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Making connectionsMaking connectionsMaking connectionsMaking connectionsNeed for:1. Comprehensive treatment of all
energy needs and sources – more attention to the demand side
2. Connections between policies and programs for all subsectors – for more effective policies and use of resources
3. Ensuring social and gender dimensions are central to all policies and solutions – for more effective development
Need for:1. Comprehensive treatment of all
energy needs and sources – more attention to the demand side
2. Connections between policies and programs for all subsectors – for more effective policies and use of resources
3. Ensuring social and gender dimensions are central to all policies and solutions – for more effective development
Thank youThank youThank youThank you
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