1. define species.. explain this picture. figure 13.00a
Post on 17-Jan-2016
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
1. Define species.
• Explain this picture.
Figure 13.00a
Figure 13.00b
Figure 13.00c
Figure 13.00d
Evolution
Evolution means change over time
The Earth today is not what it once was
• The earth is thought to be 4.5 billion years old
• Life is thought to have appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• The early atmosphere had methane, carbon monoxide, and
• Essentially no oxygen
Species that exist today did not exist in ages past
• Species of the past are radically different from what exists on earth today
• Converse is true- things that exist today are not seen in the past
Yet there are connections between species of past and present
• Species of today have physical similarities
• This archaeopteryx fossil shows feathers
People did not know the earth was ancient
• Anglican archbishop James Ussher
• October 23, 4004BC: Earth was created
Aquatic forms were found far from land
Charles Lyell proposed that the earth was much, much older
• Posited the idea that continents have moved over time
• Continents move very slowly
• So earth must be very old
Continents can collide to form mountains
• This raises aquatic sediments from ocean bottoms
Charles Darwin became curious about how species came about
• Flunked out of med school
• Didn’t much like Divinity school, either
• Became a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin’s critical observations were comparisons between island
species and mainland species
Marine Iguana and South American Iguana
Flightless cormorants live only on the Galapagos
A Variety of Finches are found in the Galapagos
Finches each have adaptations for different small island environments
Darwin’s inference: The finches have a common ancestor
Likewise, the marine iguanas must have come from the mainland
Evidence for evolution
• Fossil evidence
• Biogeography
• Comparative anatomy
• Comparative embryology
• Molecular biology
Layers of sediment are heaped upon layers over time
Looking down layers is looking back in time
• The principle of superposition
• The layers of the grand canyon go back over 600 million years
Vestigial Structures suggest terrestrial ancestry in whales
Fossil Evidence shows variant species in different layers
Biogeography
• Marsupials are not better adapted to Australia
• Invasive placental mammals are driving many marsupials to extinction
Comparative anatomy
• Similar structures exist in dissimilar animals, serving dissimilar functions
• Homologous structures suggest a common ancestry
Comparative embryology
Figure 13.12a
Figure 13.12b
Evidence from Molecular Biology
• Similar animals have similar DNA sequences
• Less similarity of species= less similarity of DNA
But what was the mechanism?
• How did a species change over time?
• Lamarch proposed a mechanism:
-By repeated strain, a giraffe acquires a long neck
-The long neck is inherited by the offspring
Darwin’s Mechanism: Natural selection
• Those best suited for their environment are selected for survival
• Genes are inherited by the next generation
• Better-adapted species pass on genes suited for the environment
• Next generation is better suited for environment than previous generation
The parts of Darwin’s theory
• 1. Overproduction
• 2. Variation of individuals
• 3. Differential reproductive success
1. Overproduction
• Living things tend to produce more offspring than are able to survive
2. Individual Variation
• Individuals in a species are different from each other
• Some are better adapted to their environment than others
3. Differential Reproductive Success
• Those that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive
• Those that survive will pass their genes to their offspring
• Those that don’t, won’t• Do horns on lizards
influence their survival?
Figure 13.17a
Figure 13.17b
Figure 13.17c
• Define evolution.
• Define natural selection.
• Do individuals evolve? Why or why not?
Many people didn’t like Darwin’s theory
• One consequence of the theory is that all living things have a common ancestor
• Humans are closely linked with other primates
• Darwin is disliked today also
Consequences of Natural Selection
• Some insects can tolerate pesticide
• Survivors pass resistance genes to the next generation
• Do these genes exist before the crops are sprayed?
• What other examples are there of this?
What can be said about these insects?
Figure 13.2a
Figure 13.2b
Figure 13.2c
A Population: All individuals of a species in a given area
Individuals in a population have different genes
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
• Some genes are more common than others
• Gene frequencies will result in populations with known genotype frequencies according to algebra’s quadratic equation:
• p2 +2pq + q2 = 1
• Equilibria can be plugged into a Punnett square
Figure 13.20
Genetic Drift
• Natural selection is not the only mechanism by which things evolve
• When populations are finite, gene frequencies can fluctuate by chance
• Small populations flucuate dramatically, large populations less so
Figure 13.22
Consequences of Genetic Drift
• What is gene extinction?• How can genetic drift
remove diversity from a population?
• How can diversity be introduced into a population?
• Do genes drift more in small populations or large ones?
Figure 13.23
Consequences of a bottleneck
• How can a bottleneck reduce diversity in a population?
The Founder Effect-
Genetic drift in a new population
Cheetahs have high genetic similarity between individuals
Figure 13.25
Figure 13.26
Figure 13.27
Kinds of natural selection
• Directional selection
• Disruptive selection
• Stabilizing selection
• Consequences:
• Speciation
• Change in gene frequency
Figure 13.28_1
Figure 13.28_2
Figure 13.28_3
Sources of natural selection
• Predation• Disease
Unnumbered Figure 13_UN267a
Unnumbered Figure 13_UN267b
How old are these fossils?
Radiocarbon (carbon-14) dating can tell the age of fossils
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5600 years
• Plants take carbon-14 from CO2
• Animals eat plants• When animals die,
the intake of C-14 stops
• Half of C-14 is gone in 5600 years
• The older a sample, the less C-14 it has
How long is C-14 dating useful?
Plate tectonics
• In the bay area, we know that the earth does not sit still
• Sudden, violent movement of geologic plates causes earthquakes
• Meeting of two plates is a fault line
Extra Photo 14.18x
Consequences of plate tectonics
• Environment in various places has changed dramatically
• Antarctica features fossils of tropical creatures
• Continents move slowly, but a billion years is a long time
The Ring of Fire
Mass Extinctions
• Dinosaurs disappeared suddenly 65 million years ago
• Evidence of a large meteor hitting the earth ~65 million years ago on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico
• Many other extinctions
Permian extinction, 250 mya
• The “Great dying”• Cause unknown• Very large meteor?• 96% of marine
species extinct• 70% of terrestrial
species extinct
top related